Local Muslim women who dealt in the cloth trade willingly married Han Chinese men in Palembang and Jambi and also local Muslim women in Banten married Han Chinese men. The Han Chinese men converted to Islam to please their Muslim wives. The same Muslim women refused to deal or even meet with Dutch men especially in Palembang since the Dutch were infamous for sexually abusing indigenous Muslim women.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ma |first= Debin |series=The Pacific World: Lands, Peoples and History of the Pacific, 1500-1900 |date=2017 |title=Textiles in the Pacific, 1500–1900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03BQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA244&dq=jambi+chinese&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwicpvb4uuD7AhXbIMUKHZzOBPwQ6AF6BAgJEAI |location= |edition=reprint|publisher=Routledge |page=244 |isbn=1351895613|quote=The Chinese, on the other hand, "bought wives" when they arrived, and, as one observer noted in Banten, these women "served them until they returned to China." In Jambi and Palembang most Chinese adopted Islam and married local women, ...}}</ref> Han Chinese merchants were a major rival of the Dutch in colonial Indonesia. Han Chinese interpreters advised the local Muslim king of Jambi to go to war against the Dutch, while the Dutch attacked Chinese ships and Thai ships to stop them from trading with the Muslims in Jambi and make them trade with the Dutch in Batavia. The Chinese continued to violate the Dutch ban on trade with Jambi.<ref>{{cite book |last= Meilink-Roelofsz |first=M. A. P. |date=2013 |title=Asian Trade and European Influence: In the Indonesian Archipelago between 1500 and about 1630 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kjqCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA261&dq=jambi+chinese&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwicpvb4uuD7AhXbIMUKHZzOBPwQ6AF6BAgFEAI |location= |edition=illustrated|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |page=262 |isbn=9401528357|quote=The king of Jambi, however, could not tolerate such highhanded action by the Dutch in Jambi roads since it might lead to the downfall of trade in his kingdom. Moreover, besides Chinese junks the Dutch attacked Siamese as well, ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Meilink-Roelofsz |first= M. A. P. |edition=illustrated|date= 2013|title= Asian Trade and European Influence– In the Indonesian Archipelago between 1500 and about 1630|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kjqCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA261&dq=jambi+dutch+siamese+junks&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjusMDv-uX7AhV9g_0HHQBOCLgQ6AF6BAgJEAI |location= |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |page=261 |isbn=9401528357|quote=The king of Jambi, however, could not tolerate such highhanded action by the Dutch in Jambi roads since it might lead to the downfall of trade in his kingdom. Moreover, besides Chinese junks the Dutch attacked Siamese as well, ...}}</ref> The Dutch East India Company was also angered by Thailand trading with the Jambi Sultanate and the Jambi Sultanate sending pepper and flowers as tribute to Thailand. leading to tensions between Thailand the Dutch in 1663-1664 and 1680-1685. The Dutch wanted Chinese banned from Thai junks and were angry when a Thai ambassador in Iran took out a loan from the Dutch in Surat but didn't pay it back after his ship got repaired. The 1682 Dutch invasion of Banten (Bantam) in Indonesia also raised alarms in Thailand, so the Thai King Narai courted the French to counter the Dutch.<ref>{{cite book |last= Bluss|first=Leonard  |author=(包樂史) |date=2020 |title= AROUND AND ABOUT FORMOSA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6TSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA303&dq=jambi+dutch+siamese+junks&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjusMDv-uX7AhV9g_0HHQBOCLgQ6AF6BAgBEAI |location= |publisher=元華文創 |page=303 |isbn=9577111505|quote=while overlooking the Dutch archival materials, which in fact were more copious and detailed than any other European ... Tension between the Siamese and Dutch increased when the VOC grew suspicious of the Sultan of Jambi sending the ...}}</ref> Dutch East India Company attacked [[Zheng Zhilong]]'s junks which were trading pepper with Jambi, but while the Dutch transferred 32 Chinese prisoners into the Dutch ship, the remaining Chinese managed to slaughter the 13 Dutch sailors on board the Chinese junk and retake the vessel. Zheng Zhilong demanded the Dutch then release the 32 Chinese in 1636.<ref>{{cite book |last= Cheng|first= Weichung  |edition=illustrated|series=TANAP Monographs on the History of Asian-European Interaction |date= 2013|title= War, Trade and Piracy in the China Seas (1622-1683)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=41nitLmBk0YC&pg=PA125&dq=jambi+dutch+siamese+junks&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjusMDv-uX7AhV9g_0HHQBOCLgQ6AF6BAgLEAI |location= |publisher=BRILL |page=125 |isbn=900425353X|quote=The traders around the South China Sea, no matter who they were—the Siamese king, the Portuguese in Malacca and Macau, or the Fukienese merchants—all dealt in ... Consequently, as it left Jambi, Iquan's junk was seized by a Dutch ship.}}</ref> Dutch East India Company blockaded Thai trade in 1664 and in 1661-1662 seized a Thai junk owned by a Persian official in Thailand. The Dutch tried to impede Thai and Chinese competition with the Dutch in the pepper trade at Jambi.<ref>{{cite book |last= Kathirithamby-Wells|first=J. |editor1-last= Kathirithamby-Wells|editor1-first=J. |editor2-last= Villiers|editor2-first=John  |date=1990 |title=The Southeast Asian Port and Polity– Rise and Demise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95ATAAAAYAAJ&q=jambi+dutch+siamese+junks&dq=jambi+dutch+siamese+junks&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjusMDv-uX7AhV9g_0HHQBOCLgQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher=Singapore University Press, National University of Singapore |page=137 |isbn=9971691418|quote=The Siamese grievance in 1661-62 was the V.O.C.'s seizure of a Siamese crown junk fitted out by one of the king's Persian ... The Siamese crown maintained that it had no intention of entering into competition with the Dutch in the Jambi ...}}</ref> The Jambi Sultan temporarily jailed English merchants during violence between the Dutch and English.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date=1884 |title= Calendar of state papers– 1625/29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TvmZOko5F14C&pg=PA150&dq=jambi+dutch+siamese+junks&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjusMDv-uX7AhV9g_0HHQBOCLgQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=150 |quote=... and the ship's boat ; captured a Chinese junk , which was retaken by a Dutch freemen to Siam , killing two English and the junk sent to Batavia . The King of Jambi exasperated against our people , imprisoned our merchants and seized ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author= Great Britain. Public Record Office|date=1884 |title=Calendar of State Papers– Preserved in the State Paper Department of Her Majesty's Record Office. Colonial series, volume 6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2gzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA150&dq=jambi+dutch+siamese+junks&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjusMDv-uX7AhV9g_0HHQBOCLgQ6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher= H.M. Stationery Office|page=150 |quote=Letter received from factory at Jambi to Geo . ... taking muskets , swords , provisions , and the ship's boat ; captured a Chinese junk , which was retaken by a Dutch freemen to Siam , killing two English and the junk sent to Batavia .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first=  |date= |title= Calendar of state papers: Colonial series. ... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbmT5NZ3snUC&pg=PA62&dq=jambi+dutch+siamese+junks&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjusMDv-uX7AhV9g_0HHQBOCLgQ6AF6BAgFEAI |location= |publisher= |page=62 |isbn=}}</ref> The Thai and Jambi Sultanate angrily complained against the Dutch over Dutch attacks and attempts to impede Jambi's trade with Chinese and Thai.<ref>{{cite book |last= Roelofsen|first=C.G.  |editor1-last=Watkin|editor1-first=Thomas G. |date=1989 |title= LEGAL RECORD & HISTORICAL REALITY– Proceedings of the Eighth British Legal History Conference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EPTUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64&dq=jambi+dutch+siamese+junks&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjusMDv-uX7AhV9g_0HHQBOCLgQ6AF6BAgHEAI |location= |publisher=A&C Black |page=64 |isbn=1852850280|chapter=Chapter 4 The Freedom of the Seas: an Asian Inspiration for Mare Liberum?|quote=The Dutch retaliated by the means they had used before, arresting Asian shipping, in the main Chinese junks, ... but I will maintain an open market'.68 Energetic protests by Jambi and Siam against Dutch arrests of shipping should also ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Roelofsen |first= C.G. |editor1-last=Heere|editor1-first= Wybo P. |editor2-last=Bos|editor2-first= Maarten |date= 1989|title= International Law and Its Sources– Liber Amicorum Maarten Bos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5znGihEO64gC&pg=PA115&dq=jambi+dutch+siamese+junks&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjusMDv-uX7AhV9g_0HHQBOCLgQ6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher= Brill Archive|page=115 |isbn=9065443924|chapter=The sources of Mare Liberum; the contested origins of the doctrine of the freedom of the seas|quote=The Dutch retaliated by the means they had used before , arresting Asian shipping , in the main Chinese junks , and unloading ... but I will maintain an open market : 7 ° Energetic protests by Jambi and Siam against Dutch arrests 67.}}</ref> Chinese junks regularly traded with Jambi, Patani, Siam and Cambodia.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first=|editor-last=Prakash|editor-first=Om |series=An Expanding World: The European Impact on World History, 1450 to 1800 |date=2020 |title=European Commercial Expansion in Early Modern Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjHgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT83&dq=jambi+dutch+siamese+junks&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjusMDv-uX7AhV9g_0HHQBOCLgQ6AF6BAgIEAI |location= |publisher=Routledge |page= |isbn=135193871|quote=... Leur' estimate China sent out four junks to Batavia, four to Cambodia, three to Siam, one to Patani, one to Jambi, ... However, the Dutch established some control over the Chinese trade only after the destruction of Macassar in 1667 ...}}</ref>

 

The title of Shahbandar was held by Han Chinese in Jambi and Japara as Chinese came to those cities and Bantam to trade in pepper. If the 15th century there were Chinese in Surabaya and in the late half of the 14th century there were Chinese in Grise and in the 14th century there were Chinese in Tumasik.<ref>{{cite book |last=Adshead |first= S. A. M.  |date= 2016|title=China In World History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOxeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA210&dq=jambi+chinese&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwicpvb4uuD7AhXbIMUKHZzOBPwQ6AF6BAgHEAI |location= |edition=illustrated|publisher= Springer|page=210 |isbn=134923785X|quote=imports and exports shifted from the simple to the complex; China's from the complex to the simple. Europe, breaking out of its medieval confines, ... At Japara and Jambi, Chinese held the office of shahbandar or consular doyen.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Adshead |first=S. |date=2016 |title=China in World History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dFgBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA210&dq=jambi+chinese&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwicpvb4uuD7AhXbIMUKHZzOBPwQ6AF6BAgMEAI |location= |edition=        3| publisher= Springer|page=210 |isbn=1137118121|quote=imports and exports shifted from the simple to the complex; China's from the complex to the simple. Europe, breaking out of its medieval confines, ... At Japara and Jambi, Chinese held the office of shahbandar or consular doyen.}}</ref> Jambi was visited every year by Chinese for pepper that came from the Sumatra Minangkabau highlands. Palembang also exported pepper.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Prakash |editor-first=Om  |series=An Expanding World: The European Impact on World History, 1450 to 1800 |date= 2020 |title=European Commercial Expansion in Early Modern Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjHgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT76&dq=jambi+chinese&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwicpvb4uuD7AhXbIMUKHZzOBPwQ6AF6BAgIEAI |location= |edition=reprint|publisher=Routledge |page= |isbn=1351938711|quote=The Chinese came every year to buy pepper from Jambi. In the sixteenth century the Portuguese began to exchange Indian cloth for Jambi pepper. Beside the Chinese and the Portuguese, the Javanese too visited Jambi.}}</ref>

 

In 871 and 852-3 Tang dynasty China received diplomatic missions from Jambi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kozok |first=Uli  |date= 2016|title= 14th Century Malay Code of Laws|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-hxqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT33&dq=jambi+chinese&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwicpvb4uuD7AhXbIMUKHZzOBPwQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher=Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. |page= |isbn=9814620491|quote=We are fortunate to have Chinese records of ancient Sumatra, since few Indonesian documents have survived. Was ninth-century Jambi the same place as seventh-century Malayu? Circumstantial evidence suggests that they were closely related ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Miksic|first=John N.   |editor1-last=Bang |editor1-first=Peter Fibiger|editor2-last=Bayly |editor2-first= C. A.|editor3-last= Scheidel|editor3-first=Walter |date=2020 |title= The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume Two: The History of Empires|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1GkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA411&dq=jambi+chinese&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwicpvb4uuD7AhXbIMUKHZzOBPwQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=411 |isbn=0197532772|chapter=14 Srijijaya |quote=Jambi's rise ended 160 years of diplomatic isolation for the people of the Batang Hari; missions from Jambi reached China in 852/853 and 871. In addition to official histories, two other Chinese sources of the ninth century also mention ...}}</ref> Song and Yuan Chinese porcelain were found in Muara Jambi, near Jambi city (Chan-pei or Zhanbei).<ref>{{cite book |last=Takahito |first=Mikasa no Miya  |volume =2 of Chūkintō-bunka-sentā Tōkyō: Bulletin of the Middle Eastern Culture Center in Japan|date=1988 |edition=illustrated|title= Cultural and Economic Relations Between East and West: Sea Routes|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yIlwYljYDWUC&pg=PA111&dq=jambi+chinese&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwicpvb4uuD7AhXbIMUKHZzOBPwQ6AF6BAgBEAI|issn=0177-1647 |publisher= Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|page=111 |isbn=3447026987|quote=ABU RIDHO ( National Museum , Jakarta ) THE CHINESE CERAMICS FROM MUARA JAMBI , SUMATRA On the island Sumatra there is a river called Batanghari . That river is big enough for sailing big vessels go inside untill hundreds of KMs far .}}</ref> In 1095, 1094, 1090, 1088, and 1084 China received diplomatic delegations from Jambi, and the Jambi (Zhanbei) ruler and his daughter sent cloth, camphor and two Chinese language letters to Guangzhou in 1082.<ref>{{cite book |last=Miksic |first=John Norman |last2=Goh  |first2= Geok Yian|series= Routledge World Archaeology |date=2016 |title= Ancient Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjklDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA406&dq=jambi+chinese&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwicpvb4uuD7AhXbIMUKHZzOBPwQ6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=406 |isbn=1317279042|quote=and Jambi were jostling for overlordship in the region which China called Sānfóqí, and compromised by sending a joint mission to China. The Chinese, however, may have decided to distinguish between the envoys of the two kingdoms.}}</ref>

 

Commerce in Jambi was dominated by Chinese merchants and local Jambi people also benefited from renting out to rubber plantations.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kerlogue |first=Fiona G. Kerlogue |editor-last=Ooi|editor-first=Keat Gin |date= 2004|title= Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA678&dq=jambi+chinese&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwicpvb4uuD7AhXbIMUKHZzOBPwQ6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |edition=illustrated|publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=678 |isbn=1576077705|quote=Local landowners were compensated financially for the use of their land for rubber plantations, heralding a period of prosperity for the people of Jambi. Chinese traders gradually took over the commercial center.}}</ref>

 

Peranakan, Straits Chinese, Baba Nyonya are all names for the descendants of Han Chinese men and their Javanese, Sumatran and Malay wives. Han Chinese men did not allow their women to leave China, so they married local Muslim Javanese and other Southeast Asian women.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kerlogue |first=Fiona G. Kerlogue |editor-last=Ooi|editor-first=Keat Gin |date= 2004|title= Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor|url=https://books.google.com/books?redir_esc=y&hl=en&id=QKgraWbb7yoC&q=chinese+javanese+women#v=snippet&q=chinese%20javanese%20women&f=false |location= |edition=illustrated|publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=198, 945, 1057 |isbn=1576077705|quote=}}</ref> Dayak women were married by Han Chinese men who settled in Borneo as noted in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Andaya |first=Barbara Watson  |series=UPCC book collections on Project MUSE |date=2006 |title=The Flaming Womb: Repositioning Women in Early Modern Southeast Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G5cBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146&dq=first+waves+of+Chinese+males+reaching+Borneo+had+readily+taken+Dayak+women+as+sexual+partners&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFvdLY-uD7AhXP8qQKHR3-B6cQ6AF6BAgHEAI |location= |edition=illustrated|publisher= University of Hawaii Press|page= 146|isbn=0824864727|quote=Repositioning Women in Early Modern Southeast Asia Barbara Watson Andaya ... composed his Hai-lu (A record of the seas), he noted that the first waves of Chinese males reaching Borneo had readily taken Dayak women as sexual partners.}}</ref> One Dayak man named Budi mentioned a Chinese man married Budi's sister and that he liked Chinese but he hated Madurese as he was talking about the massacres of Madurese settlers.<ref>{{cite book |last= Parry|first= Richard Lloyd |date=2007 |title=In the Time of Madness: Indonesia on the Edge of Chaos |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8imo5gPToE8C&pg=PA55&dq=sister+married+chinese+madurese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiCqP3B-uD7AhXMs6QKHVnvD-MQ6AF6BAgKEAI|location= |edition=reprint|publisher= Grove Press|page=55 |isbn=0802142931|quote=He liked the Chinese , he told Budi . His sister was married to a Chinese . What about Madurese ? ' I asked . Budi chuckled anxiously as he translated the question , and there was more unconvincing giggling over the reply .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jack |first= Ian |series=Granta (Viking) |date= 1998|title= What Young Men Do|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pjp23eeKs6wC&q=sister+married+chinese+madurese&dq=sister+married+chinese+madurese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiCqP3B-uD7AhXMs6QKHVnvD-MQ6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher= Granta USA|page= 122 |isbn=0140141545|quote=He liked the Chinese , he told Budi . His sister was married to a Chinese . ' What about Madurese ? ' I asked . Budi chuckled anxiously as he translated the question , and there was more unconvincing giggling over the reply .}}</ref> Malay and Dayak ethnically cleansed Madurese settlers from their and in West Kalimantan starting in Sambas from December 1996 to February 2001 after the Sampit fights in December 2000.<ref>{{cite book |last= Steenbrink|first=Karel  |series=Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |date=2015 |title= Catholics in Independent Indonesia: 1945-2010|url=https://books.google.hu/books?id=1N8zDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA434&dq=dayak+sister+married+chinese+madurese&hl=hu&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia_8y4-uD7AhXKO-wKHUIMAekQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=dayak%20sister%20married%20chinese%20madurese&f=false |location= |publisher=BRILL |page=434 |isbn=9004285423}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Spanish constable in the Parian ghetto was killed by Chinese on 28 May, 1686 and the Spanish governor was also targeted.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Chia|first1= Lucille|last2= |first2= |date= 2006|title= The Butcher, the Baker, and the Carpenter: Chinese Sojourners in the Spanish Philippines and Their Impact on Southern Fujian (Sixteenth-Eighteenth Centuries)|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25165171 |journal= Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume= 49|issue=4 |pages= 509–34|doi= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://runtheyear2016.com/2020/09/12/when-did-the-chinese-started-trading-in-the-philippines/ |title= When did the Chinese started trading in the Philippines?|last= |first= |date= 09/12/2020 |website= runtheyear2016|publisher= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aseantop.com/content?id=9015 |title= China-Philippines relations: A long and bloody history of distrust|last= |first= |date=2018-11-27 15:56 |website= |publisher= Manila Times|access-date= |quote=}}</ref>

 

 

Gomez was killed by the 250 Chinese rowers he forced to row his galley in 1593.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tremml-Werner |first= Birgit |author-link= |date= |title=Spain, China, and Japan in Manila, 1571-1644 : Local Comparisons and Global Connections |url= https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/e3dfb63c-b469-4e78-8a4b-418f4d8f17ef/628136.pdf|location= |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |page=305, 306 |isbn=978 90 8964 833 4}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

The Chinese are perhaps the most important people in Borneo. They have been traders and settlers on the coast from beyond historic times, and, as has just been stated, have for an equally long period mixed with the natives; so that some Dyaks—the Dusuns especially might almost be classed with them. They are not only traders who amass wealth merely to return with it to their own empire, but miners, agriculturists, and producers, without whom it would be difficult to develop the country. The Philippines, Singapore, and Borneo receive, perhaps, a larger number of these immigrants than any other countries. In Borneo they are scattered over the whole seaboard, carrying on a good deal of the river trade, and supplanting in many ways the less energetic Malay. But they are chiefly to be found in West Borneo, especially in the mining districts, as in Sambas and Montrado (Menteradu) in Dutch territory. Numbers are settled around Bau and Bidi, in Sarawak, and in the capital, Kuching. In North Borneo an irruption of some thousands occurred on the opening up of the country, and great numbers are employed on the tobacco plantations lately established. In Labuan, and in Pengaron in South Borneo, the coal mines were worked by Chinese, and they still act as sago-washers in the former island. Bound together by societies with stringent laws, their system of co-operation enables them to prosper where others would fail. In West Borneo they thus became so powerful as to defy the Dutch Government, who had great difficulty in subduing them.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Guillemard |editor-first=Francis Henry Hill  |volume=2 of Stanford's compendium of geography and travel. New issue. [Australasia, vol. II] |date=1894 |title= Malaysia and the Pacific Archipelagoes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q9ZLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=pigafetta+malay+lingua+franca+philippines&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi9sZnsmpr6AhUCMDQIHeRCDLcQ6AF6BAgHEAI |location= |publisher=E. Stanford |page=238 |quote=It is not necessary , however , to conclude that the Malay power was established by the single invasion of a conquering ... widely spoken Philippine tongue , Bisayan , but Malay is used by most as the lingua franca of that 1 region .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |las1t=Gregory |first1=John Walter |last2=Guillemard |first2= Francis Henry Hill |series=Stanford's compendium of geography and travel|volume= 2 of Australasia, Francis Henry Hill Guillemard|date=1908 |title= Australasia: Malaysia and the Pacific Archipelagos, by Guillemard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kq0tAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=pigafetta+malay+lingua+franca+philippines&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi9sZnsmpr6AhUCMDQIHeRCDLcQ6AF6BAgCEAI |edition=2 |publisher=E. Stanford |page=238 |quote=It is not necessary , however , to conclude that the Malay power was established by the single invasion of a ... to another widely spoken Philippine tongue , Bisayan , but Malay is used by most as the lingua franca of that region .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wallace|first=Alfred Russel|editor-last=Guillemard|editor-first=       Francis Henry Hill  |series=Stanford's compendium of geography and travel: New issue|volume= 2 of Australasia, Francis Henry Hill Guillemard |date=1894 |title= Australasia: Malaysia and the Pacific archipelagoes, by F.H.H. Guillemard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmBPAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=pigafetta+malay+lingua+franca+philippines&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi9sZnsmpr6AhUCMDQIHeRCDLcQ6AF6BAgFEAI |location= |publisher=    E. Stanford |page=238 |quote=It is not necessary , however , to conclude that the Malay power was established by the single invasion of a ... to another widely spoken Philippine tongue , Bisayan , but Malay is used by most as the lingua franca of that region .}}</ref> In 1912, Chinese engaged in mass violent riots against Dutch colonial rule in Surayaba and Batavia in the Dutch East Indies.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://voi.id/en/memori/130523/bloody-riots-during-the-1912-chinese-new-year-in-the-archipelago-of-the-dutch-east-indies|title=Bloody Riots During The 1912 Chinese New Year In The Archipelago Of The Dutch East Indies |last= |first= |date=02 Feb 2022 |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>

 

 

 

Baba Malay.<ref>{{cite book |last= Holm|first=   John A.  |volume= 2 of Pidgins and Creoles, John A. Holm|series=Cambridge Language Surveys |date=1988 |title= Pidgins and Creoles: Volume 2, Reference Survey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PcD7p9y3EIcC&pg=PA578&dq=malay+lingua+franca&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnl43CqZr6AhWNMVkFHU1lC_A4ChDoAXoECAUQAg |edition=illustrated, reprint |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=578-580 |isbn=0521359406|quote=In Malacca , which has been an important crossroads of trade for at least half a millennium , Bazaar Malay has been a lingua franca among that city's Malays , Chinese , Arabs , Indians , and Javanese since before the coming of the ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Grijns |first= C. D.|editor-last=Janse|editor-first= Mark |volume =116 of Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs [TiLSM] |date= 2011|title=Productivity and Creativity: Studies in General and Descriptive Linguistics in Honor of E. M. Uhlenbeck |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzHgmUs5X_sC&pg=PA301&dq=malay+lingua+franca&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnl43CqZr6AhWNMVkFHU1lC_A4ChDoAXoECAsQAg |edition=reprint |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |page=301 |isbn=3110806940|chapter=Between brackets: On "vocabulary building" in Batavia ca. 1930|quote=What sort of Malay was used in oral communication depended largely on the ethnic and regional background of the speakers, ... Malay in Batavia: A koine In many publications Malay is called the lingua franca of the archipelago, ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Omar |first=           Asmah Haji |editor-last=Omar |editor-first=         Asmah Haji  |series=Routledge Critical Studies in Asian Education |date=2015 |title=Languages in the Malaysian Education System: Monolingual strands in multilingual settings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKQ0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&dq=malay+lingua+franca&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnl43CqZr6AhWNMVkFHU1lC_A4ChDoAXoECAkQAg |edition=illustrated |publisher= Routledge|page= 8 |isbn=1317364228|chapter=1 Positioning languages in the Malaysian education system|quote=A lingua franca, as defined by Ostler, is a language of convenience (Ostler, 2010: xv). Hence, Malay for its 'easy' pronunciation, and a relatively less complicated grammar and sociolinguistic rules, became a language of convenience for ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Liow|first=        Joseph Chinyong |series=Curzon contemporary Southeast Asia series|volume =2 of Routledge|date= |title= The Politics of Indonesia-Malaysia Relations: One Kin, Two Nations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFq_7fuwtNwC&pg=PA34&dq=malay+lingua+franca&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnl43CqZr6AhWNMVkFHU1lC_A4ChDoAXoECAMQAg |edition=reprint |publisher=Psychology Press |page=34 |isbn=0415341329|quote=Contested though the historiography of the unity of the Malay language may be , it was not without political import . ... wide lingua franca already existed facilitated the spread of Islam throughout the Indo - Malay world .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ansaldo |first= Umberto |series=Cambridge Approaches to Language Contact |date= 2009|title= Contact Languages: Ecology and Evolution in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qaIgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61&dq=malay+lingua+franca&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnl43CqZr6AhWNMVkFHU1lC_A4ChDoAXoECAoQAg |location= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=61 |isbn=1139483145|quote=In other words, Baba Malay is an in-group vernacular, while Bazaar Malay varieties are typically used as lingua franca, for interethnic communication. The fact that Baba Malay is readily identifiable as a single, discrete linguistic ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last= Ammon|editor1-first=Ulrich |editor2-last=Dittmar |editor2-first=Norbert  |editor3-last=Mattheier |editor3-first= Klaus J.|editor4-last= Trudgill|editor4-first=Peter |series=Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik. Volume 3|volume= 3 of Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft / Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science [HSK]|date=2008 |title= Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik. Volume 3|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MGl35Q3W5twC&pg=PA2015&dq=malay+lingua+franca&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnl43CqZr6AhWNMVkFHU1lC_A4ChDoAXoECAgQAg|edition=2, reprint |publisher=         Walter de Gruyter|page=2015 |isbn=3110199874|quote=For the rest, they relied heavily on local languages, particularly Malay, in their dealings with the population; lower education was ... The differentiation within Malay has been strongly influenced by its history as a lingua franca.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Siegel|first=James T. |author-link= |date= 2021|title= Fetish, Recognition, Revolution|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TLQEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15&dq=malay+lingua+franca&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjD6ODI35r6AhWRMlkFHRtcBbk4FBDoAXoECAkQAg|location= |publisher=Princeton University Press |page= 15|isbn=0691224005|quote=Would it be possible for a foreign elite to actively engage in creating a standard Malay that was alien to almost ... Speaking Melayu as a lingua franca meant that one could not rely on the same assurance about the language that one ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Boberg |editor1-first=Charles |editor2-last=Nerbonne |editor2-first=John  |editor3-last=Watt |editor3-first=Dominic |series=Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics |date=2018 |title= The Handbook of Dialectology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UB9KDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA573&dq=malay+lingua+franca&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjD6ODI35r6AhWRMlkFHRtcBbk4FBDoAXoECAcQAg |location= |publisher= John Wiley & Sons|page=573 |isbn=1118827597|quote=Standard Malaysian Malay and Indonesian are basically the same language, although there are differences in vocabulary, ... From a historical perspective, then, some of the lingua franca varieties grew out of Malay vernaculars, ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last= Nordhoff|editor-first= Sebastian |volume= 3 of Brill's Studies in South and Southwest Asian Languages|date=2012 |title=The Genesis of Sri Lanka Malay: A Case of Extreme Language Contact |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NEMjIAzCimMC&pg=PA287&dq=malay+lingua+franca&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjD6ODI35r6AhWRMlkFHRtcBbk4FBDoAXoECAQQAg |location= |publisher= BRILL|page=287 |isbn=9004234136|quote=... 72, 75, 76,113, 121, 123, 203, 204 LiberationTigers ofTamil Eelam, 122, 137 Liberian English, 269 lingua franca, 3, ... 161 Malay, 79, 110 Malay varieties Ambon Malay, 99, 151–153, 158,160, 161 Baba Malay, 152–154, 161 Bazaar Malay, ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Loven |first=Klarijn  |series=Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |date=2008 |title= Watching Si Doel: Television, Language and Identity in Contemporary Indonesia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecxgAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA107&dq=malay+lingua+franca&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjD6ODI35r6AhWRMlkFHRtcBbk4FBDoAXoECAMQAg |location= |publisher=BRILL |page=107 |isbn=9004253912|quote=For most scholars, Jakarta Malay is a continuation of a Malay lingua franca that was spoken in Batavia alongside Portuguese until the second half of the eighteenth century. After Portuguese as a lingua franca had disappeared, this Malay ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Omar|first1= Asmah Haji |last2=Ghazali |first2=Kamila |last3=Noor |first3=Faridah Noor Mohd.  |last4=Seman |first4= Mohammad |last5=Pa |first5=  Mat Taib |author-link= |date=2015 |title= Malays in the Holy Land: An Ethnolinguistic Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GxwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2&dq=malay+lingua+franca&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjD6ODI35r6AhWRMlkFHRtcBbk4FBDoAXoECAUQAg |location= |publisher=The University of Malaya Press |page=2 |isbn=983100826X|quote=Although they have the Malay language as their lingua franca, i.e. a practical form of communication by which they can relate to one another, the strength of this bond is not comparable to that of religion.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Tryon |editor-first=Darrell T. |volume =10 of Trends in Linguistics. Documentation [TiLDOC]|date2011= |title= Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austronesian Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yuACCVs8Dx8C&pg=PA443&dq=malay+lingua+franca&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjD6ODI35r6AhWRMlkFHRtcBbk4FBDoAXoECAYQAg |edition=illustrated, reprint |publisher= Walter de Gruyter|page=443 |isbn=3110884011|quote=Lingua franca Malays (here termed “regional varieties”) are those varieties that have developed from a lingua franca trade Malay and have become the lingua franca in areas to which they are not native, in the process taking on the ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Stilz|first= Gerhard|editor1-last= Leitner|editor1-first= Gerhard|editor2-last=Hashim |editor2-first=Azirah  |editor3-last=Wolf |editor3-first= Hans-Georg |date=2016 |title=Communicating with Asia: The Future of English as a Global Language |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7OnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA283&dq=malay+lingua+franca&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjD6ODI35r6AhWRMlkFHRtcBbk4FBDoAXoECAgQAg |location= |publisher= Cambridge University Press|page=283 |isbn=1316472965|chapter=17 Understanding Asia through English literature|quote=Importantly, Malay has had a long history of being a regional lingua franca. Indeed, it is currently one of those languages, along with English, Persian, Swahili and Urdu, which has more lingua franca speakers than mother tongue ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Gill |first=Saran Kaur |author-link= |date= 2002|title= English Language Challenges for Malaysia: International Communication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1K9iAAAAMAAJ&q=malay+lingua+franca&dq=malay+lingua+franca&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf-4XBx5z6AhUCFVkFHXbEBm04ChDoAXoECAMQAg |location= |publisher=Universiti Putra Malaysia Press |page=21, 37, 112 |isbn=9832373522}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Meierkord|first=Christiane  |series=Studies in English Language |date= 2012|title=Interactions across Englishes: Linguistic Choices in Local and International Contact Situations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldkgAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=malay+lingua+franca&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf-4XBx5z6AhUCFVkFHXbEBm04ChDoAXoECAkQAg |location= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page= |isbn=1107375657}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Saad|first=George  |volume= 560 of LOT international series |date= 2020|title=Variation and Change in Abui: The Impact of Alor Malay on an Indigenous Language of Indonesia: Proefschrift |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wP_izQEACAAJ&dq=malay+lingua+franca&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf-4XBx5z6AhUCFVkFHXbEBm04ChDoAXoECAIQAQ|location= |publisher=LOT |page= |isbn=9460933459}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Gallop|first=Annabel Teh |author-link= |date=2019 |title=Malay Seals from the Islamic World of Southeast Asia: Content, Form, Context, Catalogue |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=v95HwwEACAAJ&dq=malay+lingua+franca&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf-4XBx5z6AhUCFVkFHXbEBm04ChDoAXoECAUQAg|edition=illustrated |publisher=NUS Press |page= |isbn=9813250860}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Wong|first=     Jane Kon Ling|series=Monograf Pusat Penataran Ilmu dan Bahasa |date=2000 |title=The Sabah Malay Dialect: Phonological Structures and Social Functions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mu1MsFOk1EYC&q=malay+lingua+franca&dq=malay+lingua+franca&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRsOvAx5z6AhVKEGIAHS4vDSs4FBDoAXoECAoQAg |location= |publisher=Pusat Penataran Ilmu & Bahasa, Universiti Malaysia Sabah |page= 52, 54|isbn=9832188350}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=Contributors               Suwardi Mohammad Samin, Zulkarnain |date= 2010 |title=Bahasa Melayu sebagai lingua franca: rasionalitas menjadikan bahasa Melayu sebagai bahasa pergaulan serantau |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ou4EaAEACAAJ&dq=malay+lingua+franca&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRsOvAx5z6AhVKEGIAHS4vDSs4FBDoAXoECAIQAQ |location= |publisher=Pustaka Pelajar bekerjasama dengan Alaf Riau |page= |isbn=6028764930}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Yamaguchi |editor1-first=Toshiko   |editor2-last= Deterding|editor2-first=David  |series=Brill's Studies in Language, Cognition and Culture |date=2016 |title= English in Malaysia: Current Use and Status|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=juAzDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=malay+lingua+franca&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRsOvAx5z6AhVKEGIAHS4vDSs4FBDoAXoECAsQAg |location= |publisher=BRILL |page= |isbn=900431430X}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Han Chinese-Moro mestizo Teo Konglam led the anti-Japanese guerilla resistance on Siasi. He spoke the Sama and Tausug languages in addition to English.  Lieutenant Colonel Alejandro Suarez was mentioned in a military report on Teo Konglam.<ref>{{cite report |author= |author-link= |authors= |date= |title= PERSONNEL FILES INDIVIDUAL TEO, KONGLAM|url= http://collections.pvao.mil.ph/Collections/MacArthurMicrofilms/RG_16/R-346/PERSONNEL_FILES_INDIVIDUAL_TEO,_KONGLAM.PDF|publisher= |page= 9 |docket= WHITNEY PAPERS: MACARTHUR MEMORIAL INDIVIDUAL SABARRE, ANTONIA-YU HICO DELFIN C. (1942-1964) (DUPL.)|number=R-346|access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>http://collections.pvao.mil.ph/MacArthurMicrofilms/InformationDownload/342</ref> Tan Saituan, another mixed Han Chinese-Moro mestizo also fought alongside Teo Konglam against the Japanese.<ref>{{cite book |last= Espaldon|first=Ernesto M.  |author-link= |date=1997 |title= With the Bravest: The Untold Story of the Sulu Freedom Fighters of World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6IDzAAAAMAAJ&q=konglam+teo&dq=konglam+teo&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjfrbm3vff5AhVpGzQIHX-ZCKgQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher= Espaldon-Virata Foundation|page=100, 101, 17 |isbn=9719183314|quote=Konglam Teo , one of our guerrilla officers who was taken to Australia in the transport submarine Narwhal four months earlier . Following Capt . Teo coming through the hatch were five men . One was a weatherman , Sgt . Rodriguez ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Francisco |first=Juan R.|editor1-last=Palongpalong|editor1-first=Artemio |editor2-last=Mahiwo|editor2-first=Sylvano  |author-link= |date=1999 |title=Society and Culture: The Asian Heritage : Festschrift for Juan R. Francisco, Ph.D., Professor of Indology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rRuAAAAMAAJ&q=konglam+teo&dq=konglam+teo&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjfrbm3vff5AhVpGzQIHX-ZCKgQ6AF6BAgHEAI |location= |publisher=          Asian Center, University of the Philippines |page=65 |isbn=9718992073|quote=Several joined the guerilla movement in Siasi under two Chinese mestizos , Konglam Teo and Saituan Tan . Kong Kim Suy died during the war and his wife , Tacia , of Cebu moved to Davao City where she established residence and business .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Tan |first= Samuel Kong|editor1-last=See |editor1-first=                Teresita Ang|editor2-last= Go|editor2-first=Bon Juan |others=Contributors           Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran, Chinben See Memorial Trust Fund, De La Salle University. China Studies Program |date= 1994|title= 華人|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlVuAAAAMAAJ&q=konglam+teo&dq=konglam+teo&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjfrbm3vff5AhVpGzQIHX-ZCKgQ6AF6BAgKEAI |location= |publisher=Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran, Incorporated |page=138 |isbn=9718857052|quote=Several joined the guerrilla movement in Siasi under two Chinese mestizos , Konglam Teo and Saituan Tan . 25. Kong Kim Suy died during the war and his wife , Tacia , of Cebu moved to Davao City where she established residence and ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=Contributor   Philippines. Bureau of Fisheries |date= 1953|title=Philippine Fisheries Yearbook |url= https://books.google.ca/books?id=-dhF2jGhU2sC&q=konglam+teo&dq=konglam+teo&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjfrbm3vff5AhVpGzQIHX-ZCKgQ6AF6BAgFEAI|location= |publisher= Bureau of Fisheries.|page=311, 337 |isbn=|quote=Sulu Branch TAN ENG CHENG Manager KONGLAM TEO Chairman , Board of Trustees Siasi Sulu Jolo Sulu Compliments Compliments Of Of Tong Kee Commercial Co. CHOO GUAN. PHILIPPINE FISHERIES YEARBOOK 311.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |others=Contributor               National Defense Transportation Association (U.S.) |date= 1949|title=Army Transportation Journal, Volume 5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZXmAAAAMAAJ&q=konglam+teo&dq=konglam+teo&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjfrbm3vff5AhVpGzQIHX-ZCKgQ6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher=Army Transportation Association. |page=49 |isbn=}}</ref>

 

 

Teo Konglam (Zhang Guanglin) 張廣霖 Tan Saituan (Chen Saiduan) 陳赛端  led the mujahideen on Siasi against the Japanese.

 

Other Han Chinese in Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines also used the names Konglam and Saituan.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author= Singapore. Ministry of Culture (1959-1965), Singapore. Ministry of Culture (1959-1965). Publicity Division, Singapore. Ministry of Culture (1968-1985). Information Division, Singapore. Ministry of Communications and Information (1985-1990). Information Division|date=2002 |title=Directory, Issue 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=srkkAQAAIAAJ&q=%22sai+tuan%22++lee&dq=%22sai+tuan%22++lee&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiIvIiUkfP6AhVELewKHVXZDOkQ6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher=Ministry of Culture |page=1154 |quote=... James CHNG Ling Ling ( Ms ) CHNG Mui Lin , Isabel ( Miss ) CHNG Puay Keong CHNG Sai Tuan ( Mrs ) CHNG Seng Kiat CHNG Seng Lee , Jerry ( Dr ) CHNG Seok Kiang ( Miss ) CHNG Seong Huat CHNG Siok Luan ( Ms ) CHNG Sock Ngoh ( Ms ) CHNG ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=Contributor    Singapore. Ministry of Education |date= 1992|title=              Directory of Schools and Education Institutions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYnYAAAAIAAJ&q=%22sai+tuan%22++lee&dq=%22sai+tuan%22++lee&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiIvIiUkfP6AhVELewKHVXZDOkQ6AF6BAgHEAI |location= |publisher= Education Statistics Section, Management Services & Data Administration Branch, Planning & Management Services Division|page= 5 |quote=... Anthony Cheok 石耀明 Lee Yin Hin 李思勤 90 Bt Batok East Ave 6 ( 2365 ) 71 Keming Primary 克明小学 Lee Chin Fong ... Lan Kay 冯南阶 2Bt Batok St S2 ( 2365 ) 76 Lianhua Primary 联华小学 Ông Kian Hin 王建兴 Chng Sai Tuan ( Mrs )庄赛端 ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Hartendorp|first=A. V. H. |date= 1967|title=          The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSJxAAAAMAAJ&q=%22sai+tuan%22++lee&dq=%22sai+tuan%22++lee&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiIvIiUkfP6AhVELewKHVXZDOkQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher= Bookmark|page=678 |quote=Van Atta , Lee , II — 536 Van Sickle , C. E. , 1-21 Van't Hoff , A. T. , II — 545 Van Winkle , Capt . ... II - 298 Yette , J. , 1-21 Yoder , C. A. , 1 - 42 Yong Sai Tuan , II — 551 Iba , Zambales , 1-2 ; II - 504 Ilagan 678.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= 温|first= 故知|date=1984 |title=吉隆坡華人史話 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=obkdAQAAMAAJ&q=Konglam+%E5%BB%A3%E9%9C%96&dq=Konglam+%E5%BB%A3%E9%9C%96&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiT9IvJkvP6AhWMNOwKHci7CmwQ6AF6BAgHEAI |location= |publisher=輝煌出版社 |page= |isnb=9679969134|quote=温故知. (李)廣霖路 JALAN NG NGEE 吳記(義)路 辛亞榮路 LORONG SAN AH WING 辛亞榮巷 JALAN KENG. JALAN KONG LAM.}}</ref>

 

 

 

A Han Chinese man Wong Mu Sing who was a guerilla fighter during the war was married to a Moro Suluk Tausug Muslim woman, Halima Binte Amat and he was killed during the war for trying to rescue Allied POWs. His widow was given an award in October 1950 on his behalf.<ref>{{cite AV media |people= Second World War, 1939-1945|date=October 1950 |title= Jesselton, North Borneo. October 1950. Informal portrait of Halima binte Amat, widow of Wong Mu Sing, a prominent Chinese-Filipino trader, who was part of a Filipino guerilla force and worked as an undercover agent. |trans-title= |type=Photograph  Black & white, Landscape|language= |url= https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C327291|access-date= |archive-url= |archive-date= |format= |time= |location= |publisher= |id=P02494.022 |isbn= |oclc= |quote= |ref=}}</ref> Another Suluk Tausug widow, Halima Bine Binting was married to a Tausug guerilla named Matsup bin Gangau and he was also killed by te Japanese for helping allied prisoners of war.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Second World War, 1939-1945 |date=October 1950 |title=Jesselton, North Borneo. October 1950. Informal portrait of Halima binte Binting, widow of Matusup bin Gangau, holding their child. Matusup, who was part of a local assistance group, had been executed in Kuching, along with other civilians, for helping the prisoners of war in Sandakan Camp |trans-title= |type=Photograph Black & white, Landscape |language= |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C327290 |access-date= |archive-url= |archive-date= |format= |time= |location= |publisher= |id=P02494.021 |isbn= |oclc= |quote= |ref=}}</ref> The Japanese starved and abused Javanese Muslim labourers brought to north Borneo.<ref>{{cite AV media |people= Second World War, 1939-1945|date= |title= BEAUFORT, BORNEO. 20 JULY 1945. SANINA, A JAVANESE WOMAN PATIENT IN BEAUFORT CIVIL HOSPITAL, ...|trans-title= |type=Photograph Black & white |language= |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C196728 |access-date= |archive-url= |archive-date= |format= |time= |location= |publisher= |id= 111820|isbn= |oclc= |quote= |ref=}}</ref><ref>https://www.awm.gov.au/advanced-search?query=javanese%20borneo&collection=true&facet_type=Photograph</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Tausug Moro juramentados only attacked enemies like the Japanese, Filipino constabulary, American and Spanish soldiers but juramentados did not attack non-Muslim Chinese since they only fought against enemies and not all non-Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Roces  |editor-first=Alfredo R. |volume =7 of Filipino Heritage: The Making of a Nation, Alfredo R. Roces |date=1978 |title= Filipino Heritage: The Spanish colonial period (late 19th century)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akNvAAAAMAAJ&q=%22and+the+Japanese%22+%22were+clearly+defined+as+enemies.%22+%22juramentado+never+went+after+Chinese%22+%22residents+in+spite+of+the+fact+that+the%22+%22Chinese+were+non-Muslims.%22&dq=%22and+the+Japanese%22+%22were+clearly+defined+as+enemies.%22+%22juramentado+never+went+after+Chinese%22+%22residents+in+spite+of+the+fact+that+the%22+%22Chinese+were+non-Muslims.%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwit-vvh4u35AhXzlIkEHUrVCiQQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher=Lahing Pilipino Pub. ; [Manila] |page=1702 |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |volume= 7 of Filipino Heritage: The Making of a Nation, Alfredo R. Roces |date= 1978|othhers=Contributor   Alfredo R. Roces||title= Filipino Heritage: The Spanish Colonial period (Late 19th Century): The awakening|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xMkRAQAAMAAJ&q=%22and+the+Japanese%22+%22were+clearly+defined+as+enemies.%22+%22juramentado+never+went+after+Chinese%22+%22residents+in+spite+of+the+fact+that+the%22+%22Chinese+were+non-Muslims.%22&dq=%22and+the+Japanese%22+%22were+clearly+defined+as+enemies.%22+%22juramentado+never+went+after+Chinese%22+%22residents+in+spite+of+the+fact+that+the%22+%22Chinese+were+non-Muslims.%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwit-vvh4u35AhXzlIkEHUrVCiQQ6AF6BAgDEAI  |publisher=Lahing Pilipino Publishing |page=1702 |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book   |date= 2002|title= Filipinas Magazine|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wvkMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22against+the+Japanese%22+%22Chinese+were+non-Muslims%22+%22not+considered+enemies+of+the+Muslims%22&dq=%22against+the+Japanese%22+%22Chinese+were+non-Muslims%22+%22not+considered+enemies+of+the+Muslims%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiHmIKQ4u35AhVig4kEHbHbC6IQ6AF6BAgCEAI |publisher=        Filipinas Pub.|page= 69|isbn=}}</ref> The same Tausug Moro who said that non-Muslim Chinese were not enemies and would not be attacked by juramentados then insulted the Bajau people, who are also Muslim but he declared the Bajau as non-Muslim and compared killing a Bajau to killing a monkeys saying it was not worth the effort for a juramentado to attack Bajau.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= KIEFER|first1= THOMAS M. |last2= |first2= |date= 1973|title=PARRANG SABBIL: RITUAL SUICIDE AMONG THE TAUSUG OF JOLO |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/27861310?seq=4#metadata_info_tab_contents|journal= Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde|volume= 129|issue=1 |page=111 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |others=Contributor            Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Netherlands)  |date=1973 |title=Anthropologica, Volume 129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LpJuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22killing+monkeys%22+%22occurrence+of+individual%22&dq=%22killing+monkeys%22+%22occurrence+of+individual%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj3kfuZzu35AhW1kokEHQXzCrIQ6AF6BAgDEAI  |publisher= M. Nijhoff|page=111 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Gowing |first=Peter G.|editor-last= Gowing |editor-first=Peter G. |edition=   2, illustrated |date= 1988|title= Understanding Islam and Muslims in the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-H25AAAAIAAJ&q=%22killing+monkeys%22+%22occurrence+of+individual%22&dq=%22killing+monkeys%22+%22occurrence+of+individual%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj3kfuZzu35AhW1kokEHQXzCrIQ6AF6BAgFEAI |publisher= New Day Publishers|page=56 |isbn=9711003864}}</ref> Moro juramentados on Mindanao during World War II would attack Japanese soldiers and try to stab American sentries in the back.<ref>{{cite book |last=Amler DDS |first= Mel |author-link= |date=2008 |title= Midnight on Mindanao: Wartime Remembances 1945-1946|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6T39iCmUzMkC&pg=PA47&dq=%22when+a+Moro+felt+himself+grieved+he+would+start+rushing%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjcnMzy5O35AhWklYkEHeIDDFcQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher= i Universe|page= 47|isbn=0595632602}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

An Urdu speaking Afghan named Sharif Muhammad Afdal lived in Mindanao.<ref>{{cite book |last=Salman  |first=Michael |edition=illustrated |date= 2003|title= The Embarrassment of Slavery: Controversies Over Bondage and Nationalism in the American Colonial Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MacwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112&lpg=PA112&dq=%22sharif+mohammed+afdal%22&source=bl&ots=mEDflk_ZTq&sig=ACfU3U1zu1SXbyhc0RuITPVQlHGcfUirRg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjL8aOake_5AhXnkokEHVe5ABMQ6AF6BAgCEAM  |publisher=        Univ of California Press|page= 112|isbn=0520240715|quote=Datu Ali provided the services of his son-in-law, the “Afghan” Sharif Mohammed Afdal, to negotiate with Maranao datus for the colonial state in March and ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Fulton  |first=Robert A. |edition=illustrated, revised |date= 2007|title= Moroland, 1899-1906: America's First Attempt to Transform an Islamic Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRycAAAAMAAJ&q=sharif+mohammed+afdal&dq=sharif+mohammed+afdal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiGrIOfke_5AhXuADQIHcgqD6cQ6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher= Tumalo Creek Press|page= 125|isbn=0979517303|quote=a Baldwin arranged for a Muslim cleric , Sharif Muhammad Afdal ( an Afghan who had lived in the lake country but moved to the Rio Grande to marry a daughter of Datu Ali ) , to carry a message from him to the datus of the southern end of ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Clarence-smith |first= William G. |editor-last= Brehony |editor-first= Noel |date= 2017|title=Hadhramaut and its Diaspora: Yemeni Politics, Identity and Migration |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iR2XDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT156&dq=afghan+chief+qadi+bukhara&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjG3uCyke_5AhXZkokEHQmCDl8Q6AF6BAgJEAI |location= |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |page= |isbn=1786721678|chapter=6 Arab Muslim Migrants in the Colonial Philippines: The Hadhramaut Connection |quote=Jamal al-Din, sultan of Sulu (1862–81) had an 'Afghan' chief qadi, of indeterminate ethnicity.26 Sharif Afdal of Bukhara, who spoke Hindustani (Urdu), was the chief adviser of Datu Piang of Mindanao in the 1890s, and a key figure in the ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Clarence-Smith,|first1= William Gervase |last2= |first2= |date= 2004|title= Middle Eastern Migrants in the Philippines: Entrepreneurs and Cultural Brokers|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/23654532?seq=3#metadata_info_tab_contents|journal=Asian Journal of Social Science |volume= 32|issue=3 |page427= |doi= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Saleeby |first= Najeeb Mitry |volume =4, Part 1 of Division of Ethnology publications|date= 1905|title= Studies in Moro History, Law, and Religion|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KxYSAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=sharif+mohammed+afdal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiGrIOfke_5AhXuADQIHcgqD6cQ6AF6BAgHEAI |publisher= Bureau of Public Printing|page=22, 25 |quote=It gives first the descent of Kabungsuwan from Mohammed, then a… ... Sharif Afdal of Dulawān gives the following order: 1. Raja Sirūngan; 2. Datu Mapūti; 3.

It gives first the descent of Kabungsuwan Irom Mohammed, then a narrative of ... It was obtained through the: favor of Sharif Afdal the son-in-law of the ...}}</ref><ref>https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/atf7593.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext</ref><ref>https://morohistorylawandreligion.wordpress.com/chapter-01/history-of-magindanao/manuscripts/manuscript-no-ii/</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=KxYSAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=sharif+afdal+ali&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy8MPEke_5AhXsADQIHXvhAs0Q6AF6BAgCEAI</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharief |first1=Nasser S. | |date= |title= Beyond the Sayyid and Sharf krimreading of the salsila: A surgical dissection|url=https://www.academia.edu/44439094/Beyond_the_Sayyid_and_Shar%C4%AB_f_k%C4%AB_rim_reading_of_the_salsila_A_surgical_dissection_1 |quote=Beyond the Sayyid and Sharīf kīrim reading of the salsila: A surgical dissection 1 ... Sharif Mohammad Akil; Sharif Alawi; Sharief Mohammad Sharifudin (Aya ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=Contributor        Philippines. Bureau of Science |date=1905 |title= Publication, Volume 4, Issue 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJM2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA22&dq=sharif+afdal+ali&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy8MPEke_5AhXsADQIHXvhAs0Q6AF6BAgHEAI |location= |publisher= Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Bureau of Science|page=22 |quote=Baratamay 10. Maytům Sultan Kāyib given by Sharif Ali probably is Baratamay . There is no indication in the records that Tamay , Burhān , Jamālu - l - Alam , and Banswil were ever rajas of Bwayan , as Sharif Afdal seems to think .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Philippines. Division of Ethnology  |date= 1905|title= Division of Ethnology Publications, Volume 4, Part 1|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RcY_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA22&dq=sharif+afdal+ali&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy8MPEke_5AhXsADQIHXvhAs0Q6AF6BAgJEAI |publisher=Bureau of Printing |page=22 |quote=Baratamay 10. Maytům Sultan Kāyib given by Sharif Ali probably is Baratamay . There is no indication in the records that Tamay , Burhān , Jamālu - l - Alam , and Banswil were ever rajas of Bwayan , as Sharif Afdal seems to think .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author=Philippines. Bureau of Science. Division of Ethnology |date=1905 |title=Publications, Volume 4 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=S0KgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA22&dq=sharif+afdal+ali&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy8MPEke_5AhXsADQIHXvhAs0Q6AF6BAgKEAI|publisher= |page=22 |quote=Baratamay 10. Maytům Sultan Kāyib given by Sharif Ali probably is Baratamay . There is no indication in the records that Tamay , Burhān , Jamālu - l - Alam , and Banswil were ever rajas of Bwayan , as Sharif Afdal seems to think .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Saleeby|first=Najeeb Mitry |author-link= |date= 1905|volume =4, Part 1 of Publications (Philippines. Ethnological Survey)|series=CIS US Executive Branch Documents, 1789-1909|title=Studies in Moro History, Law, and Religion |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=annQdDJ6AywC&pg=PA22&dq=sharif+afdal+ali&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy8MPEke_5AhXsADQIHXvhAs0Q6AF6BAgDEAI |publisher= Bureau of Public Printing|page= 22|quote=Sakandar Jamalu - l - Alam 3. Sultan Sabaraba Jamalu - d - Din 4. Kayib Alimui - d - Din 9. Sultan Maytům 5. Mülang Jalalu - d - Din 8. Pakir Mawlana Alimu - d - Din s ' 9. Sakandar Sharif Afdal of Dulawān gives the following order : 1.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author= Philippines. Ethnological Survey|date=1905 |title= Ethnological Survey Publications, Volume 4, Part 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KmcgAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA22&dq=sharif+afdal+ali&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy8MPEke_5AhXsADQIHXvhAs0Q6AF6BAgFEAI  |publisher=         Bureau of Public Printing |page=22 |quote=Baratamay 10. Maytům Sultan Kāyib given by Sharif Ali probably is Baratamay . There is no indication in the records that Tamay , Burhān , Jamālu - l - Alam , and Banswil were ever rajas of Bwayan , as Sharif Afdal seems to think .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=Contributors           Elihu Root, United States |date=1904 |title=Elihu Root Collection of United States Documents Relating to the Philippine Islands, Volume 140 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=r4RQAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA22&dq=sharif+afdal+ali&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy8MPEke_5AhXsADQIHXvhAs0Q6AF6BAgEEAI |publisher=         U.S. Government Printing Office |page= 22|quote=Baratamay 10. Maytům Sultan Kāyib given by Sharif Ali probably is Baratamay . There is no indication in the records that Tamay , Burhān , Jamālu - l - Alam , and Banswil were ever rajas of Bwayan , as Sharif Afdal seems to think .}}</ref> Sharif Muhammad Afdal helped the US try to convince Moros to cooperate during the Us war against the Moros.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=Contributors      Walter Hines Page, Arthur Wilson Page |date=1919 |title= The World's Work, Volume 38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IqTNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA88&dq=%22sherif+mohammed+afdal%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmmsWeku_5AhWHg4kEHYxuBigQ6AF6BAgJEAI  |publisher=Doubleday, Page & Company |page=88 |quote=On October uth , he was relieved of his departBut before Colonel Baldwin's expedition mental duties and ordered to take command of started , the sherif , Mohammed Afdal - an Afghan the post at Iligan , stopping at Cuvo on the voyage and ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=Contributors      Elihu Root, United States |date= 1902|title= Elihu Root Collection of United States Documents Relating to the Philippine Islands, Volume 49|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xoJQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA484&dq=%22sherif+mohammed+afdal%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmmsWeku_5AhWHg4kEHYxuBigQ6AF6BAgKEAI  |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page= 484|quote=About the end of March the Sherif Mohammed Afdal , an Afghan and Mohammedan priest , residing with Dato Ali in the Rio Grande Valley ( to whose daughter the sheriff is married ) , and who had , during the Spanish ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=Contributor         United States. Congress |date= 1902|title=United States Congressional Serial Set, Volume 4451 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwtHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA484&dq=%22sherif+mohammed+afdal%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmmsWeku_5AhWHg4kEHYxuBigQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=484 |quote=About the end of March the Sherif Mohammed Afdal , an Afghan and Mohammedan priest , residing with Dato Ali in the Rio Grande Valley ( to whose daughter the sheriff is married ) , and who had , during the Spanish times , lived in the ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author=  United States. War Department |date=1902 |title= Annual Reports ...., Volume 9|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VDxMn9JOi-QC&pg=PA484&dq=%22sherif+mohammed+afdal%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmmsWeku_5AhWHg4kEHYxuBigQ6AF6BAgFEAI|location= |publisher= U.S. Government Printing Office|page= 484|quote=About the end of March the Sherif Mohammed Afdal , an Afghan and Mohammedan priest , residing with Dato Ali in the Rio Grande Valley ( to whose daughter the sheriff is married ) , and who had , during the Spanish times , lived in the ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first=  |date=1902 |issue= 4451 of United States Congressional serial set|title=Serial set (no.4001-4500) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hPM3AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA484&dq=%22sherif+mohammed+afdal%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmmsWeku_5AhWHg4kEHYxuBigQ6AF6BAgHEAI  |page=484 |quote=About the end of March the Sherif Mohammed Afdal , an Afghan and Mohammedan priest , residing with Dato Ali in the Rio Grande Valley ( to whose daughter the sheriff is married ) , and who had , during the Spanish times , lived in the ...}}</ref>Serial set (no.4001-4500)<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author= United States. War Department|date= 1902|title= Annual Reports of the Secretary of War, Volume 9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AYSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA484&dq=%22sherif+mohammed+afdal%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmmsWeku_5AhWHg4kEHYxuBigQ6AF6BAgIEAI  |publisher= |page= 484|quote=About the end of March the Sherif Mohammed Afdal , an Afghan and Mohammedan priest , residing with Dato Ali in the Rio Grande Valley ( to whose daughter the sheriff is married ) , and who had , during the Spanish times , lived in the ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author= United States. War Department|date=1902 |title= Report of the Lieutenant-General Commanding the Army, Part 9|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kO_WgIWHPH8C&pg=PA484&dq=%22sherif+mohammed+afdal%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmmsWeku_5AhWHg4kEHYxuBigQ6AF6BAgLEAI |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=484 |quote=1 About the end of March the Sherif Mohammed Afdal , an Afghan and Mohammedan priest , residing with Dato Ali in the Rio Grande Valley ( to whose daughter the sheriff is married ) , and who had , during the Spanish times , lived ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Magdalena |first=Federico V. |author-link= |date= 2002|title=The Battle of Bayang and Other Essays on Moroland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WM1RAQAAMAAJ&q=%22sherif+mohammed+afdal%22&dq=%22sherif+mohammed+afdal%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmmsWeku_5AhWHg4kEHYxuBigQ6AF6BAgDEAI  |publisher=Mamitua Saber Research Center, Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research & Extension, Mindanao State University |page=3 |quote=The message was carried by Sherif Mohammed Afdal , an Afghan high priest from Rio Grande ( Cotabato ) to persuade the recalcitrant datus to yield to the demands of U.S. authorities ( Davis , in Annual Reports of the War Department ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first=|date= 1990|title=Mindanao Journal, Volume 17, Issues 1-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wl5xAAAAMAAJ&q=%22sherif+mohammed+afdal%22&dq=%22sherif+mohammed+afdal%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmmsWeku_5AhWHg4kEHYxuBigQ6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher= University Research Center, Mindanao State University.|page= 68|quote=The message was carried by Sherif Mohammed Afdal , an Afghan high priest from Rio Grande , to persuade the recalcitrant datus to yield to the demands of 68 Mindanao Journal , Vol . XVII , Nos . 1-2 ( 1990 )}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |volume =933 of Garland Reference Library of the Humanities, 2 of Garland reference library of the humanities: Military history of the United States|last=Magdalena |first=Federico V.|editor-last=Beede |editor-first= Benjamin R. |date= 1994|title= The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898T1934: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rg6BAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=%22sherif+mohammed+afdal%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmmsWeku_5AhWHg4kEHYxuBigQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher= Routledge|page= 43|chapter=Bayang, Moro Province, The Philippines, Battle (1902)isbn=1136746900|quote=The message was carried by Sherif Mohammed Afdal, an Afghan high priest from Rio Grande, who persuaded the recalcitrant datus to yield to the demands of U.S. authorities (Annual Reports of the War Department 1902, vol. 9, P. 485).}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

"The Moros then looted the town , although apparently the Chinese residents , with whom they were always friendly , were not molested - only the Filipinos"<ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author-link= |date=1902  |title=United States Congressional Serial Set, Volume 4451 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwtHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA523&dq=%22chinese%22+%22were+not+molested%22+%22always+friendly%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwix7Jb2ke_5AhXxk4kEHRRtBi8Q6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=523  |isbn=|quote=The Moros then looted the town , although apparently the Chinese residents , with whom they were always friendly , were not molested - only the Filipinos . About the same time they took possession of and looted Tamontaca and Kolaganan ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |issue=4451 of United States Congressional serial set|author-link= |date=1902|title= Serial set (no.4001-4500)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hPM3AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA523&dq=%22chinese%22+%22were+not+molested%22+%22always+friendly%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwix7Jb2ke_5AhXxk4kEHRRtBi8Q6AF6BAgKEAI |location= |publisher=  |page=523 |isbn=|quote=The Moros then looted the town , although apparently the Chinese residents , with whom they were always friendly , were not molested - only the Filipinos . About the same time they took possession of and looted Tamontaca and Kolaganan ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author=United States. War Department|author-link= |date=1902 |title=Annual Reports ...., Volume 9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VDxMn9JOi-QC&pg=PA523&dq=%22chinese%22+%22were+not+molested%22+%22always+friendly%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwix7Jb2ke_5AhXxk4kEHRRtBi8Q6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher= U.S. Government Printing Office|page=523 |isbn=|quote=The Moros then looted the town , although apparently the Chinese residents , with whom they were always friendly , were not molested - only the Filipinos . About the same time they took possession of and looted Tamontaca and Kolaganan ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author-link= |date=1902 |title=Elihu Root Collection of United States Documents Relating to the Philippine Islands, Volume 49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xoJQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA523&dq=%22chinese%22+%22were+not+molested%22+%22always+friendly%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwix7Jb2ke_5AhXxk4kEHRRtBi8Q6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher= U.S. Government Printing Office |page=523 |isbn=|quote=The Moros then looted the town , although apparently the Chinese residents , with whom they were always friendly , were not molested - only the Filipinos . About the same time they took possession of and looted Tamontaca and Kolaganan ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author= United States. War Department|date=1902 |title= Report of the Lieutenant-General Commanding the Army, Part 9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kO_WgIWHPH8C&pg=PA523&dq=%22chinese%22+%22were+not+molested%22+%22always+friendly%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwix7Jb2ke_5AhXxk4kEHRRtBi8Q6AF6BAgJEAI  |publisher= U.S. Government Printing Office,|page= 523|quote=The Moros then looted the town , althongh apparently the Chinese residents , with whom they were always friendly , were not molested - only the Filipinos . About the same time they took possession of and looted Tamontaca and Kolaganan ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author=United States. War Department|author-link= |date=1902|title=Annual Reports of the Secretary of War, Volume 9 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0AYSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA523&dq=%22chinese%22+%22were+not+molested%22+%22always+friendly%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwix7Jb2ke_5AhXxk4kEHRRtBi8Q6AF6BAgFEAI |location= |publisher=  |page=523 |isbn=|quote=The Moros then looted the town , although apparently the Chinese residents , with whom they were always friendly , were not molested - only the Filipinos . About the same time they took possession of and looted Tamontaca and Kolaganan ...}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chinese-American politician, California State Senator [[Leland Yee]] was linked to Chinese [[Triad (organized crime)|triad]] gangs who trafficked in weapons for the Moro Islamic Liberation Front.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Lucas   |first=Scott |date=March 27, 2014 |title= The Indictment Against Leland Yee Puts "The Wire's" Clay Davis to Shame|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327213924/http://www.modernluxury.com/san-francisco/story/the-indictment-against-leland-yee-puts-the-wires-clay-davis-shame |magazine= San Francisco Magazine|location= |publisher= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.sfgate.com/file/757/757-complaint_affidavit_14-70421-nc.pdf|title= AFFIDAVIT OF SPECIAL AGENT EMMANUEL V. PASCUA IN SUPPORT OF COMPLAINT|last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328175249/https://allenbwest.com/2014/03/another-day-another-case-democrat-corruption/ |title= Another day, another case of Democrat corruption|last=West  |first=Allen  |date=  March 27, 2014|website=Allen B. West |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |people= |date= Mar 26, 2014|title= State Sen. Leland Yee arrested|trans-title= |type= |language= |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrtbcrrmWWI|access-date= |archive-url= |archive-date= |format= |time= |location= |publisher=Los Angeles Times |id= |isbn= |oclc= |quote= |ref=}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |people= |date=Mar 27, 2014  |title= Michael Yaki says Sen Leland Yee Had Long History of Controversy|trans-title= |type= |language= |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v16jt_pWheM |access-date= |archive-url= |archive-date= |format= |time= |location= |publisher=KRON 4 |id= |isbn= |oclc= |quote= |ref=}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |people= |date= Mar 26, 2014|title=State Senator Leland Yee arrested; office raided |trans-title= |type= |language= |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFQIP5zFdc4 |access-date= |archive-url= |archive-date= |format=|time= |location= |publisher=KCRA News |id= |isbn= |oclc= |quote= |ref=}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |people= |date=May 8, 2010 |title= This Week: Interview with Senator Leland Yee|trans-title= |type= |language= |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwCZKxsoCAs |access-date= |archive-url= |archive-date= |format= |time= |location= |publisher=KQED |id= |isbn= |oclc= |quote= |ref=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= BURKE|first=GARANCE  |date= March 28, 2014

|title= FBI sting shows San Francisco Chinatown underworld|url=https://news.yahoo.com/fbi-sting-shows-san-francisco-chinatown-underworld-201940947.html;_ylt=ApxPaunTvdK5uNNlNpX_9FbQtDMD;_ylu=X3oDMTBsbzR0bHJyBGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwMyBHNlYwNzcg-- |work= AP|location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= BURKE|first=GARANCE  |date=  27th, March 2014|title= Philippines, MILF seal historic peace deal |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328000939/https://main.omanobserver.om/?p=68217 |work=  Oman Observer |location=MANILA |access-date=}}</ref> The Han Chinese [[[14K (triad)|14K]] triad has been involved in smuggling arms to [[Abu Sayyaf]] and has also reportedly cooperated with the Islamic group in laundering and transmitting ransom money, taking a percentage of the ransoms in exchange for their assistance.<ref name="LoC">{{cite web |url=http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/ChineseOrgCrime.pdf |last1=Berry |first1=LaVerle B. |last2=Curtis |first2=Glenn E. |last3=Elan |first3=Seth L. |last4=Hudson |first4=Rexford A. |last5=Kollars |first5=Nina A. |title=Transnational activities of Chinese crime organizations |date=April 2003 |website=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=13 October 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702205150/http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/ChineseOrgCrime.pdf |archive-date=2015-07-02}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Japanese were pinned down in the cities of Mindanao by the Moros after the Moros wiped the Japanese out of huge swaths of the island by 19 March, 1945.<ref>{{cite news |date=Monday, Mar. 19, 1945 |title= World Battlefronts: Another Island|url= https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,797327,00.html|work= TIME|location= |access-date=}}</ref>

 

In December 1941 the Japanese launched an attack with air and naval support and 4 transports in Davao.<ref>{{cite news |date=Monday, Dec. 29, 1941 |title=World: Push on the Islands |url= https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,772898,00.html|work= TIME |location= |access-date=}}</ref>World: Push on the Islands

 

On April 1942 Moro killed Japanese soldiers in Zamboanga and destroyed Japanese fuel, supply and ammunition warehoueses near Digos.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= Monday, Apr. 13, 1942|title= World: Raids on Cats' Paws|url= https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,766480,00.html|work=TIME |location= |access-date=}}</ref>

 

In March 1942 near Zamboanga, Japanese were assaulted by Moro scouts.<ref>{{cite news |date=Monday, Mar. 30, 1942 |title= BATTLE OF THE PHILIPPINES: Excellency, a Few Notes . . .|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,773167,00.html |work=TIME |location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= Friday, Aug. 25, 1967|title= Philippines: Barging Ahead|url= https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,841076,00.html|work= TIME |location= |access-date=}}</ref>

 

The Moros fought against the Philippines, Japanese, Americans and Spanish for centuries.<ref>{{cite news |last=LILJAS  |first=  PER |date= APRIL 14, 2016  |title= ISIS Is Making Inroads in the Southern Philippines and the Implications for Asia Are Alarming|url=https://time.com/4293395/isis-zamboanga-mindanao-moro-islamist-terrorist-asia-philippines-abu-sayyaf/ |work= TIME|location=ZAMBOANGA  |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Motlagh|first=Jason  |date=April 10, 2013 |title=Waging War at the Court of the Sultan of Sulu |url=https://world.time.com/2013/04/10/waging-war-at-the-court-of-the-sultan-of-sulu/ |work= TIME|location= |access-date=}}</ref>

 

 

A movie called "The Real Glory" was released in 1939 showing one Moro juramentado causing 60 Filipino soldieers to cower in fear. The film was protested by Philippine President Manuel Quezon.<ref>{{cite news  |date= Monday, Aug. 28, 1939|title=Cinema: Goldwyn's Filipinos |url= https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,761923,00.html|work= TIME|location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= Monday, Sept. 25, 1939|title= Cinema: The New Pictures: Sep. 25, 1939|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,761976,00.html |work= TIME|location= |access-date=}}</ref>

 

US soldiers buried pigs with the bodies of juramentados according to American soldier J. R. McKey.<ref>{{cite news |last= BERENSON |first=TESSA  |date=FEBRUARY 24, 2016 |title=The Real Story Behind Donald Trump's Pig's Blood Slander |url= https://time.com/4235405/donald-trump-pig-blood-muslims-story/|work= TIME|location= |access-date=}}</ref>

 

<ref>{{cite news  |last=Elegant |first=Simon |date= Monday, Oct. 27, 2003|title= |url= https://content.time.com/time/quotes/0,26174,526545,00.html|work=TIME |location= Manila|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=CAMPBELL  |first=CHARLIE  |date=  APRIL 7, 2016 |title= The Next President of the Philippines Could Be 'the Punisher'|url= https://time.com/4285417/the-next-president-of-the-philippines-could-be-the-punisher/|work=TIME |location=  DAVAO CITY|access-date=}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hui in the Philippines are non-Muslims and they intermarried with Catholic Filipinos. Two Hui families in Quanzhou, Southern Fujian, the Chendai Ding family and Baiqi Guo family mostly left Islam during the Ming dynasty and the majority of their descendants practice other religions but identify as ethnically Hui and not Han, making them non-Muslim Hui. They have immigrated to the Philippines, Malaysia and Singapore and many of these overseas Ding are ashamed of having distant Islamic ancestry and don't want to talk about it. The Minnan pronunciation of Ding is Teng hence the non-Muslim Hui in the northern Philippines are surnamed Teng.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chu  |first=Richard |date= 2010|series=Chinese Overseas|title= Chinese and Chinese Mestizos of Manila: Family, Identity, and Culture, 1860s-1930s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PRewCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA431&dq=ding+hui+philippines&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOn43Pz_L5AhWoElkFHe-yCg0Q6AF6BAgLEAI  |publisher=BRILL |page=431 |isbn=9047426851|quote=Destination, selection and turnover among Chinese migrants to Philippine cities in the nineteenth century. Journal of Historical Geography 12(4): ... Traditionalism and identity politics among the Ding Hui community in southern Fujian.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Hefner|first= Robert W.  |date= 2018|title= Market Cultures: Society And Morality In The New Asian Capitalisms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwDFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114&dq=ding+hui+philippines&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOn43Pz_L5AhWoElkFHe-yCg0Q6AF6BAgIEAI |location= |publisher= Routledge|page=114 |isbn=0429967608|quote=He obtains the materials from a distant relative in the Philippines. His youngest son and wife live on the second floor. His oldest son, wife, and two children live on the third floor (as a Hui, Ding's son is allowed to have two ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Gladney|first=Dru C.   |edition=illustrated|date= 1996 |issue= 149 of Harvard East Asian monographs|issn=0073-0483|title=Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_hJ9aht6nZQC&pg=PA277&dq=ding+hui+philippines&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOn43Pz_L5AhWoElkFHe-yCg0Q6AF6BAgDEAI|location= |publisher= Harvard Univ Asia Center|page=277 |isbn=0674594975|quote=mainly in the Philippines , Indonesia , and Singapore - a higher proportion than among their Han neighbors . ... These government subsidies and special benefits are important factors in the Ding Hui claim to ethnic minority status .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Gladney |first=Dru C. |date= 2004|title=Dislocating China: Muslims, Minorities, and Other Subaltern Subjects |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=spHi4AtncqkC&pg=PA296&dq=ding+hui+philippines&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOn43Pz_L5AhWoElkFHe-yCg0Q6AF6BAgCEAI|location= |publisher= University of Chicago Press|page=296 |isbn=0226297756|quote=third floor ( as a Hui , Ding's son is allowed to have two children ) . ... Over 50 percent of the Ding lineage members have overseas relatives - mainly in the Philippines , Indonesia , and Singapore – a higher proportion than among ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Ma |editor1-first=Jianxiong |editor2-last=Abt |editor2-first=Oded |editor3-last= Yao|editor3-first=Jide  |edition=illustrated |date=2020 |series=The Historical Anthropology of Chinese Society Series|title=Islam and Chinese Society: Genealogies, Lineage and Local Communities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4OjeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT137&dq=ding+hui+philippines&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOn43Pz_L5AhWoElkFHe-yCg0Q6AF6BAgHEAI |location= |publisher=Routledge |page= |isbn=1000047458|quote=... Taiwan and the Philippines.” Asian Journal of Social Science, 42(5): 747– 776. Baiqi Guoshi Huizu Zongpu Revision Editorial Committee (Ed.). 2000. Baiqi Guoshi Huizu zongpu [Genealogy of the Hui clan of Guo of Baiqi]. 3 vols.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Nabhan  |first=Gary Paul  |date= 2020|volume= 45 of California Studies in Food and Culture|title=Cumin, Camels, and Caravans: A Spice Odyssey |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qtABEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA230&dq=ding+hui+philippines&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOn43Pz_L5AhWoElkFHe-yCg0Q6AF6BAgKEAI|edition=illustrated |publisher= Univ of California Press|page= 230|isbn=0520379241|quote=... Ming resources to finance some of the first openly public mosques constructed in the harbors of Sumatra, Java, Malacca, the Philippines, and India. ... But direct contact between the Ding Hui of the eastern seacoast of China and the ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Elizalde |editor1-first=María Dolores |editor2-last= Wang |editor2-first=Jianlang  |date=2017  |title=China's Development from a Global Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjI9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85&dq=ding+hui+philippines&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOn43Pz_L5AhWoElkFHe-yCg0Q6AF6BAgEEAI  |publisher= Cambridge Scholars Publishing|page= 85|isbn=1527504174|quote=Qin Ding Da Qing Hui Dian Shi Li. 1899. Majul, Cesar Adib. “Islam in the Philippines and Its China Link.” Asia Studies 46 (2010): 1–16. Majul, Cesar Adib. Muslims in the Philippines. Quezon City: The University of the Philippines Press, ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Ke|first= Fan|editor-last= Tan|editor-first=Chee-Beng |author-link= |date=2006 |edition=illustrated|series=Academic monograph on anthropology|title=Southern Fujian: Reproduction of Traditions in Post-Mao China |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PK_keabzacsC&pg=PA57&dq=ding+hui+philippines&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOn43Pz_L5AhWoElkFHe-yCg0Q6AF6BAgFEAI  |publisher= Chinese University Press|page=57 |isbn=9629962330|chapter=2 Traditionalism and Identity Politics among the Ding Hui Community in Southern Fujian Fan Ke|quote=... Hong Kong , the Philippines , and the home community.14 The second contribution was the regrouping of the ancestral graves Traditionalism and Identity Politics among the Ding Hui Community 57.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Tuan |editor1-first=Iris H.  |editor2-last=Chang |editor2-first= Ivy I-Chu  |author-link= |date=2018 |title= Transnational Performance, Identity and Mobility in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jd9YDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14&dq=ding+hui+philippines&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOn43Pz_L5AhWoElkFHe-yCg0Q6AF6BAgJEAI  |publisher= Springer|page=xiv |isbn=9811071071|quote=Left to right: Cosette (Qin Ziran), Jean Val Jean (Ding Hui), Mme. Thenarnier (Zhang Shuhui) ... Japan and Korea are at the bottom, Philippines at the center, Bali and Java are at the top of the map. Ruin of the copper refinery, ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=Contributor               American Bibliographical Center |date=1997 |title=Historical Abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1775-1914. Part A, Volume 48, Issues 1-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCdBAQAAIAAJ&q=ding+hui+philippines&dq=ding+hui+philippines&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOn43Pz_L5AhWoElkFHe-yCg0Q6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher=American Bibliographical Center, CLIO |page=335 |quote=Ding Baozhen . Local Government ( gongju ) . Tax reform . 19c . 1115a Government . Reform . Xiliang . 1903-07 . ... Philippines . 19c - 20c . 1310a Discrimination . Labor . South Africa . 1652-1910 . 904a Chinese Studies .}}</ref> Armando Teng who lived in the Philippines joined the Communist [[New People's Army]] in their insurgency after [[List of torture methods used by the Marcos dictatorship|being arrested and tortured in 1974]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Reyes  |first=Jun Cruz  |date= 2006|title= Armando|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lphkAAAAMAAJ&q=%22armando+teng%22+chinese&dq=%22armando+teng%22+chinese&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-kceL0fL5AhUVF2IAHYC0DooQ6AF6BAgFEAI |location= |publisher=Amado V. Hernandez Resource Center |page= |isbn=9719208082}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= See|first=Teresita Ang |editor-last= Suryadinata|editor-first=Leo  |date=2011 |title=Migration, Indigenization And Interaction: Chinese Overseas And Globalization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TA-7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA243&dq=%22armando+teng%22+chinese&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-kceL0fL5AhUVF2IAHYC0DooQ6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher= World Scientific|page=243 |isbn=9814458260|chapter=Chapter 9 Integration, Indigenization, Hybridization and Localization of the Ethnic Chinese Minority in the Philippines |quote=He is a Chinese mestizo who had his Chinese-language education up to grade Two but has always comported himself as a ... Outstanding among the ranks of the leftists was the late Armando Teng, an active member of the Central Committee of ...}}</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=TA-7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA243&dq=%22armando+teng%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjymf3S2PL5AhXQEmIAHUe6BjoQ6AF6BAgKEAI</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=Contributors                Milorad M. Drachkovitch, Lewis H. Gann, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace |date=1991 |series=Hoover Institution publication|title= Yearbook on International Communist Affairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fbDmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22armando+teng%22+chinese&dq=%22armando+teng%22+chinese&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-kceL0fL5AhUVF2IAHYC0DooQ6AF6BAgKEAI |location= |publisher=Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University. |page=216 |isbn=0817991611|quote=66,117,284 ( World Fact Book ) committee of the Chinese National People's Con- Parties . ... Prudencio Southwest Asia or by Beijing's growing rapproche- Calubid , Sotero Llamas , Armando Teng , Allan ment with New Delhi .}}</ref> He was mentioned in a novel as well.<ref>{{cite book |last=Armstrong |first=Campbell   |date= 2015|title=Agents of Darkness |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oLMBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT15&dq=%22armando+teng%22+chinese&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-kceL0fL5AhUVF2IAHYC0DooQ6AF6BAgJEAI |location= |publisher=Open Road Media |page= |isbn=1504004094|quote=The young man, whose name was Armando Teng although he used a variety of pseudonyms, no longer allowed such ... Bright Chinese lanterns, indicating some form of festivity for guests, burned in the grounds of the Philippine Plaza Hotel.}}</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=6oLMBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT17&dq=%22armando+teng%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjymf3S2PL5AhXQEmIAHUe6BjoQ6AF6BAgJEAI https://books.google.com/books?id=6oLMBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT17&lpg=PT17&dq=armando+teng&source=bl&ots=kAFFZD7XN4&sig=ACfU3U0kXoQNplzTCe3lj-9T9GPgpIouaw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwikzYmx0PL5AhWSuKQKHdosCEQQ6AF6BAgkEAM</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author= Amnesty International|date= 1977|title=Report of an Amnesty International Mission to the Republic of the Philippines, 22 November-5 December 1975 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=n5raAAAAMAAJ&q=%22armando+teng%22+chinese&dq=%22armando+teng%22+chinese&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-kceL0fL5AhUVF2IAHYC0DooQ6AF6BAgEEAI|edition=2 |publisher= Amnesty International Publications|page=43, 44, 46 |isbn=0900058439}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Harmon|first1=Christopher C. |last2=Bowdish |first2= Randall G.|author-link= |date= 2018|title=The Terrorist Argument: Modern Advocacy and Propaganda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=em1qDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA259&dq=%22armando+teng%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjymf3S2PL5AhXQEmIAHUe6BjoQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |page= 259|isbn=0815732198|quote=After rising in Communist-run student and political organizations, he learned to be an expert public speaker and writer, and then, under Armando Teng of the National Education Department, ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Juan, Jr.|first= E.San |edition=illustrated |date= 2007|title=U.S. Imperialism and Revolution in the Philippines |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlqHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83&dq=%22armando+teng%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjymf3S2PL5AhXQEmIAHUe6BjoQ6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher=Springer |page=83 |isbn=0230607039|quote=... of integrity and independence may be found in Jun Cruz Reyes's novel Etsa-Puwera (2000), and more singularly in Armando (2006). The latter is an attempt to narrate the life of the remarkable Communist insurgent, Armando Teng, ...}}</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=wlqHDAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22armando+teng%22+chinese&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-kceL0fL5AhUVF2IAHYC0DooQ6AF6BAgIEAI</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=Contributor        Association of Major Religious Superiors in the Philippines |date=1976 |title=Political Detainees in the Philippines: Documentation Report of Signs of the Times, a Publication of the Association of Major Religious Superiors in the Philippines, Manila, March 31, 1976 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zJdCAAAAIAAJ&q=%22armando+teng%22&dq=%22armando+teng%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjymf3S2PL5AhXQEmIAHUe6BjoQ6AF6BAgDEAI|location= |publisher=Anti-martial Law Coalition (Philippines) |page= 12, 9 |isbn=|quote=At the M - 2 office at around 6:00 p.m. , I saw Armando Teng , Arnulfo Resus , Cenon Zembrano , my wife and many others who were also arrested . I heard Teng's shouts while he was being electrocuted ' with the cranker dynamo and also ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author=Katotohanan at Katarungan Foundation, Inc |date=1999 |title= The Two Billion Dollar Human Rights Uproar: The Controversial Claims Against the Marcos Estate & Insights Into the Motives Deceptions of a Conspiracy of Vultures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te1wAAAAMAAJ&q=%22armando+teng%22&dq=%22armando+teng%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjymf3S2PL5AhXQEmIAHUe6BjoQ6AF6BAgHEAI |location= |publisher= Katotohanan at Katarungan Foundation|page= 155|isbn=9719308818|quote=... INYOINOG NOG Armando TENG ARYONG Jose ... ELSIE ED DEPT Sec : Armando TENG ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author= Amnesty International|date= 1977|title=Report of an Amnesty International Mission to the Republic of the Philippines, 22 November-5 December 1975 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=n5raAAAAMAAJ&q=%22armando+teng%22&dq=%22armando+teng%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjymf3S2PL5AhXQEmIAHUe6BjoQ6AF6BAgCEAI|edition=2 |publisher= Amnesty International Publications|page=46 |isbn=0900058439|quote=Back at the M - 2 office in the evening , he saw his wife Rosario Salvador - Palma , Armando Teng , Cenon Zambrano and others who had been arrested . He heard Mr Teng's shouts while he was being given electric shock with a cranker ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date= 1976|title= AMPO., Volumes 8-10|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AXsFAQAAIAAJ&q=%22armando+teng%22&dq=%22armando+teng%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjymf3S2PL5AhXQEmIAHUe6BjoQ6AF6BAgLEAI |publisher= |page=38 |quote=SVD ; Juñus Giron ; Cenon Zembrano ; Alejandro Arellano ; Reynaldo llao ; Edgardo Senense ; Reynaldo Guillermo ; Isabelita Guillermo , Armando Teng ; Agaton Topacio ; Francisco Vergara ; Victor Quinto ; Elita Quinto ; Santiago Alonzo ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |others=Contributors  Milorad M. Drachkovitch, Lewis H. Gann, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace |date=1991 |series=Hoover Institution publication|title= Yearbook on International Communist Affairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fbDmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22armando+teng%22&dq=%22armando+teng%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjymf3S2PL5AhXQEmIAHUe6BjoQ6AF6BAgIEAI |location= |publisher= Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University.|page= 216, 219|isbn=0817991611|quote=... Leo Velasco , dangered by the changing security situation in Arturo Tabara , Antonio Cabanatan , Prudencio Southwest Asia or by Beijing's growing rapproche- Calubid , Sotero Llamas , Armando Teng , Allan ment with New Delhi .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=Contributor      Resource Center for Philippine Concerns |date= 1979|title=Pintíg: Sa Malamig Na Bakal : Lifepulse in Cold Steel : Poems and Letters from Philippine Prisons |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gOmeAAAAIAAJ&q=%22armando+teng%22&dq=%22armando+teng%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjymf3S2PL5AhXQEmIAHUe6BjoQ6AF6BAgFEAI |publisher=Resource Centre for Philippine Concerns |page=139 |isbn=|quote=ED DE LA TORRE JULIUS GIRON ALEJANDRO ARELLANO REYNALDO GUILLERMO ARMANDO TENG VICTOR QUINTO EDUARDO SENENSE SANTIAGO ALONZO CENON ZAMBRANO REYNALDO ILAO ISABELITA DEL PILAR - GUILLERMO FRANCISCO VERGARA ELITA PONCE - QUINTO AGATON ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210206132205/https://ndfp.org/comrade-armando-teng-inspires-the-current-and-future-generations/|title=Comrade Armando Teng inspires the current and future generations |last= SISON |first=JOSE MARIA |date=26 June 2006 |website=National Democratic Front of the Philippines |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> He died in 2000 at age 49 from kidney disease.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=NOBYEMBRE 7, 2017 |title= |url=https://balikwastk.files.wordpress.com/2017/12/kspecial_nov7_02.pdf |journal=Kalatas |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>https://balikwastk.wordpress.com/2017/12/01/kalatas-special-issue-nobyembre-2017-dakilain-ang-rebolusyonaryong-buhay-nina-kasamang-armando-teng-at-lucio-de-guzman/</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |people= |date= 4 sep. 2009|title= Ang Buhay ni Armando Teng 3|trans-title= |type= |language= |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCUFDJLNiaw|access-date= |archive-url= |archive-date= |format= |time= |location= |publisher=padepavideos |id= |isbn= |oclc= |quote= |ref=}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |people= |date= 4 sep. 2009|title= Ang Buhay ni Armando Teng 4|trans-title= |type= |language= |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uqaD6CnDvXs|access-date= |archive-url= |archive-date= |format= |time= |location= |publisher=padepavideos |id= |isbn= |oclc= |quote= |ref=}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |people= |date= 4 sep. 2009|title= Ang Buhay ni Armando Teng 5|trans-title= |type= |language= |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYiGndTOZ88|access-date= |archive-url= |archive-date= |format= |time= |location= |publisher=padepavideos |id= |isbn= |oclc= |quote= |ref=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= REMOLLINO |first=ALEXANDER MARTIN |date= 2006 |title= Humanizing the Name  Armando Author: Jun Cruz Reyes |url=https://www.bulatlat.com/news/6-21/6-21-name_printer.html |work= Bulatlat|location= |access-date=}} </ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |author=the Executive Committee of the Central Committee|date= 2001 January - March|title=  MEMORIAL TRIBUTE FOR COMRADE ARMANDO TENG: A GREAT PROLETARIAN LEADER AND HERO|url=https://bannedthought.net/Philippines/CPP/Rebolusyon/2001/N1-Jan-Mar/MemorialTribute-ArmandoTeng-010000.pdf |journal=Rebolusyon |publisher=Theoretical and Political Publication Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Philippines |issue=1 |pages=1-4 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>https://www.elib.gov.ph/details.php?uid=e19a9a63d4beae590082fbcbe926d3b8</ref><ref>https://www.elib.gov.ph/details.php?uid=7caf23841a459aa53582de875e0c297a</ref><ref>https://twitter.com/sinangag_engels/status/1458379868601663493 https://twitter.com/dancebts2/status/1490362016942690307 https://twitter.com/joshxmachina/status/1458383183351742473 https://twitter.com/aljohntots/status/1440456588246929420 https://twitter.com/Vinz_Simon/status/1401074220851814401 https://twitter.com/Vinz_Simon/status/1358043253963063296 https://twitter.com/makoydakuykoy/status/1138289200078319617 https://twitter.com/3xtraOrdinaRIX/status/741492026911293440 https://twitter.com/rfpmalayao/status/741527176852307970 https://twitter.com/rfpmalayao/status/873558039407841280 https://twitter.com/rfpmalayao/status/741192879410810880https://twitter.com/toskabaliw/status/741082017857560580 https://twitter.com/NPA_ST/status/936586175871111168 https://twitter.com/3xtraOrdinaRIX/status/737691977764855808 https://rebyuhan.blogspot.com/2006/08/armando-biograpi-ni-armando-teng.html?spref=tw https://twitter.com/padepaonline/status/386514169358327808 http://www.padepaonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=207:ang-dakilang-buhay-at-pakikibaka-ni-kasamang-armando-teng&catid=101:mga-dokumentaryo&Itemid=543 https://twitter.com/angeriaries/status/254774616554348544 https://twitter.com/MENGalisa/status/176694239072239616 https://twitter.com/dakila_ph/status/74104145602293760 https://www.facebook.com/armando.teng https://www.facebook.com/eric.r.castro.1 https://twitter.com/armandoteng</ref>

 

<ref>{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=March 2006 |title=THE STONES OF ZAYTON SPEAK |url= http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/scholarship.php?issue=005&searchterm=005_zayton.inc|journal= CHINA HERITAGE NEWSLETTER|publisher= China Heritage Project, The Australian National University             |issue= 5|issn=833-8461 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref>

 

Some of the Hui members of families that left Islam during the early Ming dynasty like the Guo of Baiqi in Quanzhou even believe negative stereotypes about their own Muslim ancestors, with one Christian Guo saying his Hui ancestors were descendants from donkey human sexual intercourse and altars with hidden images of humans having sex with donkeys were found in their their temple (mosques). In the 1920s his family converted to Christianity.<ref>{{cite book |last= Gladney|first=Dru C.   |edition=illustrated|date= 1996 |issue= 149 of Harvard East Asian monographs|issn=0073-0483|title=Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_hJ9aht6nZQC&pg=PA272|location= |publisher= Harvard Univ Asia Center|page=272 |isbn=0674594975|quote=mainly in the Philippines , Indonesia , and Singapore - a higher proportion than among their Han neighbors . ... These government subsidies and special benefits are important factors in the Ding Hui claim to ethnic minority status .}}</ref>

<ref>{{cite book |last=Gladney |first=Dru C.   |date= 2004|title=Dislocating China– Reflections on Muslims, Minorities, and Other Subaltern Subjects |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ddddmhXofKoC&pg=PA116&dq=guo+christianity+pigs+gladney&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjoz_eH2eX7AhXR87sIHcrqARIQ6AF6BAgHEAI|location= |publisher= C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|page= 116|isbn=1850653240|quote=Reflections on Muslims, Minorities, and Other Subaltern Subjects Dru C. Gladney ... a member of a branch of the Guo lineage that had converted to Christianity in the 1920s , long after they had assimilated to Fujianese folkways , and he ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gladney |first=Dru C. |series=Harvard University Asia Center E-Book Collection|issue=149 of Harvard East Asian monographs |date=1996 |title=Muslim Chinese– Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_hJ9aht6nZQC&pg=PA272&dq=guo+christianity+pigs+gladney&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjoz_eH2eX7AhXR87sIHcrqARIQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |edition=illustrated|publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center |page=272 |isbn=0674594975|issn=0073-0483|quote=Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic Dru C. Gladney ... This fantastic tale is highly suspect , since the Hui who related it was a member of a branch of the Guo lineage which had converted to Christianity in the 1920s ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Lipman|first=Jonathan N.  |series=Studies on Ethnic Groups in China |date= 2011|title=Familiar Strangers– A History of Muslims in Northwest China |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA214&dq=guo+christianity+pigs+gladney&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwje0Pfm-uX7AhXIgv0HHZSACMUQ6AF6BAgLEAI |location= |publisher= University of Washington Press|page=214 |isbn=0295800550|quote=Both the formerly Muslim Guo family of northern Taiwan, described by Barbara Pillsbury, and the Ding clan of descendants of Quanzhou Muslims, whose partial reIslamicization is narrated by Dru Gladney, illustrate what can happen in the ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Israeli|first= Raphael |edition=reprint |date= 2002|title=Islam in China– Religion, Ethnicity, Culture, and Politics |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Fz7-QxK3O90C&pg=PA329&dq=guo+christianity+pigs+gladney&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwje0Pfm-uX7AhXIgv0HHZSACMUQ6AF6BAgBEAI|location= |publisher= Lexington Books|page=329 |isbn=0739156616|quote=Religion, Ethnicity, Culture, and Politics Raphael Israeli. Geomancy, 16, 31, 304 Georgia, 58 Gladney, Dru, 266, 271—73 God/Shangdi, 76, 91, 100, 116, 157, 173, 175—76, 226, 228, 233—34; Chinese, 31 , 34—35, 37—38, 62, 77; Muslim, 15, ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author= Association for Asian Studies, Far Eastern Association (U.S.)|date=1987 |title=The Journal of Asian Studies, volume 46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=66BRAQAAIAAJ&q=guo+christianity+pigs+gladney&dq=guo+christianity+pigs+gladney&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwje0Pfm-uX7AhXIgv0HHZSACMUQ6AF6BAgJEAI |location= |publisher=Association for Asian Studies |page=499 |quote=They thus found themselves in the position of recognizing as Hui people who raised pigs , knew little of Islam ... ethnic group and the Islamic religion , it was a source of embarrassment and tension for many conservative Hui Muslims .}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The ex-Muslim Hui masqueraded as Han for a while by claiming paternal Han descent from famous heroes like Guo Ziyi for the Baiqi Gui clan since Han ethnic identity is paternally based. The ex-Muslim Hui whose members left Islam settled overseas including Taiwan and in Manila in the Philippines where Ding Wenqi and Guo Fuyou wrote an essay attempting to falsely claim that the 5 famous Hui clans of Quanzhou that left Islam, Bai, Jin, Ma, Ding and Guo were descended from Han Chinese general Guo Ziyi and 4 of his generals Jin Zhujie, Ding Hunzhen, Ma Lin and Bai Yuanguang when he was fighting against the invading Tibetans to save Tang dynasty China and that they formed an association of 5 clans, the Qingzhen five surname association, leaving out all mention of their actual Muslim foreign origins except for the word "Qingzhen" (Halal) in the title while continuing to push the fiction that they were in China before the Yuan dynasty and that Guo was of paternal Han descent. The actual general was named Hun Zhen ([[Hun Jian]]) from the Tiele Hun tribe (the reason for his surname) and was not surnamed Ding, but the Ding concocted a fictional version of him and gave him the Ding surname to fit the fiction of four generals with the same surnames as the Hui clans in Quanzhou serving under Guo Ziyi. The members of the Ding and Guo clans on Taiwan also cling to the fictitious paternal ancestry to pretend to be Han instead of Hui.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Abt|first1=Oded |date= 2014|title= Muslim Ancestor, Chinese Hero or Tutelary God: Changing Memories of Muslim Descendants in China, Taiwan and the Philippines|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43495836?read-now=1&seq=23#page_scan_tab_contents |journal=Asian Journal of Social Science |volume= 42|issue= 6|pages= 747–76|doi= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>https://brill.com/downloadpdf/journals/ajss/42/6/article-p747_4.pdf?pdfJsInlineViewToken=946220984&inlineView=true</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= DONOSO|first1= ISAAC |date= 2015|title=The Philippines and Al-Andalus Linking the Edges of the Classical Islamic World |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24672336 |journal=Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages= 247–73 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Han Chinese official and merchant Su Tangshe who married Muslim Semu women from Pu Shougeng's family after converting to Islam was descended [[from Su Song]] according to one historian. His descendants are no longer Muslim and identify as Han due to their Han paternal ancestry and do not consider themselves Hui since their Hui ancestry is through a woman.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chaffee |first1=John  |last2= |first2= |date=2006 |title= Diasporic Identities in the Historical Development of the Maritime Muslim Communities of Song-Yuan China|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25165167 . https://www.academia.edu/7857529/_Diasporic_Identities_in_the_Historical_Development_of_the_Maritime_Muslim_Communities_of_Song_yuan_China_ https://ps.booksc.org/book/26626767/0d0089|journal= Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume= 49|issue= 4, Maritime Diasporas in the Indian Ocean and East and Southeast Asia (960-1775) |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Ron  |author-link= |date= 2020|series=The Princeton Economic History of the Western World|title= Going the Distance: Eurasian Trade and the Rise of the Business Corporation, 1400-1700 |url=https://dokumen.pub/going-the-distance-eurasian-trade-and-the-rise-of-the-business-corporation-1400-1700-the-princeton-economic-history-of-the-western-world-2019016740-9780691150772-9780691185804.html https://princeton.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.23943/princeton/9780691150772.001.0001/upso-9780691150772-chapter-007 https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780691185804-006/pdf https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780691185804-011/pdf https://academic.oup.com/princeton-scholarship-online/book/34203/chapter/289624954 https://academic.oup.com/princeton-scholarship-online/book/34203/chapter-abstract/289624954?redirectedFrom=fulltext|volume=82  |publisher= Princeton University Press |chapter=6 Family Firms in Three Regions|page=181 |doi=10.23943/princeton/9780691150772.003.0007|isbn=9780691150772|doi=10.1515/9780691185804}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chaffee |first= John |date=2018 |series=New Approaches to Asian History|title= The Muslim Merchants of Premodern China: The History of a Maritime Asian Trade Diaspora, 750–1400|url=https://vdoc.pub/documents/the-muslim-merchants-of-premodern-china-the-history-of-a-maritime-asian-trade-diaspora-7501400-5ino018tkib0 https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/muslim-merchants-of-premodern-china/index/0BC2CFFD9D2264F77236996B2D704332 https://ur.booksc.me/book/73001891/b7e19b |location= Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |chapter=4 The Mongols and Merchant Power|page=154-155 |isbn=9781107012684|doi=10.1017/9780511998492.008}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Abt |first= Oded |date=January 2012 |title=Muslim Ancestry and Chinese Identity in Southeast China |type=THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE “DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY” |chapter= |publisher=Tel Aviv University : The Lester & Sally Entin Faculty of Humanities School of Historical Studies |docket= |page=41|oclc= |url= https://s3.amazonaws.com/arena-attachments/2168163/afd1cac728ac6989b73ba7f771dbba44.pdf?1526185838|access-date=}}</ref>

 

The Malay states were the destination of Muslim Arabs and Persians who fled the [[Guangzhou massacre]] where they spread Islam to the Malays and Muslims from Quanzhou and who engaged in commerce and diplomacy between Champa and China helped spread Islam in Malay states like Brunei during the 10th-13th centuries. Malay women married the incoming Arabs in Sumatra.<ref>{{cite book |last=Aljunied |first=Khairudin |series= Religion and Global Politics|chapter=Infusing Islam in Connected Societies |date= 2019|title=Islam in Malaysia: An Entwined History, Religion and Global Politics |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1ParDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=%22in+874+to+the+malay+states+to+escape%22&source=bl&ots=W9gvvPcsbV&sig=ACfU3U1vKs6HbMfrLZGFpa2GY9YdIJ7mMw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqh767lPX5AhXXBTQIHcW0BEkQ6AF6BAgCEAM https://vdoc.pub/documents/islam-in-malaysia-an-entwined-history-vpmpsohrqv00 https://ms.1lib.domains/?redirectUrl=/book/5495624/ad68c7 https://ms.b-ok.cc/book/5495624/ad68c7 https://academic.oup.com/book/32316/chapter-abstract/268546106?redirectedFrom=fulltext |location= |publisher=  Oxford University Press |page=32, 33 |isbn=0190925205 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190925192.003.0002}}</ref> The Guangzhou massacre killed 120,000 foreigners according to Al-Sarafi and 200,000 foreigners according to Al Masudi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chinesejews.com/jews-massacred |title= Jews Massacred - 878: Abu Zayd (賽義德哈桑)|last= |first= |date= |website= Chinese Jewish Institute |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chaffee |first= John |date=2018 |series=New Approaches to Asian History|title= The Muslim Merchants of Premodern China: The History of a Maritime Asian Trade Diaspora, 750–1400|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/muslim-merchants-of-premodern-china/merchants-of-an-imperial-trade/2736CF75BA700D965FAA934381F261EC |location= Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |chapter=4 The Mongols and Merchant Power|page= 12-50 |isbn=9781107012684|doi=10.1017/9780511998492.008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Broilo|first= Federica A.|editor-last= Acri |editor-first= Andrea |date=2019 |title=Imagining Asia (s): Networks, Actors, Sites |url= https://www.academia.edu/35571418/Interconnectedness_and_Mobility_in_the_Middle_Ages_Nowadays_from_Baghdad_to_Chang_an_and_from_Istanbul_to_Tokyo|location= |publisher=ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute |page= 342|chapter=11 Interconnectedness and Mobility in the Middle Ages/Nowadays:From Baghdad to Chang’an andfrom Istanbul to Tokyo|isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Nicolini-Zani|first=     Matteo  |edition=illustrated |date=2022 |series=AAR Texts and Translations Series|title=The Luminous Way to the East: Texts and History of the First Encounter of Christianity with China |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pU9gEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA78&lpg=PA78&dq=%22experts+on+chinese+affairs+reported+that+the+number+of+muslims,+jews,+christians%22&source=bl&ots=xQxFM_eGNl&sig=ACfU3U1hFE2jD-F1UEu2GCjEKxByzVxpnw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiHweHllvX5AhWzFTQIHa1eDtMQ6AF6BAgCEAM|location= |publisher=Oxford University Press |page= 78 |isbn=0197609643}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= al-Sīrāfī|first=        Abū Zayd|last2= ibn Faḍlān|first2=Aḥmad |others= Translated by               Tim Mackintosh-Smith, James E. Montgomery|date= |volume= 17 of Library of Arabic Literature|title=Two Arabic Travel Books: Accounts of China and India and Mission to the Volga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGkFBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69&lpg=PA69&dq=%22experts+on+chinese+affairs+reported+that+the+number+of+muslims,+jews,+christians%22&source=bl&ots=aJBNXvlLf1&sig=ACfU3U2X2k2CyHjjOBQQPm-IixLDyscqnQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiHweHllvX5AhWzFTQIHa1eDtMQ6AF6BAgiEAM |location= |publisher= NYU Press|page= 69|isbn=1479800287}}</ref><ref>https://www.perlego.com/book/721002/accounts-of-china-and-india-pdf</ref><ref>{{cite bookAbulafia |last= |first=David  |author-link= |date=2019 |title=The Boundless Sea: A Human History of the Oceans |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=8taIDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA3-PR3&lpg=RA3-PR3&dq=%22experts+on+chinese+affairs+reported+that+the+number+of+muslims,+jews,+christians%22&source=bl&ots=dQID4iAJos&sig=ACfU3U3Lk122w9Jm6piF34r-JzIepdirEw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiHweHllvX5AhWzFTQIHa1eDtMQ6AF6BAghEAM |location= |publisher= Penguin UK|page= |isbn=0141972092}}</ref> After the Guangzhou massacre, Arab merchants who continued to come to China were persecuted and their properties seized.<ref>{{cite book |last= al-Sīrāfī|first=   Abū Zayd|last2= ibn Faḍlān|first2=Aḥmad |others= Translated by       Tim Mackintosh-Smith, James E. Montgomery|date= |volume= 17 of Library of Arabic Literature|title=Two Arabic Travel Books: Accounts of China and India and Mission to the Volga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGkFBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA71 |location= |publisher= NYU Press|page= 71 |isbn=1479800287}}</ref>

 

The former Muslim Hui Ding, Jin and Guo families of Quanzhou who abandoned Islam and ethnic minorities like the She people and Tanka (Dan) people forged genealogies claiming their paternal ancestors were famous Han Chinese from northern China during the Zhou dynasty, Han dynasty or Tang dynasty who later migrated south to Fujian, in order to pass as Han people but in the modern day now acknowledge their true Hui ancestry, while the Ma family of Quanzhou proudly proclaimed their Hui origin the entire time.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Abt |first= Oded |date=January 2012 |title=Muslim Ancestry and Chinese Identity in Southeast China |type=THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE “DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY” |chapter= |publisher=Tel Aviv University : The Lester & Sally Entin Faculty of Humanities School of Historical Studies |docket= |page=174-179|oclc= |url= https://s3.amazonaws.com/arena-attachments/2168163/afd1cac728ac6989b73ba7f771dbba44.pdf?1526185838|access-date=}}</ref> The Hui of Quanzhou have the surnames Guo 郭, Ding 丁,  Jin 金, Xia 夏, Pu 蒲, Die 迭 and Ma 馬.<ref>{{cite book |last=  Chan|first=Hok-Lam |series=Routledge Revivals |date=2017 |title=Li Chih 1527-1602 in Contemporary Chinese Historiography: New light on his life and works |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpwuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50&dq=there+were+five+such+clans+such+as+the+chin,+ting,+ma&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiwkeywpPX5AhUDO-wKHdwUCY4Q6AF6BAgJEAI |edition=annotated |publisher= Routledge|page= 50 |isbn=1351711792|quote=34 Tieh was TT[one of the] prominent clans in ChTiian Prefecture. There were five clans such as the Chin, Ting, Ma•禹,Tieh, and Hsia 复;they all adopted the heretical Ma^馬[i.e. Moslem] religion /^5 and were sinicized Western Asians.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=Contributor              International Arts and Sciences Press |date= 1980|title= Chinese Studies in History, Volume 13|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CsI4AAAAIAAJ&q=there+were+five+such+clans+such+as+the+chin,+ting,+ma&dq=there+were+five+such+clans+such+as+the+chin,+ting,+ma&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiwkeywpPX5AhUDO-wKHdwUCY4Q6AF6BAgDEAI|location= |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |page=50 |isbn=087332160X|quote=32 In the Ming dynasty , P'u was one of the many clans that was suppressed politically by Ming T'ai - tsu [ * 7 , r . ... There were five clans such as the Chin , Ting , Ma , Tieh , and Hsia 夏; ; they all adopted the heretical ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |other=Contributor            Australian National University. Department of Far Eastern History |date=1978 |title=Papers on Far Eastern History, Volumes 17-18 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FnowAQAAIAAJ&q=there+were+five+such+clans+such+as+the+chin,+ting,+ma&dq=there+were+five+such+clans+such+as+the+chin,+ting,+ma&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiwkeywpPX5AhUDO-wKHdwUCY4Q6AF6BAgMEAI |location= |publisher=Department of Far Eastern History, Australian National University |page=viii |quote=( af ) Tieh was " ( one of the ) big clans in the Ch'üan prefecture . There were five clans such as the Chin , Ting ( 117 ) , Ma , Tieh , and Hsia ( 118 ) ; they all adopted the heretical Ma ( 119 ) ( i.e. Moslem ) religion " ...}}</ref><ref>https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%BF%AD%E5%A7%93/1704346</ref>

 

Only a few local Hui in Quanzhou still practice Islam like the Huang family, with most Muslims being Hui migrant workers from Gansu while most local Hui are non-Muslims since their ancestors left Islam centuries before like many Guo and Ding who are now Christian and other religions.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ma  |first=Te |date= Feb 05, 2018 |title=Unearthing the Islamic Relics of China’s Medieval Port City |url=https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1001646/unearthing-the-islamic-relics-of-chinas-medieval-port-city |work=Sixth Tone |location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>https://www.openj-gate.com/quanzhou-history</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Yuan |first=Ye |last2=Nie |first2=Yiming|date= Jul 06, 2021 |title=With Quanzhou, China Set to Add Another World Heritage Site  |url=https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1007918/with-quanzhou%2C-china-set-to-add-another-world-heritage-site- |work=Sixth Tone |location= |access-date=}}</ref>

 

A Hui Muslim descendant of Gabuman (葛卜满), an envoy of the Calicut kingdom in India, raised funds for the [[Fuzhou mosque]] in 1541 to rebuild it after a fire.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pagan, pure Han Chinese were expelled from Manila in 1755 and 1766, leaving only Chinese mestizo Catholics behind. Chinese mestizos made up a huge fraction of the Philippine population and took over the retail trade from the pure Chinese.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wickberg |first= Edgar |edition=illustrated, reprint |date=2000 |series=Choice reprints|title=The Chinese in Philippine Life, 1850-1898 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I1xBodSLU0cC&pg=PA28&dq=%22+mestizo+occupations+were+wholesaling+,+retailing+and+landholding+.%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiWjd6spv75AhVlFzQIHZ6LDNYQ6AF6BAgCEAI  |publisher=         Ateneo University Press |page=28 |isbn=9715503527|quote=Away from Manila , the characteristic mestizo occupations were wholesaling , retailing , and landholding . 66 The reduction of the Manila Chinese population by the expulsions of 1755 and 1766 meant less economic competition for the ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Tan|first=Samuel Kong |editor1-last=See |editor1-first= Teresita Ang |editor2-last=Go |editor2-first=Bon Juan |others=Contributors      Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran, Chinben See Memorial Trust Fund, De La Salle University. China Studies Program |date=1994 |title= 華人|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlVuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22+mestizo+occupations+were+wholesaling+,+retailing+and+landholding+.%22&dq=%22+mestizo+occupations+were+wholesaling+,+retailing+and+landholding+.%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiWjd6spv75AhVlFzQIHZ6LDNYQ6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher= |page=159 |isbn=9718857052|quote=Away from Manila , the characteristic mestizo occupations were wholesaling , retailing and landholding . Besides being engaged in commerce or agriculture , or perhaps both , there were a few mestizos , both in Manila and in the ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Tan|first=Samuel Kong |editor1-last=See |editor1-first= Teresita Ang |editor2-last=Go |editor2-first=Bon Juan |others=Contributors               Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran, Chinben See Memorial Trust Fund, De La Salle University. China Studies Program |date=1994 |title= 華人|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlVuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22In+contemporary+times+,+their+role+in+nation+-+building+continues+%22&dq=%22In+contemporary+times+,+their+role+in+nation+-+building+continues+%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwim2rSNp_75AhViBzQIHaucD2YQ6AF6BAgJEAI |location= |publisher= |page=159 |isbn=9718857052|quote=In contemporary times , their role in nation - building continues . The papers of Marcelino Foronda and Joaquin Sy underscore the importance of ChineseFilipino intermarriages in the promotion of natural bonds or links between Filipinos ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editorlast=Cariño |editor-first= Theresa C. |others=Contributor  De La Salle University. China Studies Program |date= 1985|series=China studies program|title=Chinese in the Philippines |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SIFwAAAAMAAJ&q=%22In+contemporary+times+,+their+role+in+nation+-+building+continues+%22&dq=%22In+contemporary+times+,+their+role+in+nation+-+building+continues+%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwim2rSNp_75AhViBzQIHaucD2YQ6AF6BAgIEAI |location= |publisher=DLSU University Press with assistance of Research Dissemination Office of De La Salle University Research Center |page=50 |isbn=9711180340|quote=In contemporary times their role in nation - building continues . Although the Chinese mestizos have exerted a tremendous influence on our history , the role they have played in the making of the Filipino nation has received little ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Ordoñez  |editor-first=Elmer A. |others=Contributors          National Centennial Commission (Philippines), National Commission on Culture and the Arts (Philippines) |date=1998 |title=The Philippine Revolution and Beyond: Papers from the International Conference on the Centennial of the 1896 Philippine Revolution, Volume 2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pmlxAAAAMAAJ&q=%22In+contemporary+times+,+their+role+in+nation+-+building+continues+%22&dq=%22In+contemporary+times+,+their+role+in+nation+-+building+continues+%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwim2rSNp_75AhViBzQIHaucD2YQ6AF6BAgDEAI|location= |publisher= Philippine Centennial Commission [and] National Commission for Culture and the Arts|page=687 |isbn=9719201827|quote=In contemporary times , their role in nation - building continues . ” 12 In the last half of the 19th century , a Filipino intellectual middle class ( known as the ilustrados ) made up predominantly of Chinese mestizos , was formed .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Ordoñez|first=Elmer A. |others=Contributors        National Centennial Commission (Philippines), National Commission on Culture and the Arts (Philippines) |date= 1998|title=The Philippine Revolution and Beyond: Papers from the International Conference on the Centennial of the 1896 Philippine Revolution, Volume 1 |url= https://books.google.coom/books?id=ePtwAAAAMAAJ&q=%22In+contemporary+times+,+their+role+in+nation+-+building+continues+%22&dq=%22In+contemporary+times+,+their+role+in+nation+-+building+continues+%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwim2rSNp_75AhViBzQIHaucD2YQ6AF6BAgFEAI |publisher=Philippine Centennial Commission [and] National Commission for Culture and the Arts |page=XX, 69 |isbn=9719201819}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Tan |first= Antonio S. |author-link= |date=2015 |title=The Chinese Mestizos and the Formation of the Filipino Nationality |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24g5swEACAAJ&dq=%22In+contemporary+times+,+their+role+in+nation+-+building+continues+%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwim2rSNp_75AhViBzQIHaucD2YQ6AF6BAgLEAE |location= |publisher= Kaisa Para Sa Kaunlaran|page= |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=See |first=               Teresita Ang |last2= Go|first2= Bon Juan  |date= 1996|title=The Ethnic Chinese in the Philippine Revolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LBFwAAAAMAAJ&q=%22In+contemporary+times+,+their+role+in+nation+-+building+continues+%22&dq=%22In+contemporary+times+,+their+role+in+nation+-+building+continues+%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwim2rSNp_75AhViBzQIHaucD2YQ6AF6BAgKEAI |location= |publisher=Kaisa Para Sa Kaunlaran |page= 7 |isbn=9718857060}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Jurado|first=              Antonio María Regidor y  |last2=Mason  |2first=Joseph Warren Teets |author-link= |date=1905 |title= Commercial Progress in the Philippine Islands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tktBAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22In+contemporary+times+,+their+role+in+nation+-+building+continues+%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwim2rSNp_75AhViBzQIHaucD2YQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher=Dunn & Chidgey, |page= |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author= United States. Philippine Commission (1899-1900)|others=Contributor United States. Bureau of Insular Affairs|date=1906 |title=Annual Report of the Philippine Commission, Part 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cfk6AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22In+contemporary+times+,+their+role+in+nation+-+building+continues+%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwim2rSNp_75AhViBzQIHaucD2YQ6AF6BAgHEAI |location= |publisher=   U.S. Government Printing Office|page= |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first= Gerald H. |author-link= |date=1969 |issue= 96 of Publication (Norske Veritas (Organization)))|title= Studies in Philippine Church History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNTYAAAAMAAJ&q=%22In+contemporary+times+,+their+role+in+nation+-+building+continues+%22&dq=%22In+contemporary+times+,+their+role+in+nation+-+building+continues+%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwim2rSNp_75AhViBzQIHaucD2YQ6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher=Cornell University Press |page= |isbn=0801404851}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Woodside |first= Alexander |author-link= |date= 1988|volume=140 of Harvard East Asian monographs, 52 of Harvard East Asian series|issn=0073-0483|series=ACLS Humanities E-Book|title= Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0LgSI9UQNpwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22In+contemporary+times+,+their+role+in+nation+-+building+continues+%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwim2rSNp_75AhViBzQIHaucD2YQ6AF6BAgCEAI|edition=illustrated, reprint, revised |publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center |page= |isbn=067493721X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last= Perry|editor1-first=Mary Elizabeth |editor1-last=Cruz  |editor1-first= Anne J. |author-link= |date=2018 |volume =24 of Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, UCLA|title= Cultural Encounters: The Impact of the Inquisition in Spain and the New World|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KbnADwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22In+contemporary+times+,+their+role+in+nation+-+building+continues+%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwianfSrtf75AhVDHzQIHYb4BO84ChDoAXoECAIQAg|edition=reprint |publisher= Univ of California Press|page= |isbn=0520301242}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Hill  |editor-first=Jonathan David |author=American Anthropological Association. Meeting |date= 1988|series=History e-book project|title=Rethinking History and Myth: Indigenous South American Perspectives on the Past |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=if0YAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22In+contemporary+times+,+their+role+in+nation+-+building+continues+%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwianfSrtf75AhVDHzQIHYb4BO84ChDoAXoECAMQAg |edition=illustrated |publisher= University of Illinois Press|page= |isbn=0252060288}}</ref>

 

 

Samuel Kong Tan death. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://iis.upd.edu.ph/2022/01/07/rest-in-peace-dr-samuel-k-tan/ |title=REST IN PEACE “DR. SAMUEL K. TAN” |last= |first= |date= 7 Jan 2022|website=Institute of Islamic Studies University of the Philippines Diliman |publisher= |author=mjibnqamar0611|access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://up.edu.ph/filipino-historian-dr-samuel-k-tan-passes-away-88/|title=Filipino historian Dr. Samuel K. Tan passes away, 88 |last=Llaneta  |first=Celeste Ann Castillo |date=January 7, 2022 |website=University of the Philippines |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>https://up.edu.ph/tag/samuel-kong-tan/</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Rosauro |first=Ryan D.  |date=11:25 AM January 07, 2022 |title=Prominent historian Samuel K.Tan dies|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1537368/prominent-historian-samuel-k-tan-dies/ |work= Inquirer Mindanao|location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Ybiernas|first=Van  |date=January 21, 2022 |title= Farewell, Dr. Samuel K. Tan, great historian|url= https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/01/21/opinion/columns/farewell-dr-samuel-k-tan-great-historian/1830097/|work=The Manila Times |location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=JANUARY 8, 2022 6:22 PM |title=Sulu’s Samuel Tan succumbs to COVID-19; leaves “a void no historian can fill” |url=https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2022/01/sulus-samuel-tan-succumbs-to-covid-19-leaves-a-void-no-historian-can-fill/ |work=Minda News |location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |url=https://issuu.com/pnhs1941/docs/pnhs_40th_natl_conf_program_web |title= 40th National Conference on Local and National History Program and Book of Abstracts|last1= |first1= |author-link1= |last2= |first2= |author-link2= |date=Oct 23, 2019 |publisher= Philippine National Historical Society|book-title= |pages= |location= |conference= |id=}}</ref><ref>https://www.enderuncolleges.com/advisory-board-cad/budjette-tan/</ref>

 

His name was also given as Edward Zayed Lim.<ref>{{cite book |last=Omar  |first= Ibrahim S. |date= 2018|title=Diary of a Colonized Native: (Years of Hidden Colonial Slavery) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyplDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT242&dq=Alhaj+Edward+Zayed+Lim+flew&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjsxuiKpfD6AhUERPEDHaOrAv4Q6AF6BAgIEAI |location= |publisher=    Partridge Publishing Singapore |page= |isbn=1543743277}}</ref>              

 

Edward Iblah Lim is the husband of Zenaida Tan Lim.<ref>{{cite book |last= Fernandez|first=Ederlinda M. |others=Contributor            Anvil Publishing, Inc |date=2006 |title= Filipino Peace Women: Nominees to the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nte0AAAAIAAJ&q=zenaida+arab+mother&dq=zenaida+arab+mother&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQu_Xjloz6AhWGFFkFHXqyAjMQ6AF6BAgIEAI |location= |publisher=Published and exclusively distributed by Anvil Pub. |page=101, 104, 105, 106, 107 |isbn=9712718484|chapter= ZENAIDA TAN-LIM "Education Liberates"|quote=ZENAIDA TAN - LIM " Education liberates " By Ederlinda M. Fernandez Conflict in the southern part of the ... her mother's clan , the illustrious Abubakars , an old and large family of Arab descent , has a welldeserved niche in the ...

 

ZENAIDA TAN - LIM " Education liberates " By Ederlinda M. Fernandez Conflict in the southern part of the Philippines , especially in the scatter of islands constituting the provinces of Sulu and Tawi - Tawi , had been a lingering part of the landscape and an inescapable reality for residents of the place . There are periods in its history characterized by some degree of quiet and efforts at rebuilding , but the situation has been likened to a simmering cauldron that eventually again comes to a boil . Periodically , the low intensity conflict heats up into a full - scale war and lives are once again disrupted . Scholars who have analyzed the so - called Muslim problem and written on its genesis agree that the root of the problem is a perception of injustice among the Muslims , a perception that has led to the formation of dissident groups calling for a separate Islamic state and fighting for the right to self - determination . ...

 

The long history of conflict - ravaged Sulu has left thousands of widows and orphans in desperate need of social services . Zenaida " Zeny " Tan - Lim has taken upon herself the daunting task of rehabilitating the widows and orphans of the armed struggle .

 

Her father was a well - loved governor of Sulu and a successful businessman ; her mother's clan , the illustrious Abubakars , an old and large family of Arab descent , has a welldeserved niche in the history of Sulu.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author=Association 1000 Women for the Nobel Peace Prize 2005|series=Kontrast book |date= 2005|title=1000 Peacewomen Across the Globe |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kIQnAQAAMAAJ&q=third+place+in+the+metrobank-mtap&dq=third+place+in+the+metrobank-mtap&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi2jeHQ8Iv6AhUNGFkFHfgDCLIQ6AF6BAgDEAI|edition=illustrated |publisher= Scalo|page=796 |isbn=3039390392|quote=Association 1000 Women for the Nobel Peace Prize 2005 ... In 2003 , the center's grade six pupils ranked third in the Metrobank - MTAP - Department of Education Mathematics Challenge , a close runner - up to the established Ateneo de ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Aldaba |editor1-first= Fernando T.|editor2-last= Petilla|editor2-first=Ma. Josefa P.  |others=Contributor               Catholic Institute for International Relations |date= 2004|title=CIIR Round Table on Inter-Faith Collaboration for Peace and Development in West Papua and Mindanao |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6VaPAAAAMAAJ&q=third+place+in+the+metrobank-mtap&dq=third+place+in+the+metrobank-mtap&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi2jeHQ8Iv6AhUNGFkFHfgDCLIQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher= Catholic Institute for International Relations|page=80 |isbn=9718597107|quote=Just last week , our pupils replicated their feat in last year's Metrobank - MTAP - DepED Mathematics Challenge . Our Grade 6 pupils once again ranked 3rd in the entire Zamboanga City Division in the same contest this year , making the ...}}</ref>

 

 

https://books.google.com/books?id=nte0AAAAIAAJ&q=%22where+she+is+a+member+of+the+Council+of+Elders%22&dq=%22where+she+is+a+member+of+the+Council+of+Elders%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjj8tCtpIz6AhVsElkFHeuxAusQ6AF6BAgDEAI

 

104

 

https://books.google.com/books?id=nte0AAAAIAAJ&q=%22in+helping+build+a+constituency+for+peace%22&dq=%22in+helping+build+a+constituency+for+peace%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjh3a35jIz6AhWNFFkFHfsZCmUQ6AF6BAgDEAI

 

105

 

 

 

https://books.google.com/books?id=nte0AAAAIAAJ&q=%22wandering+through+the+hotel+lobby,+the+boy+saw%22&dq=%22wandering+through+the+hotel+lobby,+the+boy+saw%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZ5dCdpIz6AhXmEGIAHW2HByoQ6AF6BAgCEAI

 

106

 

https://books.google.com/books?id=nte0AAAAIAAJ&q=%22sharing+,+giving+,+and+living+together+.%22&dq=%22sharing+,+giving+,+and+living+together+.%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiX78LUnIz6AhXOKlkFHVhHDgUQ6AF6BAgCEAI

 

107

 

 

 

 

 

https://books.google.com/books?id=ML_XAAAAMAAJ&q=zenaida+arab+mother&dq=zenaida+arab+mother&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiH5sz3oYz6AhVDKFkFHVtGATc4ChDoAXoECAcQAg

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

陳素月 (Tan So Guat, Chen Suyue) is the Chinese name of Eleonora (Leonora) Rohaida "Roida" Tan. Other Chinese in the Philippines also use the Hokkien name So Guat.<ref>{{cite book |author=Philippines |date=1963 |title=Official Gazette, Volume 59, Issues 44-47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBFRAQAAMAAJ&q=%22so+guat%22+Chinese&dq=%22so+guat%22+Chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiCyejqnvD6AhUESfEDHSZyAGYQ6AF6BAgFEAI |page=7667, 7815|quote=... Manuel Uy , born August 14 , 1962 ; and twins , Chi Shu and So Guat , born on June 3 , 1947 , in Lamoa , Amoy , China , the twins are presently residing in Lamoa , Amoy ; that he emigrated to the Philippine from Amoy , China , on or ...}}</ref><ref>https://pray.dbtarlac.edu.ph/faithful-departed https://m.facebook.com/groups/368992643264984/permalink/1631835596980676/</ref>

 

Eleonora Rohaida Tan and Desdemona Abubakar Tan helped lead the Paambuuk student group in Jolo under Misuari when they formed the MNLF, which originally negotiated with the communists for a united front against the Philippine government. The original plans for rebellion involved Libya supplying rifles along with Adnan Khashoggi to the Moros, who were to be led by a group of Moros including the Tausug Suluk chief minister of Sabah in Malaysia, Tun Mustapha Harun, Nur Misuari and the Lanao based Sultan Lucman. However the 1971 Indo Pakistani war caused the weapons shipment to be delayed in Karachi and when it finally came to Sabah in 1972, Hashim and Misuari were accused by Lucman of betraying him and his BLMO group. The Libyans decided to directly support the younger revolutionary leaders of the MNLF under Misuari and Hashim over the traditionalist Moro Sultan Lucman.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ferrer |first= Miriam Coronel |date= 2020|title=Region, Nation and Homeland: Valorization and Adaptation in the Moro and Cordillera Resistance Discourses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3n_RDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26&dq=rohaida+muslim+name+hashim&source=bl&ots=LDkZPH3v_P&sig=ACfU3U2CkskG27SWZURJ16yLdKcuZ0ce4Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiz6bjSoPD6AhUnR_EDHVvzBLE4ChDoAXoECCMQAw|location= |publisher= ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute|page=26|isbn=9814843725|chapter=2. The Moro Liberation Movement: From Secession to Autonomy|doi=10.1355/9789814843720-005|quote=As to how they adopted the name MNLF, there are several accounts as to who should have the ... They included the sisters Desdemona and Eleonora Rohaida Tan, ...}}</ref><ref>https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1355/9789814843720-005/pdf</ref><ref>https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/account/downloads/get/21014</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Alipala |first=Julie S. |date=June 22, 2015 |title= MNLF’s Nur Misuari ‘very much alive and happy with his 6th wife’|url= https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/700077/mnlfs-nur-misuari-very-much-alive-and-happy-with-his-6th-wife|work=  Inquirer Mindanao|location=ZAMBOANGA CITY |access-date=}}</ref> In the original plan agreed upon by Misuari, Sultan Lucman and Tun Mustapha Harun, Tun Mustapha Harun wanted to rule a Tausug state encompassing all of Sabah, Sulu, Palawan and Mindanao after rebellion against both Malaysia and the Philippines but the delayed weapons shipment ended his plan.<ref>{{cite book |last= Stern|first= Tom  |date= 2017|title=Nur Misuari: An Authorized Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzWWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT68&dq=%22adnan+khashoggi%22+saudi+mistress+dodi+tun&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjL3vDOofD6AhW8W_EDHfTfCZAQ6AF6BAgHEAI|location= |publisher=Anvil Publishing, Inc. |page=|isbn=9712729346|quote=}}</ref> Nur Misuari was repeatedly accused of being a Communist by both the Philippine state under Marcos and by rival Moros like the founders of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front due to his history with Marxists at University of the Philippines, but Misuari rejected the accusations.

 

<ref>https://twitter.com/OneDividesToTwo/status/1589441785520336898</ref><ref>https://twitter.com/heideggerrocks/status/1590920397121556481</ref>

 

 

Tausug fighters used spears, barungs and kris daggers against US troops with bolt action rifles, pistols, machine guns and mountain artillery and refused to surrender until all were dead.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= Thursday, March 2. 2006|title= The battles of Bud Dahu'' and Bud Bagsak: Monuments to Tausug heroism and martyrdom|url= http://www.zambotimes.com/index.php?/archives/2328-The-battles-of-Bud-Dahu-and-Bud-Bagsak-Monuments-to-Tausug-heroism-and-martyrdom.html|work= Zambo Times|archive-url=https://archive.is/Anqm|archive-date=26 May 2012  |access-date=26 May 2012 }}</ref>

 

Ombra Kato led fighting against the Philippine army on 12 June, 2009.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= Sunday, June 14. 2009|title= 10 MILF rebels killed in Freedom Day clashes|url=http://www.zambotimes.com/archives/13693-10-MILF-rebels-killed-in-Freedom-Day-clashes.html |work=Zambo Times |archive-url=https://archive.ph/nF0e|archive-date=19 Sep 2012  |access-date=19 Sep 2012 }}</ref> On 10 July 2010 the base camp Abubakar of the MILF fell under Philippine military assault.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ostrea |first=Felix  |date= Saturday, July 10. 2010|title= The fall of MILF?s Camp Abubakar in Maguindanao 10 years ago|url= http://www.zambotimes.com/archives/22849-The-fall-of-MILFs-Camp-Abubakar-in-Maguindanao-10-years-ago.html|work=Zambo Times  |archive-url=https://archive.ph/9tjFR|archive-date=9 Feb 2013 |access-date=9 Feb 2013}}</ref>

 

Moro National Liberation Front fighters fought against the most modern units of the Philippine navy wielding MPACS.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= Saturday, September 28. 2013|title=PN modern units see action in Zamboanga City |url=http://www.zambotimes.com/archives/news/76760-PN-modern-units-see-action-in-Zamboanga-City.html |work= Zambo Times|location=MANILA |archive-url=https://archive.ph/0mRQF|archive-date=29 Sep 2013|access-date=29 Sep 2013}}</ref>

 

Sulu governor Sakur (Abdusakur) Tan's nephew Erwin Q. Tan and Abdurasad A. Baih filed complains against Benjamn Loong, the  Vice Governor of Sulu in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |author=News Release-Office of Najib Maldisa|date=Thursday, September 16. 2010 |title=Ombudsman summons Sulu vice gov, ex-mayor |url=http://www.zambotimes.com/archives/24883-Ombudsman-summons-Sulu-vice-gov,-ex-mayor.html |work=Zambo Times |archive-url=https://archive.ph/lLNpi |archive-date=9 Feb 2013 |access-date=9 Feb 2013 }}</ref>

 

Habib Tupay Loong, the 1st district Congressman in Sulu, said that the Arabs and Chinese were the only foreigners in Sulu who did not attack the Moros.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wee |first=  Darwin Wally T. |date=Thursday, 23 June 2011 13:42 |title= Tausug team to visit China to renew ancient ties           |url=http://www.zamboangatimes.ph/zamboangatimes/top-news/1602-tausug-team-to-visit-china-to-renew-ancient-ties.html |work=Daily Zamboanga Times |location=Zamboanga |archive-url=https://archive.ph/IUbo9 |archive-date=17 Mar 2014 |access-date=17 Mar 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= |title=Artist Tawasil visits Sulu Sultan's tomb in China  |url= http://zabida.com.ph/news/artist-tawasil-visits-sulu-sultans-tomb-in-china.html#.UUFTyVfgLHe |work= |archive-url=https://rightways.wordpress.com/2013/03/14/sulu-chinese-nationals/ |archive-date=March 14, 2013 |access-date=March 14, 2013}}</ref><ref>https://rightways.wordpress.com/2013/03/14/sulu-chinese-nationals/ https://rightway-tan.blogspot.com/2013/03/sulu-history-and-chinese.html https://rightways-tan1.blogspot.com/2013/03/sulu-history-and-chinese.html https://rightwaysrichard.blogspot.com/2013/03/sulu-history-and-chinese.html https://suluonlinelibrary.wordpress.com/2014/04/09/sulu-history-and-the-chinese/ https://dinmerican.wordpress.com/2013/03/13/52553/ https://dinmerican.wordpress.com/2013/03/12/the-story-behind-cession-money/</ref>

 

 

 

<ref>{{cite book |last= Poyer|first= Lin |date=2022 |title= War at the Margins: Indigenous Experiences in World War II|series=Sustainable History Monograph Pilot|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XIGUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA94&dq=fujioka+livers+gold+teeth&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi43Y7exPf6AhXsgf0HHaUZBKQQ6AF6BAgHEAI|location= |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |page= 94|isbn=0824891805|quote=Fujioka Akiyoshi's field artillery company succumbed to a Moro surprise attack soon after landing on Jolo in the Philippines in October 1944: “Fujioka wrote that dead soldiers had their weapons, clothing, gold teeth, and raw livers ...}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Japanese declared their hostility against the mountain hill Maranao Moros of Mindanao, promising to "win the hearts of powerful chiefs" and "wipe out the malignant Moro elements", using Christian Filipinos like Ciriaco Raval as their puppet proxies to rule Davao along with Teofista Guignona. The Japanese started massacring Moro civilians in Dansalan and the Moro Salipada Pendatun led raids against the Japanese.<ref>{{cite book |last= Morningstar|first=James Kelly |date=2021 |title=War and Resistance in the Philippines, 1942–1944 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nqcjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT87&lpg=PT87&dq=%22boils+down+to+polygamy,+slavery+and+brutality%22&source=bl&ots=anwUJj0NQU&sig=ACfU3U1f6HnJ7fOH0B4kLpjxn2hi5X1EpQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP2Lf-5c77AhUzRuUKHYy7DFsQ6AF6BAgKEAM |location= |publisher=Naval Institute Press |page= |isbn=1682476294|quote=What they get out of it boils down to polygamy, slavery, and brutality.”112 The Japanese battalion in Dansalan launched a subjugation campaign, ...}}</ref> The hill Moros (Maranaos) were also viewed negatively by US guerilla Charlie Hedges, who said they didn't understand Islam properly when Fertig asked them if they obeyed Islamic rules on hospitality.<ref>{{cite book |last=Keats |first= John|date= 2015|title= They Fought Alone|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=n01vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT98&lpg=PT98&dq=%22boils+down+to+polygamy,+slavery+and+brutality%22&source=bl&ots=eqAu7r8Iuj&sig=ACfU3U2ph_n3LShWSC765xzpHl_WVQ8PFA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP2Lf-5c77AhUzRuUKHYy7DFsQ6AF6BAgJEAM|location= |publisher= Pickle Partners Publishing|page= |isbn=1786257726|quote=What they get out of it boils down to polygamy, slavery and brutality.” “Do they know and obey the Koran's code of hospitality?” Fertig wanted to know.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Keats |first=John  |date=1963 |title= They Fought Alone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=REqBAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22boils%20down%20to%20polygamy%2C%20slavery%20and%20brutality%22&source=gbs_book_other_versions |location= |publisher= Lippincott|page=56 }}</ref>

 

The Han Chinese Su family in Quanzhou regained its wealth after the Han man Su Tangshe married Hui Semu Muslim women from Pu Shougeng's family and used his family connections to Pu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Ron  |date=2020 |title=Going the Distance: Eurasian Trade and the Rise of the Business Corporation, 1400-1700 |volume= 82 of The Princeton Economic History of the Western World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nX2pDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA181&lpg=PA181&dq=%22he+owned+lands,+groves+and+a+formidable+fortune%22&source=bl&ots=IE3fBt5vMz&sig=ACfU3U365382717V10xH4kgL-FF6wDr5rQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja7K7bqc_7AhV4i_0HHWTHDiEQ6AF6BAgHEAM |location= |edition=illustrated|publisher=Princeton University Press |page=181 |chapter=6 Family Firms in Three Regions |isbn=0691185808|quote=In 1351, at the time of Su Tangshe's death, he owned lands, groves, and a formidable fortune. This suggests that the recovery of that branch of the Su ...}}</ref><ref>https://dokumen.pub/going-the-distance-eurasian-trade-and-the-rise-of-the-business-corporation-1400-1700-the-princeton-economic-history-of-the-western-world-2019016740-9780691150772-9780691185804.html</ref><ref>https://www.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.23943/princeton/9780691150772.001.0001/upso-9780691150772-chapter-007</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Abt  |first=Oded |date=January 2012 |title=Muslim Ancestry and Chinese Identity in Southeast China |type= DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY|chapter= |publisher= THE SENATE OF TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY|docket= |oclc= |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/arena-attachments/2168163/afd1cac728ac6989b73ba7f771dbba44.pdf?1526185838 |access-date=}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Balinese women, Bugis women and other native women in Indonesia who married Han Chinese men were buried according to Chinese custom with Chinese characters on their gravestones instead of being cremated.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Salmon |first1=Claudine  |last2= |first2= |date= 2016|title=Ancient Chinese Cemeteries of Indonesia as Vanishing Landmarks of the Past (17th-20th c.) Anciens cimetières d’Indonésie comme jalons d’un passé en voie de disparition (xviie-xxe s.) |url=https://journals.openedition.org/archipel/282?lang/u003den |journal= Chinese Deathscapes in Insulindia|volume= 92 |issue= |pages= 23-61|doi= 10.4000/archipel.282|access-date=}}</ref>

 

The Chinese mestizo descendants of Han Chinese men and Moro Muslim Tausug and Sama women are integrating and dissolving into the Tausug and Sama population as they lose practice of Chinese culture except celebrating some festivals and their Chinese names.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |date=1994 |title= China Currents: A Philippine Quarterly on China Concerns, Volumes 5-8|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5VedAAAAMAAJ&q=%22philippine-china+development+resource+center%22+of+siasi&dq=%22philippine-china+development+resource+center%22+of+siasi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5vrip6Mr5AhWSM1kFHQotACIQ6AF6BAgEEAI|location= |publisher=Philippine-China Development Resource Center |page=9 |isbn=|quote=... p.17 “ The Overseas Chinese and China's Economic Modernization ” Tan , Samuel K. Volume 2 Number 1 January - February 1991 , p.6 “ The Chinese of Siasi : A Case of Successful Integration ” Tan Chee - Beng Volume 3 Number 1 January ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |date=1991 |title=  PDRC Currents: Bi-monthly Magazine of the PDRC., Volume 2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bBFxAAAAMAAJ&q=%22philippine-china+development+resource+center%22+of+siasi&dq=%22philippine-china+development+resource+center%22+of+siasi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5vrip6Mr5AhWSM1kFHQotACIQ6AF6BAgCEAI|location= |publisher=Philippine-China Development Resource Center |page= 7, 3 |isbn=|quote=... PDRC Volume 2 Number 17 January - February 1991 Published by the Philippine - China Development Resource Center No. ... 6 THE CHINESE OF SIASI : A Case of Successful Integration By Samuel K. Tan , Ph.D. 10 Theresa C. Cariño is the ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Tong|first= Chee Kiong|edition=illustrated |date=2010 |title= Identity and Ethnic Relations in Southeast Asia: Racializing Chineseness|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8bXnUL46_X0C&pg=PA232&dq=%22names+and+occasional+festivities,+the%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjMtuD23tP5AhU0VTUKHazNDL4Q6AF6BAgEEAI|location= |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |page=232 |isbn=9048189098|quote=With the exception of their names and occasional festivities, the Chinese elements are gradually diminishing. Tilman (1974), whose study was carried out on the provincial city of Cebu where the Chinese have greater contacts with the ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |date=1991 |title=               PDRC Currents: Bi-monthly Magazine of the PDRC., Volume 2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bBFxAAAAMAAJ&q=%22names+and+occasional+festivities,+the%22&dq=%22names+and+occasional+festivities,+the%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjMtuD23tP5AhU0VTUKHazNDL4Q6AF6BAgCEAI|location= |publisher=Philippine-China Development Resource Center |page= 9 |isbn=|quote=Today , with the exception of their names and occasional festivities , the Chinese elements are gradually diminishing The implications of this preliminary observation point to two types of Chinese integration .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Tan |first=Samuel Kong |editor1-last=Baviera |editor1-first=Aileen San Pablo  |editor1-last=See |editor1-first=  Teresita Ang|author-link= |date=1992 |title=       China, Across the Seas. The Chinese as Filipinos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yn9wAAAAMAAJ&q=%22names+and+occasional+festivities,+the%22&dq=%22names+and+occasional+festivities,+the%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjMtuD23tP5AhU0VTUKHazNDL4Q6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher= Philippine Association for Chinese Studies|page=90 |volumes= 2-3 of Chinese studies|isbn=9719133309|quote=Today , with the exception of their names and occasional festivities , the Chinese elements are gradually diminishing . The implication of this preliminary observation points to the two types of Chinese integration .}}</ref>

 

The Tausug used to be Hindus before converting to Islam.<ref>{{cite book |last=Saleeby |first= Najeeb Mitry |author-link= |date= 1908|volume =4, Part 2 of Publications (Philippine Islands. Bureau of Science. Division of Ethnology)|issue =2 of Division of Ethnology publications|title=The History of Sulu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UxYSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA44&dq=vishnu+sulu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjA763x_8H5AhXTEWIAHZPBCfsQ6AF6BAgHEAI |location= |publisher=Bureau of Printing |page= 44|isbn=|quote=64 . The servant of the giver . Jamiyun is Sanskrit and means brother or sister's son ; Kulisa is Indra's thunderbolt . 5 One of the names of the wife of Vishnu . Sulu ; the sun . The Sulus believed that Alexander the Great came to Sulu ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author=Philippines. Division of Ethnology |date=1908 |series=Division of Ethnology Publications, Philippines. Division of Ethnology|title=Division of Ethnology Publications, Volume 4, Part 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcY_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA152&dq=vishnu+sulu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjA763x_8H5AhXTEWIAHZPBCfsQ6AF6BAgKEAI |location= |publisher=Bureau of Printing |page= 152 |isbn=|quote=In conPage 5 is a copy of a Sulu document issued by Sultan Jamalul - Kiram I in the year 1251 A. H. , or about seventy ... The first person who lived on the Island of Sulu is Jamiyun Kulisa . ... 5 One of the names of the wife of Vishnu ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author= Philippines. Bureau of Science. Division of Ethnology|date= 1905|title=Publications, Volume 4 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=S0KgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA152&dq=vishnu+sulu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjA763x_8H5AhXTEWIAHZPBCfsQ6AF6BAgFEAI|location= |publisher= |page=152 |isbn=|quote=Page 5 is a copy of a Sulu document issued by Sultan Jamalul - Kiram I in the year 1251 A. H. , or about seventy - three years ago . It confers the title of Khatib or Katib ? on a Sulu pandita ? named Adak . ... the wife of Vishnu .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=Contributors                Notre Dame of Jolo College. Coordinated Investigation of Sulu Culture, Notre Dame of Jolo College |date=1974 |series=Sulu studies, Notre Dame of Jolo College. Coordinated Investigation of Sulu Culture|title=Sulu Studies, Volume 3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pf8UAQAAIAAJ&q=vishnu+sulu&dq=vishnu+sulu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjA763x_8H5AhXTEWIAHZPBCfsQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher=Notre Dame of Jolo College. |page=152 |isbn=|quote=Mohammad Daud Abdul , a research assistant of the Coordinated Investigation of Sulu Culture ( CISC ) collaborated with ... A vehicle of Vishnu , he is " depicted with a white face , red wings and body of gold " ; he “ became famous in ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=Contributor        University of the Philippines |date= 1997|title=The Kadatuan I Conference Proceedings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3RwAAAAMAAJ&q=vishnu+sulu&dq=vishnu+sulu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjA763x_8H5AhXTEWIAHZPBCfsQ6AF6BAgLEAI |location= |publisher= Unibersidad ng Pilipinas |page=52 |isbn=|quote=The political institutions of pre - Islamic Sulu and Mindanao were patriarchal in form , resembling in many ways the ... Sulu and Mindanao were Hindu - influenced , especially if we deduce that Vitnuism , the cult of God Vishnu or ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rasul |first= Jainal D. |editor-last=Rasul|editor-first=   Al-Gazel |author-link= |date=1999 |title=Still Chasing the Rainbow: Selected Writings of Jainal D. Rasul, Sr. on Filipino Muslims' Politics, History, and the Law (Shari'ah) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2hxAAAAMAAJ&q=vishnu+sulu&dq=vishnu+sulu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjA763x_8H5AhXTEWIAHZPBCfsQ6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher=FedPil Pub. |page=286 |isbn=|quote=From these sources , it is clear that the original inhabitants of pre - Islamic Sulu and Mindanao were Hindu - influenced , especially if we deduce that Vitnuism , the cult of God Vishnu or Narayena , was evidently practised .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Frothingham  |first=Robert |author-link= |date= 1925|series=Park Street library of letters, diaries and memoirs|title=Around the World: A Friendly Guide for the World Traveler |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TjwNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA319&dq=vishnu+sulu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjA763x_8H5AhXTEWIAHZPBCfsQ6AF6BAgJEAI|location= |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |page=319 |isbn=|quote=Sri Rangam , Vishnu Temple of , | Thuparama Dagoba , the , 288 . ... Sulu , the Moros of , 179–86 ; Tokyo , traveling from Yokoappearance of , 179 ; the Sultan hama to , 22–25 ; character of , of , 179 , 185 , 186 , 194 ; the 25 ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Galang  |first=Zoilo M.|editor1-last=Galang  |editor1-first=Zoilo M.|editor2-last=Osias|editor1-first=Camilo  |author-link= |date= 1936|volume =5 of Encyclopedia of the Philippines: The Library of Philippine Literature, Art and Science, Zoilo M. Galang|title= Encyclopedia of the Philippines: Education and religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xb84AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA504&dq=vishnu+sulu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjA763x_8H5AhXTEWIAHZPBCfsQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher= Philippine Education Company|page= 504|isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |date= 1872 |title=        Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research in Archaeology, History, Literature, Languages, Folklore Etc|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=aPCLDaWvJ7UC&pg=RA1-PA331&dq=vishnu+sulu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjA763x_8H5AhXTEWIAHZPBCfsQ6AF6BAgDEAI|location= |publisher=Times of India|page=331 |isbn=|quote=... ( verse 82 of my MS ) where it is said : -Ohu bê sulu Siri Sanga - bo raja Piyangul - wehera âdi wihâra karawâ Dewnuwara Dew ... Vishnu commonly called in this ( Anuradhapura ) district , ' Utpala waruna diwya rajayan wahanse ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author=            Scribe I Am|date= 2014|title=Terrah: Damnation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NS6SAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA193&dq=vishnu+sulu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjA763x_8H5AhXTEWIAHZPBCfsQ6AF6BAgIEAI |location= |publisher= X libris Corporation|page= |isbn=1493136488|quote=Vishnu, Sokol, Thor, Zeus, Baal, Sulu, Diva, Hawk and Lark Squadrons took off, all except the suspiciously absent Hunters. It was only as the pilots of the Solitude's fighter wings filled the airwaves with their chatter, that the truth ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Saleeby |first= Najeeb Mitry |author-link= |date= 1908|volume =4, Part 2 of Publications (Philippine Islands. Bureau of Science. Division of Ethnology)|issue =2 of Division of Ethnology publications|title=The History of Sulu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UxYSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA47&dq=surya+sulu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUlomsqdT5AhUsFlkFHb1qD3IQ6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher=Bureau of Printing |page= 47|isbn=|quote=CHAPTER III RISE AND PROSPERITY OF SULU SULU BEFORE ISLAM The Genealogy of Sulu is a succinct analysis of the tribes or ... the highest places in its pantheon to Indra , the sky ; Agni , the fire ; Vayu , the wind ; Surya , the sun .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author=Philippines. Division of Ethnology |date=1905|series=Division of Ethnology Publications, Philippines. Division of Ethnology|title=Publications, Volume 1, Part 4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzgShcBQ6jQC&pg=PA155&dq=surya+sulu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUlomsqdT5AhUsFlkFHb1qD3IQ6AF6BAgKEAI |location= |publisher= |page= 155 |isbn=|quote=CHAPTER III RISE AND PROSPERITY OF SULU SULU BEFORE ISLAM ور The Genealogy of Sulu is a succinct analysis of the tribes or ... the highest places in its pantheon to Indra , the sky ; Agni , the fire ; Vayu , the wind ; Surya , the sun .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author= Philippines. Bureau of Science. Division of Ethnology|date= 1905|title=Publications, Volume 4 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=S0KgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA152&dq=vishnu+sulu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjA763x_8H5AhXTEWIAHZPBCfsQ6AF6BAgFEAI|location= |publisher= |page=152 |isbn=|quote=Page 5 is a copy of a Sulu document issued by Sultan Jamalul - Kiram I in the year 1251 A. H. , or about seventy - three years ago . It confers the title of Khatib or Katib ? on a Sulu pandita ? named Adak . ... the wife of Vishnu .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author=Philippines. Division of Ethnology |date=1908 |series=Division of Ethnology Publications, Philippines. Division of Ethnology|title=Division of Ethnology Publications, Volume 4, Part 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcY_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA155&dq=surya+sulu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUlomsqdT5AhUsFlkFHb1qD3IQ6AF6BAgFEAI |location= |publisher=Bureau of Printing |page= 155 |isbn=|quote=RISE AND PROSPERITY OF SULU SULU BEFORE ISLAM The Genealogy of Sulu is a succinct analysis of the tribes or elements which ... the highest places in its pantheon to Indra , the sky ; Agni , the fire ; Vayu , the wind ; Surya , the sun .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Boomgaard |editor-first=Peter  |author-link= |date=2007 |title= A World of Water: Rain, Rivers and Seas in Southeast Asian Histories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ruMtZCx_f5IC&pg=PA366&dq=surya+sulu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUlomsqdT5AhUsFlkFHb1qD3IQ6AF6BAgIEAI |location= |publisher=NUS Press |page=366 |isbn=9971693712|quote=... 113 , 118 , 131-2 , 283 Sulu 31 , 42 , 127-9 , 131-3 , 148 , 172 Sulu Archipelago see Sulu Islands Sulu Islands 36 ... 338 , 345-6 Surapura 248 Surat 39 Surigao 171 Surya Agung Kertas ( SAK ) 328 Sutherland , Heather 4 Swahili coast ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |edition=3|editor-last=Galang |editor-first= Zoilo M. |author-link= |date= 1950|volume =10 of Encyclopedia of the Philippines, Zoilo M. Galang|title=     Encyclopedia of the Philippines: Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vs5uAAAAMAAJ&q=surya+sulu&dq=surya+sulu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUlomsqdT5AhUsFlkFHb1qD3IQ6AF6BAgLEAI |location= |publisher= E. Floro|page=50 |isbn=|quote=... the highest places in its pantheon to Indra , the sky ; Agui , the fire ; Vayu , the wind ; Surya , the sun . ... married the daughter of Raja Sipad the Younger , Iddha , ' and became the forefather of the principal people of Sulu .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |edition=3|editor-last=Galang  |editor-first=Zoilo M. |author-link= |date=1957 |volume =15 of Encyclopedia of the Philippines, Zoilo M. Galang|title= Encyclopedia of the Philippines: History|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lt5uAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA45&dq=surya+sulu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUlomsqdT5AhUsFlkFHb1qD3IQ6AF6BAgCEAI|location= |publisher= E. Floro|page= 45|isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |edition=illustrated|last= Fernando-Amilbangsa |first=      Ligaya|author-link= |date=2005 |title=Ukkil: Visual Arts of the Sulu Archipelago |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCgW_lZy0LUC&pg=PA23&dq=surya+sulu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUlomsqdT5AhUsFlkFHb1qD3IQ6AF6BAgJEAI |location= |publisher= Ateneo University Press|page=23 |isbn=9715504809|quote=... Vayu ( wind ) , and Surya ( sun ) . These elements were probably worshipped by the ancient peoples of the Sulu Archipelago whose former religion is presumed to be of Hindu origin ( Saleeby , 1963 : 38 ) , now obscured by Islam .}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |edition=3|last=Balfour  |first=Edward |author-link= |date=1885 |title= The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial Industrial, and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures, Volume 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iU0OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1188&dq=surya+sulu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUlomsqdT5AhUsFlkFHb1qD3IQ6AF6BAgHEAI |location= |publisher= Bernard Quaritch|page= 1188|isbn=|quote=Sringa takamu , TEL . , Trapa bispi- Su - hoh - hiang , C'HIN . , Storax , Rose Surya - kund - Tapta - kund . maloes . Suryavansa . See Orissa ; Solar Race . Sringeri . See Adwaita . Sulu , LEPCH . , Inuus rhesus . Susa in Khuzistan .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |date= |title=Cerdas jelajah Internet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWmIx_s5k4cC&pg=PA110&dq=surya+sulu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUlomsqdT5AhUsFlkFHb1qD3IQ6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher=Niaga Swadaya |page=110 |isbn=9791477655|quote=Tangan , Melan Surya Sulu Ouh aku bingung Tidak tau harus bagaimana mengatakannya pada suami ku . Baru beberapa hari kemarin dia menikahiku , dan sekarang aku resmi menjadi Cyberlove , Selingku Bukan Ya ? Jangan Lupa Jemurannya Helloow ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Surya  |first=Hendra |author-link= |date= |title= Reinhart: Titisan Lima Ksatria Agung Eirounos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b-QDDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA54&dq=surya+sulu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUlomsqdT5AhUsFlkFHb1qD3IQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher=Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia |page=54 |isbn=6024333447|quote=Titisan Lima Ksatria Agung Eirounos Hendra Surya. Jenderal Sulu terdiam mendengar keluhan Raja Bian, dia tak dapat memungkiri kenyataan yang dikatakan Raja Bian. “Kini apa yang harus kami lakukan, Baginda?” tanya Teguilla memberanikan ...}}</ref> Najeeb Saleeby described them as still retaining Hindu practices.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Marr1|first1=Timothy  |last2= |first2= |date= |title=DIASPORIC INTELLIGENCES IN THE AMERICAN PHILIPPINE EMPIRE: THE TRANSNATIONAL CAREER OF DR. NAJEEB MITRY SALEEBY |url= https://lebanesestudies.ojs.chass.ncsu.edu/index.php/mashriq/article/view/27/490|journal= Mashriq & Mahjar |volume= 2|issue= 1|pages= |doi= |issn=2169-435|access-date=}}</ref> Saleeby said the Moros were ignorant of Islamic tenets, barely prayed or went to the mosque and their juramentados were not fueled by religion but by nationalism against the occupying enemy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Saleeby |first= Najeeb|author-link= |date= 1913|title=The Moro problem; an academic discussion of the history and solution of the problem of the government of the Moros of the Phillipine Islands |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/afj2200.0001.001/25/25/* |location= |publisher=P. I. [Press of E. C. McCullough & Company ] |page= 23, 24, 25|isbn=}}</ref><ref>https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/afj2200.0001.001?view=text&seq=17 https://books.google.com/books?id=lEaOgkGazTUC&dq=An%20Acad&source=gbs_book_other_versions https://books.google.com/books?id=JiKToUHvWH4C&dq=An%20Acad&source=gbs_book_other_versions</ref>

 

Many Japanese and Okinawan settlers, who were loyal to the Japanese emperor, moved to Mindanao to assist American colonization on the island in the 1920s and they despised and looked down upon the Muslim Moros who they did not interact with.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kaneshiro  |first=Edith Mitsuko |author-link= |date=1999 |title= "Our Home Will be the Five Continents": Okinawan Migration to Hawaii, California, and the Philippines, 1899-1941|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg1NAQAAMAAJ&q=%22a+large+muslim+population+existed+in+davao%22&dq=%22a+large+muslim+population+existed+in+davao%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHppOv7MH5AhVPYPEDHS3bBm0Q6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher=    University of California, Berkeley |page=198 |isbn=|quote=And similar to many Southeast Asian countries , a large Muslim population existed in Davao . According to Najeeb Saleeby , Islam had spread to Mindanao from Southeast Asia , primarily through Malay and 51 Chiyo Nakama , Oral History ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Nakasone|first=Ronald Y. |author-link= |date=2002|title=Okinawan Diaspora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZwBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA81&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg04D3q8L5AhWj-ioKHX2vCHYQ6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher=           University of Hawaii Press |page=81|isbn=0824844149|quote=In many ways, Okinawan immigrants had successfully transplanted and adapted Okinawan village life to Davao ... “It was the Okinawans who tended to live most intimately with their neighbors, especially in the areas of Bagobo settlement” ...}}</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=tZwBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA81&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyyOmD9cX5AhW-ZjABHXwNAhcQ6AF6BAgLEAI</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=|editor1-last=Flynn|editor1-first=Dennis O.|editor2-last=Giráldez|editor2-first=Arturo |editor3-last=Sobredo|editor3-first=James |author-link= |date=2018|series=Routledge Revivals|title=Studies in Pacific History: Economics, Politics, and Migration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrpHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT233&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg04D3q8L5AhWj-ioKHX2vCHYQ6AF6BAgLEAI |location= |publisher=            Routledge |page=|isbn=1351742485|quote=The purpose of this paper is to re-examine the experiences of Okinawan immigrants beyond Hawaii and South America; it examines the migration and settlement patterns of Okinawan immigrants in southern California and in Davao, Mindanao, ...}}</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=SrpHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT233&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyyOmD9cX5AhW-ZjABHXwNAhcQ6AF6BAgIEAI</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kerr|first=George H. |others=Contributor Mitsugu Sakihara |date=2011|title=               Okinawa: The History of an Island People|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=aCfRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT37&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg04D3q8L5AhWj-ioKHX2vCHYQ6AF6BAgJEAI|location= |edition=revised|publisher=Tuttle Publishing           |page=|isbn=1462901840|quote=To the layman's eye many current folkways suggest affiliations with other areas and strong surviving links with prehistoric settlement. In well-defined areas of northern Okinawa (and on some of the smaller out-lying islands) the women ...}}</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=aCfRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT37&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyyOmD9cX5AhW-ZjABHXwNAhcQ6AF6BAgJEAI</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Suzuki|first=Taku |author-link= |date=2003|title=Transnational Body: Racial Citizenship of Okinawan-Bolivians in Colonia Okinawa, Bolivia and in Yokohama, Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WBPFaPahu_4C&q=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg04D3q8L5AhWj-ioKHX2vCHYQ6AF6BAgIEAI |location= |publisher=             University of Minnesota |page=65|isbn=|quote=Among Okinawan settlers in Bolivia were those returnees from the Micronesia Islands , the Philippines , and Manchuria ... growing Manila Cotton , the local people's lifestyles , deforestation of rich Mindanao Island , and so forth .}}</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=WBPFaPahu_4C&q=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyyOmD9cX5AhW-ZjABHXwNAhcQ6AF6BAgEEAI  https://books.google.com/books?id=WBPFaPahu_4C&q=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq7Nez9MX5AhVJX_EDHfLHAKwQ6AF6BAgHEAI</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Moldenke|first=Harold Norman |author-link= |date=1949|title=The Known Geographic Distribution of the Members of the Verbenaceae, Avicenniaceae, Stilbaceae, Symphoremaceae and Eriocaulaceae|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QEg_AAAAYAAJ&q=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg04D3q8L5AhWj-ioKHX2vCHYQ6AF6BAgHEAI|location= |publisher=By Author        |page=140|isbn=|quote=|quote=STRAITS SETTLEMENTS ( continued ) : Lantana Camara var . aculeata ( L. ) Moldenke Singapore ] Lantana Camara var . nivea ( Vent ... Eriocaulon Buergerianum Körn . [ Okinawa ] Eriocaulon cinereum R. Br . [ Ishigati & Okinawa ] Eriocaulon ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=|author-link= |date=1983|title=Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, Volume 6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvEpAQAAMAAJ&q=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg04D3q8L5AhWj-ioKHX2vCHYQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher=            Kodansha |page=184|isbn=0870116207|quote=The settlement began in 1904 with about 100 Okinawan laborers brought to Davao by a few American hemp and coconut growers , and by 1941 there were well over 20,000 Japanese in the vicinity of Davao . Through extraordinary hard work ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kaneshiro|first=Edith Mitsuko |author-link= |date=1999|title="Our Home Will be the Five Continents": Okinawan Migration to Hawaii, California, and the Philippines, 1899-1941|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg1NAQAAMAAJ&q=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg04D3q8L5AhWj-ioKHX2vCHYQ6AF6BAgKEAI |location= |publisher=            University of California, Berkeley |page=185, 186, 198|isbn=|quote=Okinawan Migration to Hawaii, California, and the Philippines, 1899-1941 Edith Mitsuko Kaneshiro ... Thinking like entrepreneurs , the two men extended their labor recruiting efforts to include Mindanao . 9 Unlike the northern islands ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=|author=American Historical Collection |date=1993|title=Bulletin, Volume 21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLouAQAAIAAJ&q=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg04D3q8L5AhWj-ioKHX2vCHYQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher=American Association of the Philippines               |page=87|isbn=|quote=After the Second World War , the properties of the Japanese in Davao were expropriated by the Philippine government . ... This was the first example of Japanese settlement growth by purchase of a developed plantation .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Niksch|first=Larry |author-link= |date=2010|title=Abu Sayyaf: Target of Philippine-U. S. Anti-Terrorism Cooperation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bO6yv2Nne1AC&pg=PP18&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg04D3q8L5AhWj-ioKHX2vCHYQ6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher=            DIANE Publishing |page=|isbn=1437927203|quote=end of 2005, four U.S. Marines, stationed on Okinawa, were charged formally with raping a Filipino woman while they were ... The cease-fire between the MILF and the Philippine government has held, and negotiations for a settlement are ...}}</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=bO6yv2Nne1AC&printsec=frontcover&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyyOmD9cX5AhW-ZjABHXwNAhcQ6AF6BAgFEAI</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ohno|first=Shun |editor-last=Adachi  |editor-first=Nobuko |edition=illustrated|date=2006|volume =7 of Routledge Studies in Asia's Transformations|title=Japanese Diasporas: Unsung Pasts, Conflicting Presents and Uncertain Futures|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=8P2SAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=it&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq7Nez9MX5AhVJX_EDHfLHAKwQ6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher=Routledge               |page=92|isbn=1135987238|chapter=5 The Intermarried issei and mestizo nesei in the Philippines Reflections on the origin of Philippine Nikkeijin problems|quote=If we follow his view, pre-war Davao was also a plural society where indigenous non-Christian Filipinos, Christian Filipinos who migrated in from ... The living conditions of Okinawan settlers in Davao were much better than in Okinawa.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Nakasone|first=Ronald Y. |author-link= |date=2002|title=            Okinawan Diaspora|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tZwBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA174&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq7Nez9MX5AhVJX_EDHfLHAKwQ6AF6BAgLEAI|location= |publisher=         University of Hawaii Press |page=174|isbn=0824844149|quote=Hayase ShinzC 1984a Tribes on the Davao frontier, 1899–1941. Philippine Studies 33, 139–150. 1984b Tribes, settlers, and administrators on a frontier: Economic development and social change in Davao, southeastern Mindanao, ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dusinberre|first=Martin |editor1-first=Sven  |editor1-last=Saaler|editor2-first=Christopher W. A. |editor2-last=Szpilman |date=2017|title=               Routledge Handbook of Modern Japanese History|edition=illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyE6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT275&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq7Nez9MX5AhVJX_EDHfLHAKwQ6AF6BAgJEAI |location= |publisher=Routledge               |page=|isbn=1317599039|chapter=8 Overseas migration, 1868-1945 |quote=Between 1924 and 1938, more than 14,000 Okinawans crossed to the Philippines – the majority to Davao, ... Between these settlers from the Okinawan main island and Yaeyama residents, there existed a gulf not only in language but also.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Miyauchi|first=H.|editor1-last=Ishihara |editor1-first=Masahide  |editor2-lastHoshino= |editor2-first=Eiichi  |editor3-last=Fujita |editor3-first= Yoko |edition=illustrated|date=2016|title=|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3hNkDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq7Nez9MX5AhVJX_EDHfLHAKwQ6AF6BAgFEAI|location= |publisher=         Springer |page=38|isbn=9811001324|chapter=2Formation and Development of an Okinawan Global Network Using an Island Hub  |quote=Thus, after 33 people migrated to Argentina in 1948, more people began to migrate from Okinawa primarily to countries in ... Davao Okinawa Kenjinkai in 1916 in Table 2.1 Development of Okinawan kenjinkais overseas Year Country/ region.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=|editor1-last=Flynn|editor1-first=Dennis O.|editor2-last=Giráldez|editor2-first=Arturo |editor3-last=Sobredo|editor3-first=James |author-link= |date=2018|series=Routledge Revivals|title=Studies in Pacific History: Economics, Politics, and Migration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrpHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT255&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq7Nez9MX5AhVJX_EDHfLHAKwQ6AF6BAgIEAI |location= |publisher=    Routledge |page=|isbn=1351742485|quote=Cody, Cecil E., “The Japanese Way of Life in Prewar Davao,” Philippine Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1959), pp. 172–186. ... Ethnic Studies Oral History Project (1981), Uchinanchu: A history of Okinawans in Hawaii. Figal, Gerald, “Okinawa's ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=|author=Davao Historical Society (Philippines) |date=1993|title=Proceedings and Position Papers of the Regional Conference on Local and National History, Terraza Milesa, Anda Street, Davao City, September 17-18, 1993: Theme, Davao in Relation to National History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yrJxAAAAMAAJ&q=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq7Nez9MX5AhVJX_EDHfLHAKwQ6AF6BAgKEAI |location= |publisher=Davao Historical Society   |page=17|isbn=|quote=The Japanese Davao Association the Japanese settlers to Davao was done at a slow pace in was the nerve center of ... in Japan and Okinawa better living conditions for all its members and families ; 2 ) areas least favored by nature .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Matsuda|first=Hiroko |edition=illustrated|series=Perspectives on the Global Past |date=2018|title=Liminality of the Japanese Empire: Border Crossings from Okinawa to Colonial Taiwan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVgEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq7Nez9MX5AhVJX_EDHfLHAKwQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher=    University of Hawaii Press |page=30|isbn=0824877071|quote=Kōzō's recruitment efforts, the number of Okinawan immigrants rapidly increased during the 1920s, from 1,260, approximately 22 percent of the total Japanese population, in 1920, to 4,447, more than a half of Davao's total Japanese ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Huck|first=Christian |editor1-last=Huck|editor1-first=Christian|editor2-last=Bauernschmidt|editor2-first=Stefan |edition= illustrated|date=2012|title=Travelling Goods, Travelling Moods: Varieties of Cultural Appropriation (1850-1950)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhdWtggBPasC&pg=PA218&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq7Nez9MX5AhVJX_EDHfLHAKwQ6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher=    Campus Verlag  |page=218|isbn=3593397625|quote=This narrative of the creation of the hagotan reveals the immersion of the multinational settlers of Davao in a very American ... prefectures of Okinawa and Fukushima, were also quick to adjust to Davao's mechanized abaca industry, ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goodman|first=Grant Kohn |author-link= |volume =1 di International studies / Center for East Asian Studies, University of Kansas: East Asian series research publication|edition=1 of Center for East Asian Studies, University of Kansas. International studies, East Asian series research publication, no. 1|date=1967|title=Davao: a Case Study in Japanese-Philippine Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6QFBAAAAIAAJ&q=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyyOmD9cX5AhW-ZjABHXwNAhcQ6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher=       Center for East Asian Studies, University of Kansas |page=2|isbn=0818801549|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Appleman|first=Roy Edgar |volume=2, Part 1 of United States Army in World War II, United States. Dept. of the Army. Office of Military History |date=1948|title=Titolo               Okinawa: the Last Battle, Volume 2,Parte 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4p_TvgEACAAJ&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyyOmD9cX5AhW-ZjABHXwNAhcQ6AF6BAgCEAE |location= |publisher=                      Historical Division, Department of the Army |page=|isbn=|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Matsuda|first=Hiroko |edition=reprint |date=2019series=Perspectives on the Global Past|title=Liminality of the Japanese Empire: Border Crossings from Okinawa to Colonial Taiwan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flvGDwAAQBAJ&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyyOmD9cX5AhW-ZjABHXwNAhcQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher=University of Hawaii Press   |page=|isbn=0824867572|quote=Through archival research and first-hand oral histories, Hiroko Matsuda uncovers the stories of common people’s move from Okinawa to colonial Taiwan and describes experiences of Okinawans who had made their careers in colonial Taiwan.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Heads|first=Michael |author-link= |date=2014|title=Biogeography of Australasia: A Molecular Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRiAAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyyOmD9cX5AhW-ZjABHXwNAhcQ6AF6BAgKEAI |edition=illustrated |publisher=Cambridge University Press               |page=|isbn=|quote=A fascinating analysis of the main patterns of distribution and evolution of the Australasian biota.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lukacs|first=John D. |author-link= |date=2011|title=Escape From Davao: The Forgotten Story of the Most Daring Prison Break of the Pacific War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHAqDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyyOmD9cX5AhW-ZjABHXwNAhcQ6AF6BAgHEAI |location= |publisher=       Penguin Publishing Group |page=|isbn=0451234103|quote=A product of years of in-depth research, John D. Lukacs's gripping description of the escape brings this remarkable tale to life.}}</ref> The Okinawan settlers married local Lumad women.<ref>https://twitter.com/kmanlupigINQ/status/790778196966813696 https://twitter.com/inquirerdotnet/status/790778693614526464</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Tiu|first=Macario D. |author-link= |date=2005|title=Davao: Reconstructing History from Text and Memory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZZxAAAAMAAJ&q=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg04D3q8L5AhWj-ioKHX2vCHYQ6AF6BAgFEAI |location= |publisher=            Ateneo de Davao University, Research and Publication Office for the Mindanao Coalition of Development NGOs |page=120|isbn=9710392050|quote=Davao , but some of them remained and intermarried with local women . Their descendants have largely blended with the local population . With the influx of American settlers who claimed the traditional lands of the natives , unrest ...}}</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=wZZxAAAAMAAJ&q=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&dq=okinawan+settlers+mindanao&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq7Nez9MX5AhVJX_EDHfLHAKwQ6AF6BAgCEAI</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=|others= Contributor   United States. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce|date=1926|title=Trade Promotion Series, Issues 43-52|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0F8kAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA8-PA118&dq=syrians+manila+japanese&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4hNisxtL5AhUzD1kFHfdDDA4Q6AF6BAgIEAI|location= |publisher=         Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce |page=118|isbn=|quote=... and a considerable number of Japanese dry - goods stores have also been established , chiefly in Manila . Unlike the Chinese , the Japanese seldom intermarry with the Filipinos . HINDUS , SYRIANS , AND TURKS The Hindus are for the ...}}</ref> The Japanese tortured and killed Lebanese and Syrians as well as raping Russian, Italians and Spanish women in the Bayview hotel of Manila.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Irene  |first=Patricia |date=January 2018 |title=ABACA: The socio-economic and cultural transformation of frontier Davao, 1898-1941 |type= This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Murdoch University|chapter= |publisher= |docket= |oclc= |url=https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/39877/1/Dacudao2018.pdf|page=1-396 |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Clarence-Smith|first1= William Gervase |last2= |first2= |date=2004 |title= Middle Eastern Migrants in the Philippines: Entrepreneurs and Cultural Brokers|url= http://www.jstor.org/stable/23654532|journal= Asian Journal of Social Science|volume= 32|issue=3 |pages=  425–57|doi= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Marr1|first1=Timothy  |last2= |first2= |date= |title=DIASPORIC INTELLIGENCES IN THE AMERICAN PHILIPPINE EMPIRE: THE TRANSNATIONAL CAREER OF DR. NAJEEB MITRY SALEEBY |url= https://lebanesestudies.ojs.chass.ncsu.edu/index.php/mashriq/article/view/27/490|journal= Mashriq & Mahjar |volume= 2|issue= 1|pages= |doi= |issn=2169-435|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gruhl|first=Werner |author-link= |date=2017|title=Imperial Japan's World War Two: 1931-1945|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pSEuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT95&dq=syrians+russians+manila+killed&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieuIfFxdL5AhUCNVkFHfOXAU4Q6AF6BAgJEAI|location= |publisher=         Routledge |page=|isbn=1351513249|quote=Peoples from other nations caught in the tragedy, such as Syrians and Russians, were shot. Men were often murdered before the eyes of surviving family members. A wounded Filipino mother sitting on a curb tried to nurse her baby, ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Min|first=Pyong Gap |author-link= |date=2021|series=Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights

|title=    Korean "Comfort Women": Military Brothels, Brutality, and the Redress Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j5QdEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT70&dq=barview+hotel+italian+raped&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7wMjWxdL5AhWuElkFHa7jDDsQ6AF6BAgFEAI |location= |publisher=    Rutgers University Press |page=|isbn=1978814984|quote=... Russian, and Italian nationalities in the Bayview Hotel, where they were repeatedly raped (Hayashi 2015, 90). Australian nurses were also taken prisoner in Sumatra to be “comfort women” for Japanese soldiers (Tanaka 1998, 88–92).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gruenzner|first=Norman |edition=illustrated|date=1979|series=APS handbook series|title=Postal History of American POWs: World War II, Korea, Vietnam|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8IzfAAAAMAAJ&q=syrians+japanese+manila+interrogated&dq=syrians+japanese+manila+interrogated&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjhx4DwxtL5AhWOM1kFHfGABOIQ6AF6BAgDEAI|location= |publisher=         American Philatelic Society |page=61|isbn=0933580002|quote=After the fall of Manila , the Japanese Military Police used it as an interrogation center . Its facilities could contain approximately one hundred prisoners at a time . Americans , British , Filipinos , Chinese , Spanish , Syrians ...}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chinese-Spanish friction began with the Chinese rebellion of P'an Ho Wu in 1593. In part the Ming Annals say:

 

In the eighth moon of the twenty-first year of the reign of] Wan Li (1593), when the chieftain Lei Pi Li Mi Lao (Don Pérez Gómez Dasmariñas) undertook a raid on the Moluccas, he employed 250 Chinese to assist him in the combat. P'an Ho Wu was their lieutenant. The eavages (i. e., the Spaniards) lay down drowsy in the daytime and commanded the Chinese to row the galley: As they were somewhat lazy, they were suddenly beaten with a whip 80 severely that several of them died. Whereupon Ho Wu stirred up the fighting spirit of the Chinese in the following language: “Lot us revolt and die that way. Should we submit to being flogged to death or suffer any other such ignominious death? Should we not rather die in battle? Let us stab this chieftain to death and save our lives. If we are victorious, let us hoist the sails and return to our country. If we should succumb to be fettered, it will be time enough then to die." 11

 

After the assassination of the chieftain, the Chinese crew took possession of the ship and its valuables and proceeded to Annan. Lei Mao Lin (Don Luis Pérez Dasmariñas), the son of the deceased chieftain, immediately went to China to ask for indemnity for the murder of his father, but was disappointed.<ref>{{cite book |last= Chen |first=Da |author-link= |date=1923|volume = 340 of Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics: Miscellaneous series |title= Chinese Migrations, with Special Reference to Labor Conditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IY8eAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA100&dq=1593+250+80+galleys+moluccas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiN2N7bmMT5AhWaGVkFHdWfDZYQ6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher= U.S. Government Printing Office|page= 100|isbn=|quote=In part the Ming Annals say : In the eighth moon of the twenty - first year of the reign of ] Wan Li ( 1593 ) , when the chieftain Lei Pi Li Mi Lao ( Don Pérez Gómez Dasmariñas ) undertook a raid on the Moluccas , he employed 250 ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=Contributor               United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics |date=1967 |series=Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics|title=Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, Issue 340 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=x2REAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA100&dq=1593+250+80+galleys+moluccas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiN2N7bmMT5AhWaGVkFHdWfDZYQ6AF6BAgKEAI|location= |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office, |page=100 |quote=In part the Ming Annals say : In the eighth moon of the twenty - first year of ( the reign of ] Wan Li ( 1593 ) , when the chieftain Lei Pi Li Mi Lao [ Don Þérez Gómez Dasmariñas ) undertook a raid on the Moluccas , he employed 250 ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Felix |editor-first= Alfonso |author=Historical Conservation Society |date=1966 |volume =9; Volume 16 of Historical Conservation Society. News bulletin

|title= The Chinese in the Philippines: 1570-1770|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YYlwAAAAMAAJ&q=1593+250+80+galleys+moluccas&dq=1593+250+80+galleys+moluccas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiN2N7bmMT5AhWaGVkFHdWfDZYQ6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher=Solidaridad Publishing House |page=17 |isbn=|quote=Eighteen years later ( 1593 ) , relations between the Spaniards and the Chinese were again strained when Governor Gomez ... of an expedition to the Moluccas when one night , after the 80 Spaniards were asleep , the Chinese mutinied .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Hall|first= Daniel George Edward |author-link= |date=1964 |title= A History of South-east Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uddpiGsyU90C&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=dasmarinas+chinese |location= |edition=2||publisher=Macmillan |page=227, 235, 236 |isbn=|quote=guese from Tidore. In 1593 Governor Dasmarinas sent a powerful expedition of 100 vessels against Ternate, but off Surphur Point, Batangas in South Luzon its Chinese rowers mutinied and massacred the Spaniards. In 1603 in response to an appeal from the Portuguese Governor of the Moluccas because of the arrival of the Dutch upon the

 

Manila. The ecclesiastics were all for intervention, they overcame the opposition of the acting-governor, Don Luiz Dasmarinas, the son of Governor Gomez Perez Dasmarinas, who had been murdered while leading an expedition bound for the Moluccas and in August 1595 Veloso and Vargas, styling themselves Satha's ambassadors, signed

 

according to some accounts a section of the magnates offered him the crown. He decided, however, that the whole project must be abandoned and the expeditionary force must return to Manila. Accordingly he restored the goods seized from the Chinese, promised reparation for the misdeeds of the Spaniards at Srei Santhor, and early in July sailed homewards.}}</reF>

 

<ref>{{cite book |last= Argensola |first=Bartolomé Leonardo de |others =Translated by   John Stevens|date=1708 |title=The Discovery and Conquest of the Molucco and Philippine Islands: Containing Their History ... Description ... Habits, Shape, and Inclinations of the Natives ... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rEkxAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=1593+250+80+galleys+moluccas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiN2N7bmMT5AhWaGVkFHdWfDZYQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher=J. Knapton, A. Bell, D. Midwinter, W. Taylor, A. Collins, and J. Baker |page= |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Elliott |first= J. H. |author-link= |date=2002 |edition=reprint|title= Imperial Spain, 1469-1716|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkiWxwEACAAJ&dq=1593+250+80+galleys+moluccas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiN2N7bmMT5AhWaGVkFHdWfDZYQ6AF6BAgFEAE  |publisher=Penguin Books |page=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Henretta |first=James A. |last2=Hinderaker |first2=Eric |last3= Edwards|first3= Rebecca |last4=Self |first4=  Robert O.|author-link= |date= 2018|edition=9|title=America's History: For the AP Course |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=d4GHtAEACAAJ&dq=1593+250+80+galleys+moluccas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiN2N7bmMT5AhWaGVkFHdWfDZYQ6AF6BAgHEAI|location= |publisher= Bedford/St. Martins|page= |isbn=1319065074|quote=Complete with a robust collectiom of supporting resources to help you succeed in your AP(R) U.S. History course, America's History: for the AP(R) Course presents relevant themes and content to prepare you for the exam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Aritonang |first=Jan Sihar |editor-last=Steenbrink |editor-first= Karel Adriaan |author-link= |date=2008 |title= A History of Christianity in Indonesia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUoGJSs9yOUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=1593+250+80+galleys+moluccas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiN2N7bmMT5AhWaGVkFHdWfDZYQ6AF6BAgJEAI |volume =35 of Studies in Christian Mission|location= |publisher= BRILL|page= |isbn=900417026X|quote=This book sketches the growth of Christianity during the Portuguese period (1511-1605), it presents a fair account of developments under the Dutch colonial administration (1605-1942) and is more elaborate for the period of the Indonesian ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Barrows |first=David P. |author-link= |date=2021 |title=A History of the Philippines |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSi6DgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=1593+250+80+galleys+moluccas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiN2N7bmMT5AhWaGVkFHdWfDZYQ6AF6BAgLEAI |location= |publisher= Prabhat Prakashan|page= |isbn=|quote=First published in the year 1905, the present book 'A History of the Philippines' by David P. Barrows was written on the Philippinean government's recommendation with an aim to provide the history of their country to the students in schools ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Smith|first= John Bernhard|author-link= |date=1704 |series=Early encounters in North America|title=The True Travels, Adventures, and Observations of Captain John Smith into Europe, Asia, Africa, and America From Ann. Dom. 1593 to 1629 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-f1UDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=1593+250+80+galleys+moluccas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiN2N7bmMT5AhWaGVkFHdWfDZYQ6AF6BAgIEAI |location= |publisher=Awnsham and John Churchill|page= |isbn=|quote=Captain John Smith dmiral of New England, was an English soldier, explorer, and author.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=United States Strategic Bombing Survey |date= 1946|volume= 3-100 of OPNAV P Volume 72 of Reports: Pacific war, United States Strategic Bombing Survey|issue= 72 of United States Strategic Bombing Survey (Series) (Pacific war)|series=Interrogations of Japanese Officials, United States Strategic Bombing Survey|title=Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-9mAAAAMAAJ&q=1593+250+80+galleys+moluccas&dq=1593+250+80+galleys+moluccas&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiN2N7bmMT5AhWaGVkFHdWfDZYQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher= U.S. Government Printing Office |page= |isbn=}}</ref>

 

"In 1603 three Chinese mandarins arrived at Manila. They said they were sent by the emperor to investigate the report of a mountain of gold in Cavite. The Spaniards were distrustful. They suspected that these men had come to spy out the situation and fortifications of the city, and that the story of the mountain of gold was merely an excuse. So alarmed were the government officials that after the departure of the mandarins they took measures to improve the defenses. These preparations in turn aroused suspicion on the part of the Chinese in Manila, who feared that the Spaniards were about to massacre them. They rose in revolt. In Tondo and Quiapo they set fire to buildings and made terrible massacres. To put down the revolt, one hundred and thirty Spaniards under Luis Dasmariñas marched against the rebels, but were defeated and nearly all killed. Then the Chinese stormed the Walled City, but here they were repulsed and driven to San Pablo del Monte. At this place they were attacked by a large force of Spaniards and Filipinos, and twenty-three thousand of them perished in the fight."<ref>{{cite book |last=Fernández |first= Leandro Heriberto |author-link= |date=1919 |title= A Brief History of the Philippines|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YyQOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA97&dq=one+hundred+thirty+1603+manila+dasmarinas+china&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjEw8qHmMT5AhVJFlkFHanfBmMQ6AF6BAgGEAI|location= |publisher=Ginn and Company |page=97 |quote=The Chinese revolt of 1603. The fear of a Chinese revolt was not altogether groundless. In 1603 three Chinese mandarins arrived at Manila. They said they were sent by the emperor to investigate the report of a mountain of gold in Cavite. The Spaniards were distrustful. They suspected that these men had come to spy out the situation and fortifications of the city, and that the story of the mountain of gold was merely an excuse. So alarmed were the government officials that after the departure of the mandarins they took measures to improve the defenses. These preparations in turn aroused suspicion on the part of the Chinese in Manila, who feared that the Spaniards were about to massacre them. They rose in revolt. In Tondo and Quiapo they set fire to buildings and made terrible massacres. To put down the revolt, one hundred and thirty Spaniards under Luis Dasmariñas marched against the rebels, but were defeated and nearly all killed. Then the Chinese stormed the Walled City, but here they were repulsed and driven to San Pablo del Monte. At this place they were attacked by a large force of Spaniards and Filipinos, and twenty-three thousand of them perished in the fight.}}</ref> "The Three Mandarins.-A strange thing happened in the year 1603, when Acuña was governor.  1  Three Chinese mandarins, as the great men of China are called, arrived in Manila. They wished to see if a mountain of gold existed in Cavite, as they had been told was the case. Acuña showed them that this was an idle tale so they went away. The Spaniards could not believe that the search for a mountain of gold was the real purpose of the mandarins. They thought these men wished to see if Manila could be captured. The Chinese in Manila now began to act strangely. Many of them went back and forth between the city and the country. The Spaniards fearing a plot began to threaten them. Then the Chinese became alarmed and planned to destroy the Spaniards. Chinese Revolt of 1603.—On the night of October 3, 1603, the entire Chinese population of Manila, nearly 25,000 in number, rose in revolt. They burned many houses in Quiapo, and killed many natives. There were few Spaniards in Manila. A force of one hundred and fifty men attacked the Chinese. All but four of the Spaniards were killed. At dawn, October 5th, the rebels attacked the walled city. The fight lasted several days. Every Spaniard, including the friars, armed himself and fought. It is said that Father Flores sat all day in a boat near the wall, firing two arquebuses, and killed many Chinese.  Defeat of the Chinese.—Finally the Spaniards, with the aid of some Japanese and Pampangans, drove away the Chinese. They fled to the moun  tains of San Pablo. Here a large force of Spaniards and Filipinos surrounded and besieged them. Hunger and attacks of the natives, who hated the Chinese, caused the death of about 23,000."<ref>{{cite book |last= Jernegan |first=Prescott Ford |author-link= |date=1905 |title=A Short History of the Philippines: For Use in Philippine Schools |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rldFAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA144&dq=one+hundred+thirty+1603+manila+dasmarinas+china&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjEw8qHmMT5AhVJFlkFHanfBmMQ6AF6BAgKEAI |location= |publisher=D. Appleton |page=144 |quote=Three Chinese mandarins, as the great men of China are called, arrived in Manila. They wished to see if a mountain of gold existed in Cavite, as they had been told was the case. Acuña showed them that this was an idle tale so they went away. The Spaniards could not believe that the search for a mountain of gold was the real purpose of the mandarins. They thought these men wished to see if Manila could be captured. The Chinese in Manila now began to act strangely. Many of them went back and forth between the city and the country. The Spaniards fearing a plot began to threaten them. Then the Chinese became alarmed and planned to destroy the Spaniards.

 

Chinese Revolt of 1603.—On the night of October 3, 1603, the entire Chinese population of Manila, nearly 25,000 in number, rose in revolt. They burned many houses in Quiapo, and killed many natives. There were few Spaniards in Manila. A force of one hundred and fifty men attacked the Chinese. All but four of the Spaniards were killed.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Wills, Jr|first= John E. |others= Contributors        John Cranmer-Byng, Willard J. Peterson, Jr, John W. Witek

|date= 2010|title= China and Maritime Europe, 1500–1800: Trade, Settlement, Diplomacy, and Missions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zERymZzBQQYC&pg=PA56&dq=one+hundred+thirty+1603+manila+dasmarinas+china&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjEw8qHmMT5AhVJFlkFHanfBmMQ6AF6BAgHEAI |location= |publisher= Cambridge University Press|page=56 |isbn=1139494260|quote=Chinese converts had been expected to adopt Spanish clothing and to cut their long hair. ... 1570–1770,” in Felix, Chinese in the Philippines,,Vol. 1, pp. 30–31. 89 This account of the events of 1603 relies on 56 John E. Wills, Jr.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=Contributor          James Haskins|volume =2 of The Filipino Nation, James Haskins= |date= 1982|title=The Filipino Nation: The Philippines : lands and peoples, a cultural geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8FuAAAAMAAJ&q=one+hundred+thirty+1603+manila+dasmarinas+china&dq=one+hundred+thirty+1603+manila+dasmarinas+china&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjEw8qHmMT5AhVJFlkFHanfBmMQ6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher=Grolier International |page=98 |isbn=|quote=1. The Galleon Trade proper linked Manila and Mexico . 2. The China junk trade linked Manila and South China ... The number of Chinese living in Manila increased from about one hundred fifty in 1571 to around twenty thousand in 1603 ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Caballero |first=Evelyn  |author-link= |date=1996 |title= Gold from the Gods: Traditional Small-scale Miners in the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pvU_AAAAMAAJ&q=one+hundred+thirty+1603+manila+dasmarinas+china&dq=one+hundred+thirty+1603+manila+dasmarinas+china&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjEw8qHmMT5AhVJFlkFHanfBmMQ6AF6BAgIEAI |location= |publisher= Giraffe Books|page=8 |isbn=9718967249|quote=( Laufer 1907 : 260 ) Thirty thousand Chinese settled in Manila . However , in 1603 twenty - five thousand of them were killed due to the folly of Chang - Yi , who headed the expedition from China to search for gold in Cavite .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Crossley |first= John Newsome |author-link= |date=2016 |title=The Dasmariñases, Early Governors of the Spanish Philippines |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=m6POCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT230&dq=one+hundred+thirty+1603+manila+dasmarinas+china&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjEw8qHmMT5AhVJFlkFHanfBmMQ6AF6BAgFEAI|location= |publisher= Routledge|page= |isbn=131703645X|quote=In the interim there was a fearsome battle against the Dutchman Oliver van Noordt in Manila Bay in 1600, ... looking for a mountain of gold near Cavite.37 Naturally this visit made the Spaniards even more nervous that the Chinese were ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mallat  |first=Jean |author-link= |date= 1983|title=The Philippines: History, Geography, Customs, Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce of the Spanish Colonies in Oceania |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FVoKAQAAIAAJ&q=one+hundred+thirty+1603+manila+dasmarinas+china&dq=one+hundred+thirty+1603+manila+dasmarinas+china&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjEw8qHmMT5AhVJFlkFHanfBmMQ6AF6BAgLEAI|location= |publisher=National Historical Institute |page=51 |isbn=|quote=The work on the fortifications of Manila was going on then ; a Chinese , named Eng - Cang , offered his services and ... A detachment of one hundred thirty Spaniards , commanded by the brave Luis Dasmariñas was cut to pieces by the ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Newson |first=Linda A. |date=2009 |title=Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LF_UgEGu0dEC&pg=PA345&dq=one+hundred+thirty+1603+manila+dasmarinas+china&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjEw8qHmMT5AhVJFlkFHanfBmMQ6AF6BAgCEAI= |edition=illustrated|publisher=University of Hawaii Press |page=345 |isbn=0824832728|quote=1603. 92. AGI AF 35 Juan Núñez 24 June 1595; AF 6 and BR 10: 259 Francisco Tello 12 July 1599; AGI AF 329 libro 1 ... Schurz, Manila Galleon, 83, cites a report by Governor Anda that up to 1768 there were fourteen Chinese uprisings. 97.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=American Historical Association |others=Contributor           Smithsonian Institution. Press|date= 1900|volume= 1 of Annual Report, American Historical Association|title=             Annual Report of the American Historical Association |url= |location= |publisher= U.S. Government Printing Office|page=184 |quote=In 1603 the Emperor of China is absurdly said to have sent three mandarins “ to enquire if Cavite fort was built of gold ... 10n the Spanish expedition to Malacca in 1593 one hundred and fifty Chinese were forced to row the viceroy's ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Aluit|first= Alphonso J. |edition=2|date=1970 |series=The Galleon guide series|title= The Galleon Guide to Manila & the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ie09AAAAMAAJ&q=one+hundred+thirty+1603+manila+dasmarinas+china&dq=one+hundred+thirty+1603+manila+dasmarinas+china&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjEw8qHmMT5AhVJFlkFHanfBmMQ6AF6BAgJEAI  |publisher=Galleon Publications |page=17 |isbn=|quote=At about 11 o'clock on the night of Friday , October 3 , 1603 , the eve of the feast of St. Francis , the Chinese ... A contingent of over 100 Spaniards led by Don Luis Dasmariñas , brother of Don Gomez Perez and himself a former ...}}</ref>

 

A Threatened Invasion of the Philippines.— Exalted by his success against European arms, Koxinga resolved upon the conquest of the Philippines. He summoned to his service the Italian Dominican missionary, Ricci, who had been living in the province of Fukien, and in the spring of 1662 dispatched him as an ambassador to the governor of the Philippines to demand the submission of 'the archipelago.

 

Manila was thrown into a terrible panic by this demand, and indeed no such danger had threatened the Spanish in the Philippines since the invasion of Limahong. The Chinese conqueror had an innumerable army, and his armament, stores, and navy had been greatly augmented by the surrender of the Dutch. The Spaniards, however, were united on resistance. The governor, Don Sabiano Manrique de Lara, returned a defiant answer to Koxinga, and the most radical measures were adopted to place the colony in a state of defense.

 

More than all this, the Moluccas were forsaken, never again to be recovered by Spaniards; and the presidios of Zamboanga and Cuyo, which served as a kind of bridle on the Moros of Jolo and Mindanao, were abandoned. All Spanish troops were concentrated in Manila, fortifications were rebuilt, and the population waited anxiously for the attack. But the blow never fell.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barrows |first=David P. |author-link= |date= 1905|title=A History of the Philippines ... |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=n8MYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA208&dq=koxinga+moluccas+zamboanga&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj01c_qmsT5AhXgEmIAHZkyCgYQ6AF6BAgGEAI|location= |publisher= American book Company|page= 208, 209, 210|isbn=|quote=In 1646 a squadron attacked Zamboanga , and then came north to Luzon . ... In 1656 the administration of the Moluccas was united with that of Mindanao , and the governor of the former , Don Francisco ... Koxinga the Chinese Adventurer .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Zaide |first= Gregorio F. |author-link= |date=1939 |title= Philippine History and Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jgbAAAAIAAJ&q=koxinga+moluccas+zamboanga&dq=koxinga+moluccas+zamboanga&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj01c_qmsT5AhXgEmIAHZkyCgYQ6AF6BAgKEAI  |publisher=Philippine Education Company |page= 178|isbn=|quote=That same year Don Francisco de Esteybar , Governor of the Moluccas , evacuated Ternate and established his headquarters at Zamboanga . Spain , however , continued to administer the Moluccas from Zamboanga until 1662 when Koxinga ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Barrows |first= David P. |author-link= |date= 2020|title= A History of the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDgEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT148&dq=koxinga+moluccas+zamboanga&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj01c_qmsT5AhXgEmIAHZkyCgYQ6AF6BAgIEAI |location= |publisher=Laxmi Publisher |page= |isbn=|quote=The Abandonment of Zamboanga and the Moluccas.—The threat of the Dutch made the maintenance of the presidio of Zamboanga very burdensome. In 1656 the administration of the Moluccas was united with that of Mindanao, and the governor of ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Barrows |first= David P.|author-link= |date=2021 |title=A History of the Philippines |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSi6DgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=koxinga+moluccas+zamboanga&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj01c_qmsT5AhXgEmIAHZkyCgYQ6AF6BAgJEAI  |publisher= Prabhat Prakashan|page= |quote=First published in the year 1905, the present book 'A History of the Philippines' by David P. Barrows was written on the Philippinean government's recommendation with an aim to provide the history of their country to the students in schools ...}}</ref>

 

Koxinga, unable to communicate with the mainland of the Empire, turned his attention to the conquest of Formosa Island, at the time in the possession of the Dutch. According to Dutch accounts, the European settlers numbered about 600, with a garrison of 2,200. The Dutch artillery, stores and merchandise were valued at $8,000,000, and the Chinese, who attacked them under Koxinga, were about 100,000 strong. The settlement surrendered to the invaders' superior numbers, and Koxinga established himself as King of the Island. Koxinga had become acquainted with an Italian Dominican missionary named Vittorio Riccio, whom he created a Mandarin, and sent him as Ambussador to the Governor of the Philippines. Riccio therefore arrived in Manila in 1662, the bearer of Koxinga's despatches calling upon the Governor to pay tribute, under threat of the Colony being attacked by Koxinga if his demand were refused.

 

The position of Riccio as an European Friar and Ambassador of a Mongol adventurer was as awkward as it was novel. He was received with great honour in Manila, where he disembarked, and rode to the Government House in the full uniform of a Chinese envoy, through lines of troops drawn up to salute him as he passed. At the same time, letters from Formosa had also been received by the Chinese in Manila, and the Government at once accused them of conniving at rebellion.. All available forces were concentrated in the capital ; and to increase the garrison, the Governor published a Decree, dated 6th of May, 1662, ordering the demolition of the forts of Zamboanga, Yligan (Mindanao Island), Calamianes and Ternate' (Moluccas).

 

The only provincial fort preserved was that of Surigao (then called Caraga), consequently in the south the Mussulmans became complete masters on land and at sea for half a year.

 

The troops in Manila numbered 100 cavalry and 8,000 infantry. Fortifications were raised, and redoubts were constructed in which to secrete the Treasury funds. When all the armament was in readiness, the Spaniards incited the Chinese to rebel, to afford a pretext for their massacre.

 

Two junk masters were seized, and the Chinese population was menaced; therefore they prepared for their own defence, and then opened the affray, for which the Government was secretly longing, by killing a Spaniard in the market place. Suddenly artillery fire was opened out on the Parian, and many of the peaceful Chinese traders, in their terror, harged themselves ; many were drowned in the attempt to reach the canoes in which to get away to sea ; some few did safely arrive in Formosa Island and joined Koxinga's camp, whilst others took to the mountains. Some 8,000 to 9,000 Chinese remained quiet, but ready for any event, when they were suddenly attacked by Spaniards and natives. The confusion was general, and the Chinese seemed to be gaining ground, therefore the Governor sent the Ambassador Riccio and a certain Fray Joseph de Madrid to parley with them. The Chinese accepted the terms offered by Riccio, who returned to the Governor, leaving Fray Joseph with the rebels, but when Riccio went back with a general pardon and a promise to restore the two junk masters, he found that they had beheaded the priest. A general carnage of the Mougols followed, and Juan de la Concepcion says that the original intention of the Spaniards was to kill every Chinaman, but that they desisted in view of the inconvenience which would have ensued from the want of tradesmen and mechanics. Therefore they made a virtue of a necessity, and graciously pardoned in the name of His Catholic Majesty all who laid down their arms.

 

From this date the Molucca Islands were definitely evacuated and abandoned by the Spaniards, although as many men and as much material and money had been employed in garrisons and conveyance of subsidies there as in the whole Philippine Colony up to that period.<ref>{{cite book |last=  Foreman (F.R.G.S.)|first=John  |date= 1899|title=The Philippine Islands: A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago and Its Political Dependencies, Embracing the Whole Period of Spanish Rule |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3gkQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA87&dq=koxinga+moluccas+zamboanga&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj01c_qmsT5AhXgEmIAHZkyCgYQ6AF6BAgHEAI|location= |publisher=C. Scribner's sons |page=87 |edition=2, reprint|quote=The settlement surrendered to the invaders ' superior numbers , and Koxinga established himself as King of the Island . ... the demolition of the forts of Zamboanga , Yligan ( Mindanao Island ) , Calamianes and Ternate ' ( Moluccas ) .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |others=Contributors               Eberhard Crailsheim, María Dolores Elizalde |date= 2019|series=History of Warfare|title= The Representation of External Threats: From the Middle Ages to the Modern World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XPulDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=koxinga+moluccas+zamboanga&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj01c_qmsT5AhXgEmIAHZkyCgYQ6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher= BRILL|page= |isbn=9004392424|quote=In The Representation of External Threats, Eberhard Crailsheim and María Dolores Elizalde present a collection of articles that trace the phenomenon of external threats over three continents and four oceans, offering new perspectives on ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Javellana |first= René B. |others=Photographs by               Jose Ma. Lorenzo Tan |date=1997 |title= Fortress of Empire: Spanish Colonial Fortifications of the Philippines, 1565-1898|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3_fAAAAMAAJ&q=koxinga+moluccas+zamboanga&dq=koxinga+moluccas+zamboanga&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj01c_qmsT5AhXgEmIAHZkyCgYQ6AF6BAgLEAI |location= |publisher=Bookmark |page=192 |isbn=9715691994|quote=In 1663 , because of Koxinga's threat , Spaniards abandoned the forts at the Moluccas and Zamboanga . “ For about fifty years there was relative peace between the Spaniards and the Muslims in the Philippines and the nearby Indonesian ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=Contributor               Philippine Historical Association |date= 1963|title= Historical Bulletin, Volume 7|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CvQdAQAAIAAJ&q=koxinga+moluccas+zamboanga&dq=koxinga+moluccas+zamboanga&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj01c_qmsT5AhXgEmIAHZkyCgYQ6AF6BAgFEAI|location= |publisher= |page=26 |quote=In 1662 , a Chinese mission arrived in Manila from Formosa bearing a message from Cogsen or Koxinga , as the Spaniards ... Governor de Lara also decided to abandon the military outposts in the Moluccas , Zamboanga and Calamianes and to.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author= Philippine Historical Association|date= 1963|title= Historical Bulletin, Volume 7, Issues 1-4|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uTrjAAAAMAAJ&q=koxinga+moluccas+zamboanga&dq=koxinga+moluccas+zamboanga&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj01c_qmsT5AhXgEmIAHZkyCgYQ6AF6BAgEEAI|location= |publisher= Philippine Historical Association.|page=26 |isbn=|quote=In 1662 , a Chinese mission arrived in Manila from Formosa bearing a message from Cogsen or Koxinga , as the Spaniards ... Governor de Lara also decided to abandon the military outposts in the Moluccas , Zamboanga and Calamianes and to.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rodriguez  |first=Rufus Bautista |author-link= |date=1999 |title=The History of the Judicial System of the Philippines: Spanish Period, 1565-1898 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=23lxAAAAMAAJ&q=koxinga+moluccas+zamboanga&dq=koxinga+moluccas+zamboanga&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj01c_qmsT5AhXgEmIAHZkyCgYQ6AF6BAgBEAI|isbn=9712326349 |publisher= Published & distributed by Rex Book Store|page=214 |quote=In 1662 , a Chinese mission arrived in Manila from Formosa bearing a message from Cogsen , or Koxinga , as the ... Governor de Lara also decided to abandon the military outposts in the Moluccas , Zamboanga and Calamianes and to bring ...}}</ref>

 

 

 

American military officers Charles Wilkes saw Sulu Moro Sultan Mohammed Damaliel Kisand and his sons smoke opium and he had bloodshot eyes because of it.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Zarco|first1=Ricardo M. |last2= |first2= |date= 1995|title=A Short History of Narcotic Drug Addiction in the Philippines, 1521-1959 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23898530 |journal=Philippine Sociological Review |volume= 43|issue= 1/4|pages=1–15 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://filipiknow.net/early-filipino-warriors-used-drugs-to-enhance-their-killing-capabilities/|title= Early Filipino warriors used drugs to enhance their killing capabilities (or did they?)|last= |first= |date=01/21/2022 |website=FilipiKnow – The Most Trusted Online Learning Site for Filipinos |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rahmat  |first=Hadijah Bte |author-link= |date=2020 |title=Abdullah Bin Abdul Kadir Munshi (In 2 Volumes) |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HZwPEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA10&lpg=RA1-PA10&dq=damaliel+kisand+opium&source=bl&ots=sLMBmsAsie&sig=ACfU3U2qXdfHSPyn2Z9yZOUbkHVH40VpfA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwigycL2lL_5AhX_QfEDHZj1CRMQ6AF6BAgCEAM|location= |publisher=        World Scientific|page=10 |isbn=9811205817|quote=Wilkes met the Sultan of Sulu, Sultan Mohammad Damaliel Kisand, a Muslim king who ... cutlery and crockery, opium, and “arms of all kinds” (Wilkes, 1842).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.history.navy.mil/our-collections/art/exhibits/exploration-and-technology/alfred-agate-collection/1842.html |title= 1842 - Naval History and Heritage Command |last= |first= |date=|website=Naval History and Heritage Command |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wilkes  |first=Charles |author-link= |date=1852 |volume=1-5 of United States Exploring Expedition |series=National illustrated library|title= Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition: During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, Volume 2|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IqNbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA277&lpg=PA277&dq=damaliel+kisand+opium&source=bl&ots=hbFjlYO9am&sig=ACfU3U0iKGr9_m5SOpXQ_x1YK3NihZqN4g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwigycL2lL_5AhX_QfEDHZj1CRMQ6AF6BAgEEAM|location= |publisher=Ingram, Cooke |page=277 |isbn=|quote=... he was under the effects of opium , of which they all smoke large quantities . ... the Sultan Mohammed Damaliel Kisand , but said that he might feel ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wilkes |first=Charles  |author-link= |date=1845 |series=United States. Navy Dept|title= Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, Volume 5|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=L1xHAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA337&lpg=PA337&dq=damaliel+kisand+opium&source=bl&ots=dtFz__piar&sig=ACfU3U1IZNRQ7ADvQ1nRAyGVguuGa0BJjA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwigycL2lL_5AhX_QfEDHZj1CRMQ6AF6BAgFEAM|location= |publisher=Lea and Blanchard |page=337 |isbn=|quote=... gratitude or obligation for the sight of His Majesty the Sultan Mohammed Damaliel Kisand , but said that he might feel grateful ... influence of opium .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Wilkes|first=Charles  |author-link= |date=1851 |title= Voyage round the World, etc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rvlWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA620&lpg=PA620&dq=damaliel+kisand+opium&source=bl&ots=0rqHZGd2fq&sig=ACfU3U2w-Ruk33A8JZ1j8jdmjdOXrIXJQA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwigycL2lL_5AhX_QfEDHZj1CRMQ6AF6BAgDEAM |location= |publisher= G. P. Putnam|page=620 |isbn=|qote=... the Sultan Mohammed Damaliel Kisand , but said that he might feel grateful to me if he ... as though he was constantly under the influence of opium .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=Contributor United States. Congress |date=1845 |title=United States Exploring Expedition: During the Year 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, Volume 5 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Chq7EQhwCD0C&pg=PA337&lpg=PA337&dq=damaliel+kisand+opium&source=bl&ots=Xg-uzL6EK1&sig=ACfU3U11DSL88_ecRhlfmCZtZu5B3SJvxA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwigycL2lL_5AhX_QfEDHZj1CRMQ6AF6BAgWEAM|location= |publisher=        C. Sherman|page=337 |isbn=|quote=... Majesty the Sultan Mohammed Damaliel Kisand , but said that he might feel grateful to me if ... as though he was constantly under the influence of opium ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Wilkes|first=Charles  |author-link= |date= 1851|title= Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition ... 1838-1842, Volume 5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1ZHAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA337&lpg=PA337&dq=damaliel+kisand+opium&source=bl&ots=S18yUs5GEg&sig=ACfU3U1XT38ZL0cV8bOejUYnYkPb1Z0i6A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwigycL2lL_5AhX_QfEDHZj1CRMQ6AF6BAgVEAM |location= |publisher=Putnam |page=337 |isbn=|quote=... of His Majesty the Sultan Mohammed Damaliel Kisand , but said that he might feel grateful ... as though he was constantly under the influence of opium .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Miller  |editor-first=David Hunter |author=United States |date= 1931|number=Dept. of state. Publication no. 175, 453, 645, 1017||series=Department of State publication|title=Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America, Volume 4 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=i44NAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA359&lpg=PA359&dq=damaliel+kisand+opium&source=bl&ots=arovyjYijR&sig=ACfU3U3Q7PbEsm6TZrZR7opwvuRb17ssDQ&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwigycL2lL_5AhX_QfEDHZj1CRMQ6AF6BAgcEAM|location= |publisher= U.S. Government Printing Office,|page=359 |isbn=|quote=... was under the effects of opium , of which they all smoke large quantities . ... “ Wilkes ' Damaliel Kisand must be a writer's error for JamâlulKirâm .}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In 1908 Kong Bu Wa fought off a robbery attempt at his store by the Sama pirate Jikiri in hand to hand fighting, leaving a scar on Kong's.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tan |first= Samuel Kong|editor-last=Beede|editor-first= Benjamin R. |edition=illustrated|author-link= |date=1994 |title=          The War of 1898, and U.S. Interventions, 1898-1934: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48g116X9IIwC&pg=PA241&dq=Jikiri++%22kong+bu+wa%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiEo6yDgr75AhWQYPEDHaJWDXgQ6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |volume= 933 of Garland reference library of the humanities, 2 of Garland reference library of the humanities: Military history of the United States|publisher= Taylor & Francis|page= 241|isbn=0824056248|quote=His target Jikiri's birthplace , but he spent much time in was the store of Kong Bu Wa , a Chinese trader . Parang , Maimbung , and islands south of Jolo . Kong Bu Wa engaged Jikiri in hand - to - hand He and his ragtag band of rebels ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Tan |first= Samuel Kong|editor-last=Beede|editor-first= Benjamin R.|author-link= |date= 1994|title=he War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898T1934: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rg6BAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA241&dq=Jikiri++%22kong+bu+wa%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiEo6yDgr75AhWQYPEDHaJWDXgQ6AF6BAgFEAI |location= |volume= 933 of Garland reference library of the humanities, 2 of Garland reference library of the humanities: Military history of the United States|publisher=Routledge |page=241 |isbn=1136746900|quote=His target was the store of Kong Bu Wa, a Chinese trader. Kong Bu Wa engaged Jikiri in hand-to-hand combat forcing him to abandon his intention. In Jolo, he spent some time on Cabingaan Island, where he had kept some of his booty and ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Tan |first=Samuel K. |editor1-last=See |editor1-first= Teresita Ang|editor2-last=Go  |editor2-first=Bon Juan |others=Contributors Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran, Chinben See Memorial Trust Fund, De La Salle University. China Studies Program |date=1994 |title=華人 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlVuAAAAMAAJ&q=Jikiri++%22kong+bu+wa%22&dq=Jikiri++%22kong+bu+wa%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiEo6yDgr75AhWQYPEDHaJWDXgQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher=Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran, Incorporated |page=132 |chapter=The Tans and Kongs of Sulu: An Analysis of Chinese Integration in a Muslim Society|isbn=9718857052|quote=The history of the Kongs dates back to the arrival of Kong Bu Wa in Siasi , possibly during the first decade of American ... It was also here , probably in 1908 , when his store was raided by Jikiri and his band , which had just escaped ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Francisco|first=Juan R. |editor1-last=Palongpalong|editor1-first= Artemio |editor2-last=Mahiwo  |editor2-first=Sylvano  |others= Contributor University of the Philippines. Asian Center

|date= 1999|title=Society and Culture: The Asian Heritage : Festschrift for Juan R. Francisco, Ph.D., Professor of Indology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rRuAAAAMAAJ&q=Jikiri++%22kong+bu+wa%22&dq=Jikiri++%22kong+bu+wa%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiEo6yDgr75AhWQYPEDHaJWDXgQ6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher=   Asian Center, University of the Philippines|page=57 |isbn=9718992073|quote=Unlike the other Chinese families , the Kongs had clear ties with Amoy where Kong Bu Wa left a thirteenroom house and a ... But , it was also here , probably in 1908 , when his store was raided by Jikiri and his band , which had just ...}}</ref>

 

The assimilation and intermarriages between the local Muslim Moro Tausug and Sama in Sulu and the Han Chinese immigrants, in contrast to Chinese living in Filipino Catholic areas, was facilitated by the good relations throughout history between China and Sulu.<ref>{{cite book |last= Tan |first=Samuel K. |editor1-last=See |editor1-first= Teresita Ang|editor2-last=Go  |editor2-first=Bon Juan |others=Contributors Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran, Chinben See Memorial Trust Fund, De La Salle University. China Studies Program |date=1994 |title=華人 |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=it&id=TlVuAAAAMAAJ&dq=Jikiri++%22kong+bu+wa%22&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=samuel+k |location= |publisher=Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran, Incorporated |page=160, 137, 127|chapter=The Tans and Kongs of Sulu: An Analysis of Chinese Integration in a Muslim Society|isbn=9718857052|quote=While some of the papers tend to view integration as a continuing problem in Chinese-Filipino relations, Samuel K. Tan's paper on "The Tans and Kongs of Sulu: An Analysis into the Nature and Extent of Chinese Integration in Sulu Society", provides a different historical process. In Sulu, Tan explains that "the strong foundation of Sulu-China relations has provided Sulu society with a kind of historical consciousness that allows the easy, smooth, and almost natural integration of Chinese into the local society as shown by the extent of Chinese intermarriages with the native Sama and Tausug ... This explains why the Chinese in Sulu have become an integral part of the local social , economic , cultural and political traditions which are shared independently by the Tausug and Sama people . " Li Ding - guo's paper , " Exploratory ...

Dr. Wang thinks that the Sama people in Chinese texts could be the seafaring Sama of the Sulu Archipelago . A growing number of native researchers and scholars are inclined to accept this view in the light of corroborative data from more recent researches . 4. The ' Sulu Kings ' , more accurately datus or rajahs , before the Sultanate era began about 1450 A.D. , sent tribute embassies to China beginning from 1417 A.D. This continued regularly until the last embassy in 1762 A.D. The ancient Chinese records show the increasing importance of the China visits to the Sulu leaders . At one time , a group of 340 people visited China and stayed in Peking 27 days . 5. It was during the visit of 1417 A.D. when the Sulu King , as the Tausug head was called , died of illness and was entombed in Te - Chow by imperial order . A part of his retinue remained in China to take care of his remains . His heir named Antuluk decided to remain also . Their number increased and their leaders were identified in the Chinese texts as An Lu Chin and Un Chong Kai . 6. Blair and Robertson record several of the Chinese revolts from 17th century on in their works. The Philippine Islands (55 volumes). It appears from close analysis of the data that the Chinese were inevitably led to violent means not because of any revolutionary ideal as in the case of over 200 Filipino revolts against Spanish rule . 7. Jose Montero y Vidal , Historia General de Filipinas desde el Discubrimiento de Dichas Islas hasta Nuestros Dias , vol . II. (Madrid, 1894-1895), pp. 266-269. 8. Samuel K. Tan, Sulu Under American Military Rule, 1899-1913. (Quezon City: University of the Philippines, 1967) p. 11. 9. Najeeb M. Saleeby, The History of Sulu, (Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild, Inc. 1963), p. 83. 10. Data on the Tan family of Maimbung and Jolo were obtained from several interviews and discussions with Mr. Tomas Que who is related to the Tans by marriage . The interviews were conducted in late 1990 and early 1991 in Quezon City where the Ques permanently live after leaving Jolo as a result of the 1974 conflict between the MNLF and the government . 11. Chinese membership in the Ruma Bichara , the Advisory Council of the Sulu Sultanate , goes back in time to the 18th century when such a privilege was granted by the Sultan to the Chinese sector as a matter of recognition of their important role in Sulu's economy. In fact , Wang also records Sulu's taking of Chinese hostages as a means of ensuring the much desired return of Chinese traders not for purposes of ransom or other exploitations as it is understood in contemporary usage . 12. Data on the Tawi - Tawi Chinese connections were taken during several sustained interviews and discussions with former Mayor Hokking Lim and his family members in their Kamias apartment residence from 1989 to early 1991 during frequent visits to Metro Manila . As permanent residents of South Ubian , Mayor Lim and his family have established networks of family alliances especially with the natives . The data on the Ullayans , Dausans and Aldanis were provided by Mrs. Kimlan Lim . 13. The information on Chinese families in Bongao etc. were provided by Paquito Tan of Sitangkai during the visits of the author to Bongao in late 1988 ..}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Francisco|first=Juan R. |editor1-last=Palongpalong|editor1-first= Artemio |editor2-last=Mahiwo  |editor2-first=Sylvano  |others= Contributor University of the Philippines. Asian Center

|date= 1999|title=Society and Culture: The Asian Heritage : Festschrift for Juan R. Francisco, Ph.D., Professor of Indology |url=https://books.google.com/books?redir_esc=y&hl=it&id=-rRuAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22The+publication+is+a+bimonthly+magazine+of+the+Philippine+-+China+Resource+Center+%22 |location= |publisher=    Asian Center, University of the Philippines|page=63 |isbn=9718992073|quote=The publication is a bimonthly magazine of the Philippine - China Resource Center ( PCRC ) with office in New Manila , Quezon City Dr. Wang thinks that the Sama people in Chinese Texts could be the seafaring Sama of the Sulu archipelago . A growing number of native researchers and scholars are inclined to accept this view in the light of corroborative data from more recent researchers . The " Sulu Kings " more accurately datus or rajas , before the Sultanate era began about 1450 A. D. , sent tribute embassies to China beginning from 1417 A. D. This continued regularly until the last embassy 1762 A. D. The ancient Chinese records show the incresing importance of the China visits to the Sulu leaders . At one time , a group of 340 people visited China and stayed in Peking for 27 days . It was during the visit of 1417 A. D. when the Sulu King , as the Tausug head was called , died of illness and was entombed in Te - Chow by imperial order . A part of his retinue remained in China to take care of his remains . His heir , named Antuluk , decided to stay also . Their number increased and their leaders were identified in the texts as An Lu Chih and Un Chong Kai . Blair and Robertson record several of the Chinese revolts from the 17th century in their work The Philippine Islands ( 55 volumes ) . It appears from close analysis of the data that the Chinese were inevitably led to violent means not because of any revolutionary ideal as in the case of over 200 Filipino revolts against Spanish rule . Jose Montero y Vidal , Historia general de Filipinas desde el discubrimento de dichas ilas hasta nuestros dias . ( Madrid , 18941895 ) , 266-69 . . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . Samuel K. Tan , Sulu Under the American Military Rule , 1899-1913 . ( Quezon City : University of the Philippines , 1967 ) , 11 . Najeeb M. Salleby , The History of Sulu . ( Manila : Filipiniana Book Guild , Inc. , 1963 ) , 83 . 9 . 10 . 11 . Data on the Tan family of Tan 63.

Data on the Tan family of Maimbung and Jolo were obtained from several interviews and discussions with Mr. Tomas Que who is related to the Tans by marriage . The interviews were conducted in late 1990 and early 1991 in Quezon City where the Ques permanently live after leaving Jolo as a result of the 1974 conflict between the MNLF and the government . Chinese membership in the Ruma Bichara , the Advisory Council of the Sulu Sultanate , goes back in time to the 18th century when such a privilege was granted by the Sultan to the Chinese sector as a matter ofrecognition of their important role in Sulu's economy . In fact , Wang also records Sulu's taking of Chinese hostages as a means of ensuring the much desired return of Chinese traders not for purposes of ransom or other exploitations as it is understood in contemporary usage .

Data on the Tawi - Tawi Chinese connections were taken during several sustained interviews and discussions with former Mayor Hokking Lim and his family members in their Kamias apartment residence from 1989 to early 1991 during frequent visits to Metro Manila . As permanent residents of South Ubian , Mayor Lim and his family have established networks of family alliances especially with the natives . The data on the Ullayans , Dausans , and Aldanis were provided by Mrs. Kimian Lim}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Desdemona Abubakar Tan's younger sister Hajja Zenaida Tan Lim wrote an article in 2001 about their family, mentioning a Buddhist shrine in their home that was kept by their non-Muslim Chinese paternal grandfather and how th efamily celebrated both Islamic holidays and Chinese holidays. Their mother was Arab and their father was a "Chinese-mestizo" his his own father was a non-Muslim Chinese while his mother was a Muslim Tausug Moro. The sisters went to Catholic school and Zenaida led the Zamboanga city based Sarang Bangun foundation (dedicated after Desdemona).<ref>    {{cite book |last=Tan Lim |first= Zenaida|others=Contributors       Islamic Millenium Forum (Indonesia), Asian Muslim Action Network= |date=2001 |title=Islamic Millenium Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1 |chapter=A Woman's Perspective on Peace Education |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ML_XAAAAMAAJ&q=zenaida+muslim&dq=zenaida+muslim&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjetPry_bj5AhXDVDUKHWUPB1wQ6AF6BAgKEAI |location= |publisher= Islamic Millenium Forum|page= 135, 136 |isbn=|quote=Rubayni Dzubayatin A Woman's Perspective on Peace Education Hj . Zenaida T. Lim A Journey Towards a Culture of Peace Prof. Alih S. Aiyub A Representation of Islam in Gowa ( Makassar ) Community Sulawesi Selatan : The Process of Interaction Between the Old and The New Religion Muhammad Adlin Sila SELE 32632 F 103 $ 20.

 

A Woman's Perspective on Peace Education Hja . Zenaida T.Lim Sarang Bangun Foundation Zamboanga City , Philippines I came from a multi - cultural family background . My father was a Chinese - mestizo , or a Chinese half - breed , while my mother is of Arab descent . The interplay of their influences on my life can not be overlooked , because as our family grew , multi - cultural practices also became more evident in the daily activities of our home . During Chinese holidays , our family participated in the observance of these holidays . My grandfather used to keep a miniature Buddhist shrine or altar in our home , for daily obeisance of piety . This is the kind you can see in Chinese homes , or sometimes in Chinese business establishments . Being Muslim at the same time , our family also did the same time during Muslim holidays , and still does . We fasted during the month of Ramadhan , and celebrated the Eid festivities . Our circle of immediate kin and relatives belongs to the Islamic faith , and so , our home also became a hubbub of these cultural and religious practices . All of the children practice Islam , but all of us went to Catholic schools for our education . In college some of us went to the state university for our academic degrees . Others to private universities . So we get to be bombarded by Christian ethos and interacted with Christian friends . More than this , we lived in a place that is Jolo , the capital town of the province of Sulu in the Southern Philippines . Unfortunately Jolo is now known for its violence and for the breakdown of peace and order , and recently for atrocities associated with the military campaign against the Abu Sayyaf . During our growing up years in Jolo , however , the place was an Zenaida epitome of Muslim - Christian interaction . While the Islamic Millennium Journal Vol.I | No.1.}}</ref> War widows and orphan children are the beneficiaries of the Sarang Bangun Foundation NGO.<ref>{{cite book |last= Angeles|first= Vivienne S.M. |editor-last= Kassam |editor-first= Zayn R. |author-link= |date= 2017|title=Women and Asian Religions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgUmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78&dq=zenaida+muslim&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjetPry_bj5AhXDVDUKHWUPB1wQ6AF6BAgIEAI  |location= |chapter=CHAPTER 5 From Secession to Social Activism: Muslim Women's Movements in the Philippines |edition=illustrated|publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=78 |isbn=0313082758|quote=Among the early Muslim women's NGOs created as a result of the peace negotiations with the Philippine government under ... Zenaida Tan-Lim created the Sarang Bangun Foundation and established a school for children, skills-training ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |edition=illustrated|author= Association 1000 Women for the Nobel Peace Prize 2005|date= 2005|series=Kontrast book|title=1000 Peacewomen Across the Globe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIQnAQAAMAAJ&q=zenaida+muslim&dq=zenaida+muslim&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjetPry_bj5AhXDVDUKHWUPB1wQ6AF6BAgHEAI |location= |publisher=Scalo |page= 796|isbn=3039390392|quote=Zenaida "Zeny" Tan Lim set up the Sarang Bangung Foundation (SBF) in the early 1990s for the rehabilitation of widows and orphans, victims of the... ( with assistance from the Islamic Development Bank in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia ) , and the Sarang Bangun Learning Center in Zamboanga City , making quality elementary education accessible to the Muslim community . Zenaida Tan Lim comes ...}}</ref>

 

<ref>{{cite book |last= Tan|first= Samuel K.|author-link= |date=2010 |title=The Muslim South and Beyond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=csrZOk6yLosC&pg=PP4&dq=zenaida+muslim&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjetPry_bj5AhXDVDUKHWUPB1wQ6AF6BAgFEAI |location= |publisher= UP Press|page=|quote=Muslim—Political activity—Philippines— Mindanao I. Title. DS688.M2 959.97 2010 P095000031 ISBN 978-971-542-632-9 Book Design by Zenaida N. Ebalan Printed in the Philippines by Aris Printhaus Contents Preface . |isbn=9715426328}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Danecki  |first=Janusz|editor-last=Górak-Sosnowska|editor-first=Katarzyna |chapter= Literature of the Polish Tatars |author-link= |date=2011 |title=Muslims in Poland and Eastern Europe: Widening the European Discourse on Islam |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dCAU6Bz5QIEC&pg=PA49&dq=zenaida+muslim&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjetPry_bj5AhXDVDUKHWUPB1wQ6AF6BAgCEAI|location= |publisher=Katarzyna Górak-Sosnowska |page=49 |isbn=8390322951|quote=also to the history of Islam in Poland as well as to distinguished Muslims in the Polish social, political and cultural life. ... Anna Kajtochowa, Iza Melika Czechowska, Tamara Jabłońska, Józef Mucharski, Zenaida Półtórzycka.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last= Moghissi|editor-first=Haideh  |author-link= |date= 2005|volume=1 of Women and Islam: Critical Concepts in Sociology|title=Women and Islam: Images and realities, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5FoSjd4si0C&pg=PA290&dq=zenaida+muslim&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjetPry_bj5AhXDVDUKHWUPB1wQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher= Taylor & Francis|page=290 |isbn=041532419X|chapter=Part 3 Law of God and Law of State : New policies, old realities|edition=illustrated|quote=“ The Muslim Woman : Her Role in Contemporary Philippine Society . ” In Filipino Muslims : Their Social Institutions and Cultural Achievements , ed . F. Landa Jocano . Quezon City : Asian Center , 1983 : 31–38 . ... Reyes , Zenaida .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Brecht-Drouart|first=Birte |series=Women and Gender: The Middle East and the Islamic World|editor-last=Schroeter|editor-first=Susanne |author-link= |date=2013 |title= Gender and Islam in Southeast Asia: Women’s Rights Movements, Religious Resurgence and Local Traditions|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=j9INqGn9ewQC&pg=PA213&dq=zenaida+muslim&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjetPry_bj5AhXDVDUKHWUPB1wQ6AF6BAgLEAI|location= |publisher=BRILL |page= 213|isbn=9004242929|chapter=Muslim women leaders in the Philippines|quote=Amina Rasul (this volume) points out that there has been only one female Muslim senator in the Philippines. ... District of Lanao del Sur, and Assemblywomen Zenaida Bubong and Suhayla Salic, who were members of the Legislative Assembly.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last= Reyes|editor-first=Zenaida S.  |author= Philippines|date=1990 |title= Philippine Laws for the Muslims|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-7xWAAAAMAAJ&q=zenaida+muslim&dq=zenaida+muslim&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjetPry_bj5AhXDVDUKHWUPB1wQ6AF6BAgEEAI|location= |publisher=New Horizons Press |page=127, ii, xii, 68  |isbn=|quote=Philippines Zenaida S. Reyes. and institutions ; the conduct of researches and studies for the establishment and maintenance of haij towns , Islamic centers and Awgaf projects . SEC . 17. Bureau of Muslim Cooperatives Development .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |others=Contributor              Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism |date= 1996|title= I: The Investigative Reporting Magazine, Volume 2, Issue 4|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=q5xxAAAAMAAJ&q=zenaida+muslim&dq=zenaida+muslim&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjetPry_bj5AhXDVDUKHWUPB1wQ6AF6BAgDEAI|location= |publisher=Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism,. |page=7 |isbn=|quote=Benasing Macarambon , Kabilan Sema and Zenaida Bubong . But Muslim Mindanao needs more than a patron . Sinsuat , an old hand in politics and patriarch of Faced with daunting poverty , bad infrastructure and the powerful Sinsuat family ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Haddad |first= Yvonne Yazbeck|last2= Esposito |first2=John L.|editor-last=Haddad |editor-first= Yvonne Yazbeck|editor-last2= Esposito |editor-first2=John L. |author-link= |date=1998 |series=ACLS Humanities E-Book|title=Islam, Gender, & Social Change |edition=illustrated, reprint|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjJdgG2mnuoC&pg=PA232&dq=zenaida+muslim&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjetPry_bj5AhXDVDUKHWUPB1wQ6AF6BAgJEAI |location= |publisher= Oxford University Press|page=232 232|isbn=0195113578|quote=Full text in Antonio Isidro, Muslim-Christian Integration at the Mindanao State University (Marawi City, 1968), pp. ... In a study done in 1989, Zenaida S. Reyes determined that the majority of Muslims living in Mindanao (64%) and in ...}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

One Dayak during the riot expressed his hatred of the Madurese while he had a Chinese married to his sister which he liked.<ref>{{cite book |last= Parry |first=Richard Lloyd |author-link= |date=2012 |title= In The Time Of Madness|edition=reprint|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dsf6FxxS8dsC&pg=PT47&dq=madurese+sister+married+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwirk_b3yqL5AhUiSkEAHWYkAicQ6AF6BAgHEAI |location= |publisher=Random House |page= |isbn=1448130549|quote=He liked the Chinese, he told Budi. His sister was married to a Chinese. 'What about Madurese?' I asked. Budi chuckled anxiously as he translated the question, and there was more unconvincing giggling over the reply.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last= Jack|editor-first= Ian |author-link= |date= 1998|series=Granta (Viking)|title=What Young Men Do |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Pjp23eeKs6wC&q=madurese+sister+married+chinese&dq=madurese+sister+married+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwirk_b3yqL5AhUiSkEAHWYkAicQ6AF6BAgCEAI|location= |publisher= Granta USA|page=122 |isbn=0140141545|quote=He liked the Chinese , he told Budi . His sister was married to a Chinese . ' What about Madurese ? ' I asked . Budi chuckled anxiously as he translated the question , and there was more unconvincing giggling over the reply .}}</ref>

 

Han Chinese in Indonesia forbid parallel cousin marriage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hidayah |first= Zulyani |author-link= |date=2020 |title=A Guide to Tribes in Indonesia: Anthropological Insights from the Archipelago |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XXDgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86&dq=madurese+sister+married+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwirk_b3yqL5AhUiSkEAHWYkAicQ6AF6BAgGEAI|location= |publisher= Springer Nature,|page=86 |isbn=9811518351|quote=According to general Chinese tradition, a forbidden marriage is one between two people who share the same clan. Aside from that, a woman cannot marry before her elder sister is married. On the contrary, a younger sister may marry before ..}}</ref>

 

Pakubuwana II and the Java war in 1741.<ref>{{cite book |last=Raffles  |first=Thomas Stamford |author-link= |date= 1817|title=           The History of Java, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOhCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA219&dq=madurese+sister+married+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwirk_b3yqL5AhUiSkEAHWYkAicQ6AF6BAgFEAI |location= |publisher= |page=219 |isbn=|quote=... and accepted by the Pangéran , who being married to a sister of the Susúnan , returned his wife back to her brother . No sooner had he declared himself the ally of the Dutch , than he ordered all the Chinese on the island of Madúra ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Remmelink |first= Willem G. J. |author-link= |date= 1994|volume= 162 of Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Leiden: Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde | issn =1572-1892|title=The Chinese War and the Collapse of the Javanese State, 1725-1743, Volume 163 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZVuAAAAMAAJ&q=madurese+sister+married+chinese&dq=madurese+sister+married+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwirk_b3yqL5AhUiSkEAHWYkAicQ6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher=KITLV Press |page=60 |isbn=906718067X|quote=The present Pangeran Cakraningrat of Madura showed all signs of following the path of his forebears . ... Cakraningrat had married Raden Ayu Bengkring , Pakubuwana's only sister german , who was very close to her brother .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Raffles|first= Thomas Stamford |author-link= |date=2018 |title= The History of Java: Volume I, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49ZaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA720&dq=madurese+sister+married+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwirk_b3yqL5AhUiSkEAHWYkAicQ6AF6BAgKEAI |location= |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |page=720 |isbn=3732673448|quote=The Chinese, besides laying siege to Semárang, had also[Vol II Pg241] by this time taken and destroyed Rémbang. ... and accepted by the Pangéran, who being married to a sister of the Susúnan, returned his wife back to ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Remmelink|first= Willem Gerrit Jan |author-link= |date= 1990 |title= Emperor Pakubuwana II, Priyayi & Company and the Chinese War|url= |location= |publisher=W.G.J. Remmelink |page=260 |isbn=|quote=Married to a daughter of the sister of the wife of Danureja . During the Sunan's flight ... chosen the side of the Company and chased out the Madurese . ... He was married to a sister of Wiratmaja the 260 Pakubuwana II and the Chinese War.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |edition=2|last= Raffles |first=Sir Thomas Stamford |author-link= |date= 1830|title= The History of Java, Volume 2|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gJEC2q7DzpQC&pg=PA241&dq=madurese+sister+married+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwirk_b3yqL5AhUiSkEAHWYkAicQ6AF6BAgDEAI|location= |publisher= J. Murray|page=241 |isbn=|quote=... and accepted by the Pangéran , who being married to a sister of the Susúnan , returned his wife back to her brother . No sooner had he delared himself the ally of the Dutch , than he ordered all the Chinese on the island of Madúra ...}}</ref>

 

 

<ref>{{cite book |last=Reeve  |first= David|editor1-last=Walker|editor1-first=John H. |editor2-last=Banks|editor2-first= Glenn |editor3-last=Sakai|editor3-first= Minako|author-link= |edition=illustrated|date= 2009|title= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MX_wBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA257&dq=madurese+sister+married+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwirk_b3yqL5AhUiSkEAHWYkAicQ6AF6BAgIEAI|location= |publisher= NUS Press|page=257 |isbn=9971694794|chapter=Chapter 13 "More Indonesian than the Indonesians":  A Chinese-Indonesian Identity|quote=In the eighth generation of Han Siong Kong's descendants in Java, one Han Loen Nio married Tan Hie Sioe from a successful ... Ong's great-grandfather is thought to have been a schoolteacher in Madura, who later moved to East Java.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Kumar|first= Ann |author-link= |date=2013 |title= Java and Modern Europe: Ambiguous Encounters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UiRTAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA210&dq=madurese+sister+married+chinese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwirk_b3yqL5AhUiSkEAHWYkAicQ6AF6BAgLEAI |location= |publisher= Routledge|page=210 |isbn=1136790853|quote=Wiraguna's sister was Pangeran Patih's widow, who subsequently married the Panembahan of Madura, but then asked the ... a wild and sometimes impenetrable wilderness.35 Production of birds' nests was leased to a Chinese for 850 Spanish ...}}</ref>

 

Muslim and Jewish paternal cousin marriage was banned by the Yuan dynasty under pressure from censors.<ref>{{cite book |last=Leslie |first=              Donald |date=1972 |volume= 10 van Tʾoung pao. Archives concernant l'histoire, les langues, la ǵeographie, l'ethnographie et les arts de l'Asie orientale. Monographie|title=The Survival of the Chinese Jews: The Jewish Community of Kaifeng |edition=illustrated|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=eCMVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&dq=mongol+cousin+marriage+jews+muslims&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjDjvKViZf5AhWLd8AKHa6IAasQ6AF6BAgIEAI|location= |publisher= BRILL|page= 13 |isbn=9004034137|quote=In the early years of the Mongols in China , Qubilai actually gave “ repeated orders that the levirate shall be obligatory for ... In addition , Muslims and Jews , specifically mentioned , are forbidden to marry paternal cousins .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Atwood |first=Christopher P. |others=Contributor Thomas Jülch |series=Sinica Leidensia|date=2016 |title= The Middle Kingdom and the Dharma Wheel: Aspects of the Relationship between the Buddhist Saṃgha and the State in Chinese History

|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XVRjDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA301&dq=mongol+cousin+marriage+jews+muslims&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjDjvKViZf5AhWLd8AKHa6IAasQ6AF6BAgDEAI|location= |publisher= BRILL|page= 301 |chapter=Buddhists as Natives: Changing Positions in the Religious Ecology of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty

|isbn=9004322582|quote=unclean practices by Indian Buddhist polemics against Islam in the Kālacakra Tantra.54 Tao Zongyi 陶宗儀, in his Nancun chuogenglu ... again whether Musulman or Juqud (Muslim or Jewish), from practicing patrilateral cousin marriage.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Karl |first= Helmut Peter |last=Kupfer |first= Peter |editor-last=Kupfer|editor-first= Peter  |volume= 47 van Ftsk. Publikationen Des Fachbereichs Translations-, Sprach-

author-link= |date=2008 |title=Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCJNQPszu5sC&pg=PA29&dq=mongol+cousin+marriage+jews+muslims&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjDjvKViZf5AhWLd8AKHa6IAasQ6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher=Peter Lang |page=29 |isbn=3631575335|quote=Confucianism bans the marriage of paternal cousins , and even of persons of the same surname . ... I am not sure whether this prohibition could refer to Muslims or to Jews . 2.1.1 . Terms for Jews It is ... 22 , 67 , “ Mongols ” , p .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jackson  |first=Peter |edition=unabridged|author-link= |date=2017 |title=     The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ICGMDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA523&dq=mongol+cousin+marriage+jews+muslims&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjDjvKViZf5AhWLd8AKHa6IAasQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher=Yale University Press |page= 523|isbn=030012533X|quote=Commanders: Tödökech, Hülegü's daughter, married first to Tenggiz Küregen of the Oyirat tribe, was later the wife ... 969 (DzhT, III, 14; CC, 337, omitting Taghai's name), her second husband is called the cousin of her first.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Xu |first=Xin  |last2=Gonen |first2=Rivka  |author-link= |date=2003 |title= The Jews of Kaifeng, China: History, Culture, and Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GAAWkYBNu5sC&pg=PA144&dq=mongol+cousin+marriage+jews+muslims&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjDjvKViZf5AhWLd8AKHa6IAasQ6AF6BAgFEAI |location= |publisher= |page= 144|isbn=0881257915|quote=Because both Jews and Muslims were called hui hui in the past , scholars unfamiliar with the term's origin mistakenly ... such as circumcision , ritual slaughter , and marriage between paternal cousins.38 RELATIONS WITH THE JESUITS AND ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Leslie|first= Donald Daniel |author=Roman Malek|author-link= |date=2017 |title=From Kaifeng to Shanghai: Jews in China |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tj0rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50&dq=mongol+cousin+marriage+jews+muslims&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjDjvKViZf5AhWLd8AKHa6IAasQ6AF6BAgHEAI |location= |publisher=Routledge |page=50 |isbn=1351566296|chaper=Integration, Assimilation, and Survival of Minorities in China: The Case of the Kaifeng Jews |quote=In the Mongol Yuan period (1279-1368), Chinese historical sources mention Jews for the first time, recording that Jews and Muslims were forbidden to circumcise, slaughter ritually for food, or marry paternal cousins.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Naiman |first=Nily  |author-link= |date= 2011|title=Mongolia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkYb-mYaWpMC&pg=PA241&dq=mongol+cousin+marriage+jews+muslims&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjDjvKViZf5AhWLd8AKHa6IAasQ6AF6BAgJEAI |location= |publisher= Chipmunkapublishing ltd|page=241 |isbn=1847476228|quote=Cousin Bella is arriving tomorrow for Nayama's wedding, which will turn Arugul into a fire breathing dragon. ... We are not half-breeds we are multi-breeds, Jewish Muslim Buddhist Chinese Russians and god knows what else, a cocktail of ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stewart |first=Devin J. |last1=Bowering |first1=Gerhard |last2=Crone |first2=Patricia  |last3=Kadi |first3=Wadad  |last4=Mirza |first4=Mahan|last5= Stewart|first5= Devin J.|last6=Zaman   |first6= Muhammad Qasim |others=Contributors Richard Bulliet, David Cook, Roxanne L. Euben, Khaled Fahmy, Frank Griffel, Bernard Haykel, Robert W. Hefner, Timur Kuran, Jane McAuliffe, Ebrahim Moosa

|author-link= |date=2013 |title=              The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought|edition=illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&pg=PA168&dq=mongol+cousin+marriage+jews+muslims&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjDjvKViZf5AhWLd8AKHa6IAasQ6AF6BAgLEAI |location= |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=168 |isbn=0691134847|chapter=family|quote=The Prophet, exceptionally, was not paired with one of the anṣār but with his cousin 'Ali. ... endogamy became highly preferred, especially for females, and Islamic law confirms that a Muslim man may marry a Jewish or Christian woman, ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |edition=illustrated|last=Leslie  |first=Donald |author-link= |issn=0179-261X|volume= 44 of Institut Monumenta Serica Sankt Augustin: Monumenta serica monograph series|date=1998 |title=         Jews and Judaism in Traditional China: A Comprehensive Bibliography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MGgYAQAAIAAJ&q=mongol+cousin+marriage+jews+muslims&dq=mongol+cousin+marriage+jews+muslims&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjDjvKViZf5AhWLd8AKHa6IAasQ6AF6BAgKEAI |location= |publisher= Monumenta Serica Institute|page=41, 15 |isbn=3805004184|quote=Yuan ( Mongol ) Sources The Yuanshi ( YS , History of the Yuan Dynasty ) and Yuandianzhang ( YDZ , Laws and Statutes of the ... They also forbade marriage of paternal cousins by Jews and Muslims ( 1340 ) ( and also of ' father's younger ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Blanc |first=       Charles Le|last2=Blader |first2=Susan  |author-link= |date= 1987|title= Chinese Ideas About Nature and Society: Studies in Honour of Derk Bodde|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N2-k571kpOwC&pg=PA183&dq=mongol+cousin+marriage+jews+muslims&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjDjvKViZf5AhWLd8AKHa6IAasQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher= Hong Kong University Press|page=183 |isbn=962209189X|quote=forbade 'incestuous' marriages:23 'As of 1340, Ta—shih-man [Muslim mullahs], Hui-hui [other Muslims], and Jews will be prohibited from marrying paternal cousins.' 'In c.1340, foreigners are prohibited from marrying their father's ...}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Haplogroup O was found in 1%-1.2% of Persians in one sample.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mehrjoo  |first1=Z|last2=Fattahi  |first2=Z|last3=Beheshtian  |first3=M|last4= Mohseni |first4=M|last5=Poustchi  |first5=H|last6= Ardalani |first6= F|date= 2019|title= Distinct genetic variation and heterogeneity of the Iranian population|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1008385|journal= PLoS Genet |volume= 15|issue=9 |number=|pages=|doi= https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1008385|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fattahi  |first1= Z|last2=Beheshtian  |first2=M|last3=Mohseni |first3=M |date=2019 |title= Iranome: A catalog of genomic variations in the Iranianpopulation|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334689231_Iranome_A_catalog_of_genomic_variations_in_the_Iranian_population|journal=Human Mutation |volume=40 |issue= |number=|pages=|1968–1984doi= https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.23880|access-date=}}</ref><ref>https://twitter.com/nrken19/status/1493354265548570627 https://twitter.com/nrken19/status/1529874531430563841</ref>

 

 

Fujioka Akiyoshi (藤岡 明義) wrote a published diary of his war experiences on Jolo called (Haisen no ki ~ gyokusai chi Horo tō no kiroku )(敗戦の記～玉砕地ホロ島の記録 or 敗残の記: 玉砕地ホロ島の記錄) and a private account "Uijin no ki" (初陣の記).<ref>{{cite book |last= Yoshimi|first= Yoshiaki |others=Translated by        Ethan Mark |edition=illustrated, reprint|date= 2015|series=Weatherhead Books on Asia|title= Grassroots Fascism: The War Experience of the Japanese Peopl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dn0yBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA312&lpg=PA312&dq=%22is+a+record+written+after+the+war+in+an+American+POW+camp%22&source=bl&ots=BhWFrbH8hY&sig=ACfU3U2cq77SufbgHjdsAK97cRSg8Q153w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjG7I-4vJL5AhUTM1kFHRQpDZMQ6AF6BAgCEAM |location= |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=312 |isbn=0231538596|quote=Haisen no ki is a record written after the war in an American POW camp; from Fujioka's second call-up to his arrival at Jolo Island and from his surrender ...}}</ref><ref>https://vdoc.pub/documents/grassroots-fascism-the-war-experience-of-the-japanese-people-translated-and-annoted-by-ethan-mark-2kqjt81hmvs0</ref> His diary mentioned the majority of Japanese on Jolo were slaughtered, succumbing to malaria and to Moro attacks. Japanese corpses littered the ground, decaying, infested with maggots and smelling horrendous. Fukao and other Japanese survivors surrendered to the Americans to avoid being slaughtered by the Moro Muslims and after they were in American custody a group of Moros grasping their daggers saw them and wanted to slaughter them. One Moro mentioned how his 12 year old son was eaten by Japanese soldiers at a mountain and he was slaughtering all Japanese soldiers from that area and Fujioka saw he was wearing the wristwatch of Japanese Sergeant Fukao.<ref>{{cite book |last=藤岡|first=明義  |author-link= |date= 1991|title=敗残の記: 玉砕地ホロ島の記錄 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXSwAAAAIAAJ&dq=%E7%8E%89%E7%A0%95%E5%9C%B0%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AD%E5%B3%B6%E3%81%AE%E8%A8%98%E9%8C%84+%E8%97%A4%E5%B2%A1%E6%98%8E%E7%BE%A9.+%E9%81%B8%E6%9B%B8%29%E3%80%82%E8%97%A4%E5%B2%A1%E6%B0%8F%E3%81%AF%E3%81%84%E3%82%8F%E3%82%86%E3%82%8B%E5%AF%BE%E7%B1%B3%E5%8D%94%E5%8A%9B%E8%80%85%E3%81%A7%E3%81%AF%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%81%8C%E3%80%81%E3%81%82%E3%81%88%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%81%86%E3%81%AA%E3%82%89%E3%82%92%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%91%E5%8A%A0%E5%91%B3%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F+Q+%E3%81%AE%E3%81%AE%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%97%E3%81%A8%E3%81%84%E3%81%86%E3%81%A8%E3%81%93%E3%82%8D%E3%81%A7%E3%81%82%E3%82%8D%E3%81%86%E3%81%8B%E3%80%82%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AD%E5%B3%B6%E3%81%AE%E5%A0%B4%E5%90%88%E3%81%AF%E5%9C%A7%E5%80%92%E7%9A%84%E3%81%AA%E7%81%AB%E5%99%A8%E3%82%92%E6%9C%89%E3%81%97%E3%80%81%E5%88%B6%E7%A9%BA%E3%80%81%E5%88%B6%E6%B5%B7%E6%A8%A9%E3%82%92%E6%8F%A1%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E7%B1%B3%E8%BB%8D%E3%81%AE%E6%94%BB%E6%92%83%E3%81%A7%E4%B8%89%E5%88%86%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%80%E3%82%92%E5%A4%B1%E3%81%84%E3%80%81%E5%9B%B2%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A4%E3%81%A4+...&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%E5%9C%9F%E4%BA%BA  |publisher=中央公論社 |page=258, 11, 155, 205, 155 |isbn=4122017904|quote=Page 258

玉砕地ホロ島の記錄 藤岡明義. 選書)。藤岡氏はいわゆる対米協力者ではないが、あえていうなら「を多少加味した Q の」のタイプというところであろうか。ホロ島の場合は圧倒的な火器を有し、制空、制海権を握った米軍の攻撃で三分の一を失い、囲まれつつ ...

 

Results 1-3 of 4

Page 11

この一篇を、ホ島のツマンタンガス並びにシロマンの山々に、今もなお知る人もなく散在し、ジャングルの腐土に埋まっている、六千名の白骨に捧ぐ。昭和五十三年十二月(注原文では、地名、人名等が略字になっている個処があるが、本書では、できる限り正名 ...

Page 155

この野郎、処置なしだ、人のところへ来て死にやがって。心臓が弱いと、俺のところが死場所になってしまう」こんな会話を聞いても誰一人振り向きもしなかった。我々の周囲には、死体が点々と転がり、腫れ上り、蛆がわき、悪臭に嘔吐を催した。

Page 205

変転極まりなき人の世とは言え、この死の一つに加わるものと思い込んでいた自分が、転進の際残留した者が、そのままの場所で死んでいるものであった。小あばは膨れ上り、ある者は全身蛆に被われ、ある者は半ば白骨となり、甚だしきは土の中かうじ.

 

Page 155

"「ああ、もう死にやがったな。この野郎、処置なしだ、人のところへ来て死にやがって。心臓が弱いと、俺のところが死場所になってしまう」こんな会話を聞いても誰一人振り向きもしなかった。我々の周囲には、死体が点々と転がり、腫れ上り、蛆がわき、悪臭に嘔吐を催した。"

 

この一篇を、ホ島のツマンタンガス並びにシロマンの山々に、今もなお知る人もなく散在し、ジャングルの腐土に埋まっている、六千名の白骨に捧ぐ。昭和五十三年十二月(注原文では、地名、人名等が略字になっている個処があるが、本書では、できる限り正名 ...

 

変転極まりなき人の世とは言え、この死の一つに加わるものと思い込んでいた自分が、転進の際残留した者が、そのままの場所で死んでいるものであった。小あばは膨れ上り、ある者は全身蛆に被われ、ある者は半ば白骨となり、甚だしきは土の中かうじ.}}</ref><ref>https://kosho.or.jp/products/search_list.php?search_word=%E8%97%A4%E5%B2%A1+%E6%98%8E%E7%BE%A9</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= 早 瀬 Hayase|first1=晋 三 Shinzo  |last2= |first2= |date= March 2021|title=戦場体験者の戦記を糺す試み Tries to Rewrite War Memoirs as Ex-soldiers|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723042145/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/wiapstokyu/41/0/41_111/_pdf |journal= 『アジア太平洋討究』|volume= |issue= |number=41|pages=111-141 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>https://jstage.jst.go.jp/article/wiapstokyu/41/0/41_111/_pdf</ref><ref>https://blog.goo.ne.jp/yshide2004/e/25a465ec4225c50b93c236cccbd08244 https://blog.goo.ne.jp/yshide2004/m/200802 http://hide20.web.fc2.com/burogu2.html https://toro.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/army/1307366778/</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

North Vietnamese Mandarins in Tonkin offered their daughters to European ship captains when they visited.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author=Project Muse |date=1997  |title=Journal of Women's History, Volume 9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3YpAAAAYAAJ&q=tonkin+mandarins+foreigners+marry+daughters&dq=tonkin+mandarins+foreigners+marry+daughters&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiD_tCnto75AhWNg1wKHUbYCbUQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher=Indiana University Press|page=13 |isbn=|quote=... a woman as the wife of a foreigner , be it a few days or months or even years , temporary marriages helped create the ... and Captains of Ships have the great men's Daughters offered them , the Mandarins or Noblemen at Tunquin .}}</ref>

 

Chinese were divided into Thanh people (like Totok) and Minh Huong (mixed Chinese Vietnamese like Peranakan) in 1829 by Emperor Minh Mang of the Nguyen dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tran |first=Khanh |editor-last=Suryadinata |editor-first=Leo  |author-link= |date=1997 |title= Ethnic Chinese as Southeast Asians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qv-4ScjTO-AC&pg=PA272&dq=tonkin+mandarins+foreigners+marry+daughters&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiD_tCnto75AhWNg1wKHUbYCbUQ6AF6BAgJEAI |location= |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |page=272 |isbn=9813055502|quote=Until 1829 their children were considered to be Chinese, but later they were regarded as Vietnamese and were ... to reside in Vietnam.10 The preferential treatment for Chinese immigrants and naturalization exercise under Nguyen rules ...|chapter=8 Ethnic Chinese in Vietnam and Their Identity}}</ref>

 

Khmer Krom fought against the Viet Minh.<ref> {{cite book |last= Olson|first=James S. |last2=Roberts  |first2=Randy W. |author-link= |date= 2013|edition=6|title= Where the Domino Fell: America and Vietnam 1945 - 2010|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WQsFAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT56&dq=tonkin+mandarins+foreigners+marry+daughters&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiD_tCnto75AhWNg1wKHUbYCbUQ6AF6BAgGEAI|location= |publisher= John Wiley & Sons|page= |isbn=1118608623|quote=In the late1940s, Ho ChiMinhbrought thousands ofMontagnard toVietminh schoolsin Tonkin for training as teachers, nurses,and political agents. ... Ngo's firstwife died soon aftertheir marriage,but his second wife had nine children.}}</ref>

 

 

 

[[File:青岛从良弼住宅旧址.jpg|thumb|right|Former Residence of Cong Liangbi in Qingdao]]

[[File:青岛市药品检验所.jpg|thumb|left|Former Residence of Cong Liangbi in Qingdao]]

 

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fulong_Road,_Qingdao https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Buildings_of_Qingdao_during_ROC_era https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Qingdao_Heritage_Architecture

 

 

Category:Fulong Road, Qingdao - Wikimedia Commonshttps://commons.wikimedia.org › wiki

 

5 sep. 2018 — Former Residence of Cong Liangbi in Qingdao‎ (2 F). Media in category "Fulong Road, Qingdao". This category contains only the following file ...

 

Category:Buildings of Qingdao during ROC erahttps://commons.wikimedia.org › wiki

 

31 jan. 2019 — F · Former Municipal Exchange Building of Qingdao‎ (6 F) · Former Residence of Cong Liangbi in Qingdao‎ (2 F) ...

 

Category:Qingdao Heritage Architecture - Wikimedia Commonshttps://commons.wikimedia.org › wiki

 

31 jan. 2019 — Former Residence of Cong Liangbi in Qingdao‎ (2 F). Former Residence of German Imperial Judge G.Crusen Tsingtau‎ (3 F).

 

 

The Chinese businessman Cong Liangbi from Shandong ran a match factory during the republican era in China and when he was in Japan he fathered sons with a Japanese women he was in a temporary marriage with, returning to China to his original Chinese wives whent he contract expired.<ref>{{cite book |last= Shi|first=Xia |author-link= |date=2018 |title=At Home in the World: Women and Charity in Late Qing and Early Republican China |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UpBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT169&lpg=PT169&dq=%22cong+liangbi%22&source=bl&ots=NyTQN2RmAt&sig=ACfU3U1AnPvtXxQIs3Cq5U1OiUkTfglf0Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBstL504_5AhWCg1wKHS1KB8MQ6AF6BAgCEAM |location=New York Chichester, West Sussex |publisher= Columbia University Press|doi=https://doi.org/10.7312/shi-18560-008|pages=181-201 |isbn=|chapter=6. Women, Superstition, and the Reorientation Toward Charity|quote=door X Shi · 2018 — The family head was Cong Liangbi (1868–1945, known within the. Daoyuan by his religious name, Tingmeng), who was not only a lead-.

“Jujue chongdang weishizhang—yi zufu Cong Liangbi” (Refusing to be puppet mayor—remembering my grandfather Cong Liangbi). In Penglai wenshi ziliao (Cultural ...}}</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=3UpBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT169&dq=%22cong+liangbi%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOxvCi95D5AhWDYMAKHbKWDDAQ6AF6BAgHEAI</ref> The family head was Cong Liangbi (1868– 1945, known within the Daoyuan by his religious name, Tingmeng), who was not only a leading merchant—as a major founder of the match industry of Shandong in the 1920s—but also president of the ...<ref>https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7312/shi-18560-008/pdf https://ur.u1lib.org/book/3489891/0eaace https://ar.b-ok.lat/book/3489891/0eaace?switchLanguage=ar</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Cochran |first=Sherman |series=Critical perspectives on business and management|edition=illustrated |editor-last= Brown |editor-first=Rajeswary Ampalavanar |author-link= |date=1996 |title=    Chinese Business Enterprise, Volume 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8LkMlsB4dYC&pg=PA217&lpg=PA217&dq=%22cong+liangbi%22&source=bl&ots=Sepakja_aw&sig=ACfU3U0EZegulCicw-sZZ6CCOSkqqo1GRg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBstL504_5AhWCg1wKHS1KB8MQ6AF6BAgfEAM |location= |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=217 |isbn=0415132401|chapter=6 Three Roads into Shanghai's market : Japanese, Western, and Chinese companies in the match trade, 1895-1937* *Source: Frederick Wakeman and Wen-hsin Yeh (eds) Shanghai Sojourners (Berkeley, Cal., University of California Press, 1992) pp. 35-75|quote=... Zhicheng Xiang Zhengang Xiang Zhengang Cong Liangbi Cong Liangbi Cong Liangbi Suzhou Jiujiang Shanghai Shanghai Zhenjiang Hangzhou Tianjin Beijing Jinan ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://gutx.com.tr/story/ldpvBgiclgnf.html |title= Qingdao, uzun zamandır görüşme yok - Yolculuk|last= |first= |date= |website= Yolculuk|publisher= |access-date= |quote=Buna ek olarak, Cong Liangbi, 1922'de Dünya Kırmızı Swastika Topluluğu'nun Qingdao Şubesini kurdu ve 1930'larda Yushan Yolu'ndaki yeni Kızıl Swastika ...}}</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=b8LkMlsB4dYC&pg=PA217&dq=%22cong+liangbi%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOxvCi95D5AhWDYMAKHbKWDDAQ6AF6BAgGEAI ... Hongsheng Liu Hongsheng Shao Erkang Shao Erkang Shao Erkang Zhao Zhicheng Xiang Zhengang Xiang Zhengang Cong Liangbi Cong Liangbi Cong Liangbi Suzhou Jiujiang Shanghai Shanghai Zhenjiang Hangzhou Tianjin Beijing Jinan Jining Qingdao ...</ref><ref>https://slcrb.by/9de4e1/Penis-Enlargement-Before-And-After-Phots/ Penis Enlargement Before And After Phots Slcrbhttps://slcrb.by › Penis-Enlargement...·

... in charge of the lottery center of the zhongdi jiaodong road constituency cong liangbi has not dared to close his eyes in the past 23 hours mr cong.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Jiang 蔣|first1=Hai-bo 海波 |last2= |first2= |date= 2008|title= 日本華僑と近代中国の新興産業 - 華東地域のマッチ産業を例として - Overseas Chinese in Japan and the New Industry in Modern China - A Case Study of the Match Industry in the East China -|url= https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART001342088|journal= 아시아문화연구|volume= 15|issue= |pages= 185-203 (19 pages)|publisher=가천대학교 아시아문화연구소|doi= 10.34252/acsri.2008.15..007|access-date=|quote=... Dong Shuntai (東順泰), a trading company which had been originated in Yantai of Shandong province and was managed by Cong Liangbi（叢良弼) in Japan, ...}}</ref><ref>https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE01164927</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= KUBO |first1=Toru |last2= |first2= |date=2006 |title=The Shandong Economy in Relation to Germany and Japan -1910s-1930s-  |url=https://toyo-bunko.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=3173&file_id=22&file_no=1&nc_session=prfsi7tflqpo03g0asruvd47v2 |journal=The Memoirs of the Toyo Bunko |volume=64 |issue= |pages=77-100 |doi= |access-date=|quote=from Japan through Cong Liangbi 從良弼, an overseas Chinese who had lived in Japan.35) Shi Jingqing 鏡 , the factory manager of the Huaxin.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= 蒋 |first1= 海波|last2= |first2= |date= |title=日本华侨与近代中国火柴业——以华中和华东地区为例的考察

 |url= http://120.196.134.130:8081/Qikan/Search/Index?key=K%3D%E9%99%88%E6%BA%90%E6%9D%A5|journal= 《华侨华人历史研究》|volume= |issue=4 |pages= 45-54,共10页|doi= |access-date=|quote=1篇文章 — ... in Japan ethnic Chinese enterprises match industry Wu Jintang Chen Yuanlai Zhang Youshen Cong Liangbi: 分类号 D634.331.3 [政治法律—政治学].}}</ref><ref>http://120.196.134.130:8081/Qikan/Search/Index?key=K%3DOverseas%2BChinese%2Bin%2BJapan 9篇文章 — ... in japan ethnic chinese enterprises match industry Wu Jintang Chen Yuanlai Zhang Youshen Cong Liangbi: 分类号 D634.331.3 [政治法律—政治学].</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Wakeman  |editor1-first=Frederic E. |editor2-last=Yeh  |editor2-first=Wen-Hsin |others=Contributors  University of California, Berkeley. Center for Chinese Studies, University of California, Berkeley. Institute of East Asian Studies |issue =40 of China research monographs|issn= 0069-3693|date=1992 |title= Shanghai Sojourners, Issue 40; Issue 1992|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uNhxAAAAMAAJ&q=%22cong+liangbi%22&dq=%22cong+liangbi%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOxvCi95D5AhWDYMAKHbKWDDAQ6AF6BAgDEAI|location= |publisher=Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California |page= 60, 345 |isbn=1557290350|quote=... Hongsheng Liu Hongsheng Shao Erkang Shao Erkang Shao Erkang Zhao Zhicheng Xiang Zhengang Xiang Zhengang Cong Liangbi Cong Liangbi Cong Liangbi Suzhou Jiujiang Shanghai Shanghai Zhenjiang Hangzhou Tianjin Beijing Jinan Jining Qingdao ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= Tōyō Bunko (Japan)|date= 2003|title=Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko: (the Oriental Library)., Issues 61-65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KCo8AQAAIAAJ&q=%22cong+liangbi%22&dq=%22cong+liangbi%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOxvCi95D5AhWDYMAKHbKWDDAQ6AF6BAgIEAI  |publisher= Tôyô Bunko.|page= 95 |quote=being imported from Japan during the 1920s.34 ) Zhenye Co. , which dominated the match market in Jinan , imported most of its equipment and raw materials from Japan through Cong Liangbi vit k 5875 , an overseas Chinese who had lived in ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/VisitQingdao/status/1435778398450700299  |date=Sep 9, 2021 |website=Twitter |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>

 

The actress Cong Shan [[w:zh:叢珊|叢珊]] is a granddaughter of Cong Liangbi.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 2022-07-24 13:41 HKT|title=Jiang Jingwei and his era |url= https://inf.news/en/history/cc3ca335bca0abecf5c6443080d1bf76.html|work= iNews |location= |access-date=|quote=20 jan. 2022 — In 1924, Cong Liangbi and Penglai squire Chen Lidong each set up Yinde Primary School with half of the funds, with Cong Chaojie serving as ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 2022-07-24 13:41 HKT|title=In the history of Kunqu Opera, what kind of person is the real Cong Zhaohuan? |url=https://inf.news/en/culture/4059f93cf9d53efe6d1c5d4a85b02c47.html |work=iNews |location= |access-date=|quote=His grandfather was Cong Liangbi, a famous businessman from Qilu. The old gentleman had done business in Japan in his early years. After returning to China, ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 2022-07-24 13:46 HKT|title=Actor Cong Shan's mother has passed away at the age of 87. She was a famous Kunqu Opera artist |url=https://inf.news/en/culture/b26967592b7e3c709f64b53ff6832925.html |work= iNews |location= |access-date=|quote=During the Japanese rule of Qingdao, the ancestor Cong Liangbi founded some modern enterprises, the first match factory in Qingdao, with more than 1,000 ...}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bian Lay Lim (Arnaib Hajal), chairman of the Lupah Sug State Revolutonary Council<ref>{{cite book |last=Omar |first= Ibrahim S.|others=Contributor   Yolanda O. Stern |date=2018 |title= Diary of a Colonized Native: (Years of Hidden Colonial Slavery)|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PyplDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT113&lpg=PT113&dq=bian+lay+lim&source=bl&ots=6vjCwQgJMk&sig=ACfU3U0e2FhPDM1fypOfRp0gWtAHjLKjDw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSxcvvzJD5AhW5EmIAHRCWCDIQ6AF6BAg3EAM|location= |publisher= Partridge Publishing Singapore|page= |isbn=1543743277|quote=While actively involved in the affairs of the MNLF in Sulu, he became Secretary to the Lupah Sug State Revolutionary Committee (LSSRC) Chairman Bian Lay Lim ...}}</ref> led the MNLF against the Philippine military during the battle of Jolo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20170527094721/http://mnlfnet.com/Articles/Editorial_07Feb2013_Revisiting%20the%20Feb%207%20Burning%20of%20Jolo.htm |title= REVISITING THE FEBRUARY 7-8, 1974 BURNING OF JOLO|last= |first= |date=  07 February 2013|website=mnlfnet.com  |access-date= |quote=... MNLF freedom fighters of the Lupah Sug State Revolutonary Council (LSSRC) under Chairman Bian Lay Lim (Arnaib Hajal) and Vice-Chairman Bagindah Alih, ...

}}</ref><ref>https://suluonlinelibrary.wordpress.com/major-events/1974-burning-of-jolo-2/burning-of-jolo-mnlf-account/</ref> He was also Chairman for Economic Affairs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Castro |first=Delfin   |date=2005 |title=A Mindanao Story: Troubled Decades in the Eye of the Storm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3FwAAAAMAAJ&q=bian+%22arnaib+hajal%22&dq=bian+%22arnaib+hajal%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjI_KyAxZD5AhXcSkEAHYZSDB8Q6AF6BAgCEAI  |publisher= the author|page=373 |isbn=|quote=Bian Arnaib Hajal 11. Sakirul Daie 12. Ustadz Arsad Hassan 13. Ustadz Abuharis Usan 14. Kagim Jajurie 15. Sirhandi Sirhan - Chairman , Central Committee , MNLF Vice - Chairman , Central Committee , MNLF - Secretary - General , Central ...}}</ref>

 

Bian Lay Lim was among the first group of students who joined the MNLF in Pulao Pangkor, Malaysia in January 1969. He was later among the MNLF provincial chairmen with Jolo as his area of command.<ref>{{cite book |last=Castro |first=Delfin   |date=2005 |title=A Mindanao Story: Troubled Decades in the Eye of the Storm |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l3FwAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Bian+Lay+Lim%22&dq=%22Bian+Lay+Lim%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwie2qPIxJD5AhUITMAKHZo4DtwQ6AF6BAgIEAI |publisher= the author|page=6, 10, 408|isbn=|quote=The first batch of the "Top 90" numbering twenty, mostly youth and students from Manila, left for Sabah via Sitio Karungdong, Luuk, Sulu for Kota Kinabalu. After some delay, they were brought late in January 1969 to Pualao Pangkor, an island off West Malaysia. To this this first batch belonged Ali Sansaluna , Dimasankay Pundato , Bian Lay Lim , Hudan Abubakar , Sali Wali , Lamit Hassan , Amilphasa Bandaying and Jamil Lucman . The second batch of twenty - one headed by Uttoh Salahudin arrived in ...

 

detachment but at the cost of his life. Various supplies and weapons, including a 100mm recoil-less rifle, an 81mm mortar, a Cal. 50 machinegun, and two Cal. 30 machineguns were left behind and taken by the rebels. Fighting then spread to other towns of Jolo island.

Feeling the need for more firearms and ammunition to sustain their momentum, the group of Mass Bawang went to Tambisan, Sabah to bring the problem to Nur Misuari, who at that time, was meeting with MNLF provincial chairmen including Ali Sansarona, Bian Lay Lim, Hudan Abubakar and Alawi Mohammad regarding internal problems affecting the MNLF leadership.

 

4. Abdulamanan ABBAS Cotabato 5. Subtaraji MORABI Zamboanga City 6. Amilpasa BANDAYING Zamboanga del Sur 7. Isah AKMAROL Zamboanga City 8. Ahmad SUMANDAL Jolo, Sulu 9. Bian Lay LIM @ Bian Hamjani Jolo, Sulu 10. Sali WALI Zamboanga del Sur}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Bandaying |first=Amilpasa T. |date= |title= THE BANGSAMORO STORY (The Real Story Behind the Struggle)|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/297251872/The-Bangsamoro-Story |work= |location= |access-date=|quote=Sumandal and Bian Lay Lim. It was only months after that Prof. Misuari arrived at Pangkor Island along with the group called 2nd Batch and there, the Moro ...}}</ref><ref>https://www.scribd.com/document/445960847/THE-BANGSAMORO-STORY-The-Real-Strory-Behind-the-Struggle-Working-Draft</ref>

 

A joint attack on 3 September against Philippine military forces was planned by Hadji Isacah Tahir of Tawi-Tawi, Sikal Sahidbad, Alvarez Isnadji and Bin Lay Lim of Sulu, Davao, Cotabato, Lanao, BAsilan, Zamboanga city and Palawan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pobre  |first=Cesar P. |edition=illustrated|author-link= |date=2000 |title=History of the Armed Forces of the Filipino People |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RzfAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Bian+Lay+Lim%22&dq=%22Bian+Lay+Lim%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwie2qPIxJD5AhUITMAKHZo4DtwQ6AF6BAgFEAI  |publisher=New Day Publishers |page= 544|isbn=9711010410 |quote=On the whole , the operations resulted in 13 KIAs on the government side and 36 KIAs and 60 WIAs on the enemy side ...

occupied the marketplace , and the 18th Infantry Battalion moved back to cover the culvert area at Tubig Samin . ...

In this conference , rebel leaders from Palawan , Zamboanga City , Basilan , Lanao , Cotabato , Davao , and Sulu headed by Bian Lay Lim , Alvarez Isnadji and Sikal Sahidbad , and Tawi-Tawi leaders, headed by Hadji Isahac Tahir, were present. They conferred on their plans to conduct simultaneous operations against government forces starting 3 September , coinciding with the celebration of MESFU , the Muslim equivalent of All Saints ' Day .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |others=Contributor        Foreign Affairs Circle, Petersham, England |date=1974 |title= East West Digest, Volume 10, Part 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f6KyAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Bian+Lay+Lim%22&dq=%22Bian+Lay+Lim%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwie2qPIxJD5AhUITMAKHZo4DtwQ6AF6BAgCEAI  |publisher= Foreign Affairs Publishing Company|page= 3 |isbn=|quote=... C. , 168 Betteridge , Mrs. M. , 167 Bezhuly , Volodymyr , 663 Bian Lay Lim , 302 Bidwell , Sydney , M.P. , 486 , 762 Big Flame , 248-249 , 408-409 , 529 , 530 , 730-731 , 859 Big Flame Group , 858-861 Big Flame Ford Special No.}}</ref>

A barbed wire ringed prison, transport vehicles, fuel barrels were all available on the Tambisan cantonment which was commanded by Bian Lay Lim and Dr. Salih Long in eastern coastal Sabah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Crisostomo |first= Isabelo T.  |date=1997| issue= 3 of Presidential books series|title=President Fidel V. Ramos: Builder, Reformer, Peacemaker |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RsBwAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Bian+Lay+Lim%22&dq=%22Bian+Lay+Lim%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwie2qPIxJD5AhUITMAKHZo4DtwQ6AF6BAgEEAI|location= |publisher= J. Kriz Pub. Enterprises|page=50 |isbn=9719105062|quote=Their training camp was at Tambisan Point , the midsection of Sabah's eastern seaboard . ...

the midsection of Sabah's eastern seaboard. Tambisan eventually became a cantonment under Dr. Salih Long and Bian Lay Lim of Sulu and an Australian mercenary called “ Commander Jack . ” Tambisan stockpiled an assortment of barrels of fuel , transportation , and a concentration camp enclosed in barbed wire , with 50 FIDEL V.}</ref>

 

Bian Lay Lim became part of the central committee of the MNLF after 21 September, 1972 when martial law was declared.<ref>{{cite news |last= Guzman |first= Sara Soliven De |date=September 30, 2013 |title=The Bangsamoro story |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2013/09/30/1239684/bangsamoro-story |work=The Philippine Star   |access-date=|quote=30 Sept 2013 — ... Salamat Hashim, Dimasangkay ‘Dimas’ Pundato and Bian Lay Lim. The MNLF was the Bangsamoro army during those perilous times.

... Dimasangkay ‘Dimas’ Pundato and Bian Lay Lim. The MNLF was the Bangsamoro army during those perilous times. These young men fought valiantly.}}</ref><ref>https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2013/09/30/1239684/bangsamoro-story?nomobile=1</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last= Mangandili |first=Cecil H. |date= |title= Bangsamoro Army's in Maguindanao|type= Reserach in Political Science|chapter= |publisher= Sultan Kudarat Educational Institution College of Nursing, School of Midwifery and Education Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat|docket= |oclc= |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/349294024/Charima-Research |access-date=|quote=and Bian Lay Lim. The MNLF was the Bangsamoro army during those perilous times. These young men fought valiantly. Alonto came down from the hills in 1976 in ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author= Office of the Army Chief Historian PHILIPPINE ARMY Fort Andres Bonifacio, Metro Manila|date=March 2011 |title= HISTORY of the PHILIPPINE ARMY(1945 - 1985)|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/390882659/PA-History-Vol-II |edition=1st|volume=II |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn=978-971-011-308-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Marohomsalic |first=Nasser A.   |date=2001 |title= Aristocrats of the Malay Race: A History of the Bangsa Moro in the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s3ZwAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Bian+Lay+Lim%22&dq=%22Bian+Lay+Lim%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwie2qPIxJD5AhUITMAKHZo4DtwQ6AF6BAgDEAI  |publisher=N.A. Marohomsalic |page=186 |quote=... 1972 , the membership of the Central Committee was expanded to include Ahmad ' Bong ' Sumandal , Ali ' Clay ' Sansaluna , Amelil ' Ronnie ' Malaguiok , Salamat Hashim , Dimasangkay ' Dimas ' Pundato and Bian Lay Lim.43 As soon as the 90 Moro youth arrived in Mindanao after a year of training in Malaysia or in the early part of 1971, they embarked on ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |title= TEXT OF 070920 FINAL PAPER|url=https://pdfslide.tips/documents/070920-final-paper.html |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date=|quote=Kasama ng grupong itoy sina Ali Sansaluna, Dimansankay Pundato, Bian Lay Lim, Hudan Abubakar, Sali Wali, Lamit Hassan, Alimphasa Bandaying at Jamil Lucman.}}</ref><ref>https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:igtKhSjyY34J:https://fdocuments.net/document/070920-final-paper.html https://vdocuments.mx/amp/070920-final-paper.html</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=福島  |first1= 光丘|last2= |first2= |date= 1980|title= マルコス・ペースの正常化に試練 : 1979年のフィリピン

|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/288458067.pdf |journal=  アジア動向年報　|volume= |series= アジア動向年報|issue= |pages= [331]-376|doi=|publisher= アジア経済研究所

権利 Copyrights 日本貿易振興機構（ジェトロ）アジア 経済研究所 / Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization (IDE-JETRO) http://www.ide.go.jp シリーズタイトル |access-date=|quote=by 福島光丘 — bakar, Bian Lay Lim) もどのためジェッダに着いたと. いう。マングラプスは、 米国の支持を挙げてミスワリに. 訪米を促したという。}}</ref> Southern Jolo was the area of command for Bian Lay Lim.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 1978|title= |url=https://archive.org/stream/NewsUK1978UKEnglish/Nov%2010%201978%2C%20The%20Times%2C%20%2360455%2C%20UK%20%28en%29_djvu.txt |work= The Times |location=UK |access-date=|quote=The other leader, Bian Lay Lim, is operating on the south¬ ern flank of the island. Bui Usman AJi, whose family have led a revolt against successive ...}}</ref>

 

The MNLF denounced Japan, America, Spain and the Philippines as evil colonizers of the Moros<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20150930185637/http://mnlfnet.com/Articles/BYC_29July2012_Reclaiming%20Bangsamoro%20Humanity%20from%20Foreign%20Colonizers.htm |title=RECLAIMING BANGSAMORO HUMANITY FROM FOREIGN COLONIZERS |author=RRayhanR  |date= 29 JuLY 2012 |website=mnlfnet.com   |access-date= }}</ref> while praising China as the friend of the Moros.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20150514060042/http://www.mnlfnet.com:80/Articles/Editorial_11August2012_Impact%20of%20Possible%20China-Phil%20War%20Within%20Filipino-Moro%20War%20in%20Mindanao.htm |title= IMPACT OF POSSIBLE CHINA-PHILIPPINES WAR |last= |first= |date= 11 August 2012 |website= mnlfnet.com |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://web.archive.org/web/20151002225907/http://mnlfnet.com/Articles/BYC_17July2012_Open%20Letter%20to%20President%20Barrack%20Obama.htm|title=An Open Letter to US President Barack Obama |author=RRayhanR |date= 17 JuLY 2012 |website=mnlfnet.com   |access-date= }}</ref> The MNLF spokesman threatened that the MNLF would support China if the Philippines and America went to war against China.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/mnlfnet/status/465060952686080001 |first= |date=May 10, 2014 |website= twitter  |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://twitter.com/mnlfnet/status/888565502540263430 |date= Jul 22, 2017|website= twitter  |access-date=}}</ref>

 

 

 

https://suluonlinelibrary.wordpress.com/2014/04/09/sulu-history-and-the-chinese/

https://rightways.wordpress.com/2013/03/14/sulu-chinese-nationals/

https://rightwaysrichard.blogspot.com/2013/03/sulu-history-and-chinese.html

https://rightway-tan.blogspot.com/2013/03/sulu-history-and-chinese.html

https://rightways-tan1.blogspot.com/2013/03/sulu-history-and-chinese.html

https://dinmerican.wordpress.com/2013/03/13/52553/#comment-181676

https://dinmerican.wordpress.com/2013/03/12/the-story-behind-cession-money/#comment-181672

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Japanese killed 4 million Indonesians.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baird  |first1=J. Kevin |last2= |first2= |date= January 1, 2016|title= War Crimes in Japan-Occupied Indonesia: Unraveling the Persecution of Achmad Mochtar|url=https://apjjf.org/2016/01/4-Baird.html |journal=Japan Focus: The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume= 14|issue= 1 |number=4|pages= |doi= |access-date=}}</ref>

 

 

 

<ref>{{cite book |last=Tanaka  |first=Yuki  |date=2003 |title=Japan's Comfort Women |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mV5dymPXNBgC&pg=PA78&lpg=PA78&dq=%22Dutch+were+equally+indifferent+to+victims+who+were+not+white+and+Dutch%22&source=bl&ots=BgKtP-Z6c_&sig=ACfU3U1mATjKt67PwRrlZi1bm1Opiz41ag&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNqezh2Yn5AhXlEGIAHUpgAEIQ6AF6BAgDEAM  |publisher=Routledge |page=78-82, 85, 86 |isbn=1134650124|quote=As much as the Japanese were unconcerned about the exploitation of non-Europeans, the Dutch were equally indifferent to victims who were not white and Dutch. However, there were at least two exceptional cases brought by the Dutch ...}}</ref><ref>https://dokumen.pub/japans-comfort-women-asias-transformations-1nbsped-0415194008-9780415194006.html</ref><ref>{{cite book |edition=illustrated|last=Stetz |first=Margaret D. |last2=Oh |first2= Bonnie B. C.  |date= 2015|title= Legacies of the Comfort Women of World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RW2mBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA61&lpg=PA61&dq=%22Dutch+were+equally+indifferent+to+victims+who+were+not+white+and+Dutch%22&source=bl&ots=ozYfy_LQDT&sig=ACfU3U3_1vEWFDobD0Ez3_v4ZfUeGWHSKw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNqezh2Yn5AhXlEGIAHUpgAEIQ6AF6BAgCEAM |location= |publisher=Routledge |page= 61-68|isbn=131746625X|quote=... Japanese were unconcerned about the exploitation of non-Europeans, so too the Dutch were equally indifferent to victims who were not white and Dutch.}}</ref>

 

 

Sukarno prostituted Indonesian girls from ethnic groups like Minangkabau to the Japanese.<ref>{{cite book |last=lehman jr. |first= don |title= Colonialism to Independence: Southeast Asia (1511-2014)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rma3BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA139&dq=sukarno+prostitution+japanese&hl=en&newbks=1#v=onepage&q=sukarno%20prostitution%20japanese&f=false |publisher=Lulu .com |page=139 |isbn=1312605391|quote=After seizing control of the Dutch East Indies early in 1942, the Japanese brought Sukarno, the Javanese freedom fighter that we met previously, back from exile to assist in the rule, or should we say domination, of the Indonesian archipelago. As such, Sukarno viewed the Japanese as his personal liberators. Even after discovering their true intent, Sukarno continued to cooperate with the Japanese by providing them with prostitutes and slave labour. His intent was presumably to bide his time and place his party in a position to further Javanese independence in the long term. Although 200,000 Javanese lost their lives during this dire time, }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Penders |first= Christian Lambert Maria|date=1974 |title= The Life and Times of Sukarno|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WswLAAAAIAAJ&q=%22This+impression+is+reinforced+by+Sukarno%27s+own+glowing+reports26+of+how+he+was+successful+in+regulating+rice+supplies+in+Padang+and+in+procuring+prostitutes+for+the+Japanese+soldiers+,+activities+which+cannot+exactly+be+described+as+...%22&dq=%22This+impression+is+reinforced+by+Sukarno%27s+own+glowing+reports26+of+how+he+was+successful+in+regulating+rice+supplies+in+Padang+and+in+procuring+prostitutes+for+the+Japanese+soldiers+,+activities+which+cannot+exactly+be+described+as+...%22&hl=en&newbks=1  |edition=illustrated |publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson |page=64 |isbn=0283484144|quote=This impression is reinforced by Sukarno's own glowing reports26 of how he was successful in regulating rice supplies in Padang and in procuring prostitutes for the Japanese soldiers , activities which cannot exactly be described as ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Friend  |first=Theodore |edition=unabridged|date=2009 |title= Indonesian Destinies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_w6Mn4xRLt8C&pg=PA27&dq=sukarno+prostitution+japanese&hl=en&newbks=1#v=onepage&q=sukarno%20prostitution%20japanese&f=false  |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=27 |isbn=0674037359|quote=Sukarno's first administrative act, he acknowledges, was to gather 120 prostitutes as "volunteers" to be penned in a special camp for service to Japanese soldiers. He congratulated himself on simultaneously enhancing the women's income, sating the lust of the invaders, and thereby protecting virtuous Minangkabau maidens.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Levenda |first=Peter |date= 2011|title=Tantric Temples: Eros and Magic in Java |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UsyhkoJTqzYC&pg=PA52&dq=sukarno+prostitution+japanese&hl=en&newbks=1#v=onepage&q=sukarno%20prostitution%20japanese&f=false  |publisher=Nicolas-Hays, Inc. |page= 52|isbn=0892546018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Geerken |first=Horst H. |date= 2015|title= A Gecko for Luck: 18 years in Indonesia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqhUdrlRDFUC&pg=PA145&dq=peta+prostitutes+japanese+indonesian&hl=en&newbks=1#v=onepage&q=peta%20prostitutes%20japanese%20indonesian&f=false |edition=2 |publisher= BoD – Books on Demand|page=145 |isbn=3839152488}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Krausse|first= Gerald H. |last2= Krausse|first2= Sylvia C. Engelen|edition=2|volume=Volume 170 of ABC-CLIO World Bibliographical Volume 170 of World bibliographical series |date=1994 |title=Indonesia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7KoUAQAAIAAJ&q=%22had+to+wear+identification+tags+.+Some+270,000+Indonesians+were+conscripted+to+work+in+Burma+,+but+only+7,000+returned+;+many+thousands+were+kept+in+Japan+as+prisoners+of+war+and+never+came+back+.+Indonesian+women+were+routinely+rounded+up+to+serve+as+prostitutes+in+Japanese+army+camps+.%22&dq=%22had+to+wear+identification+tags+.+Some+270,000+Indonesians+were+conscripted+to+work+in+Burma+,+but+only+7,000+returned+;+many+thousands+were+kept+in+Japan+as+prisoners+of+war+and+never+came+back+.+Indonesian+women+were+routinely+rounded+up+to+serve+as+prostitutes+in+Japanese+army+camps+.%22&hl=en&newbks=1  |publisher=Clio Press |page= xxviii|isbn=1851091270|quote=had to wear identification tags . Some 270,000 Indonesians were conscripted to work in Burma , but only 7,000 returned ; many thousands were kept in Japan as prisoners of war and never came back . Indonesian women were routinely rounded up to serve as prostitutes in Japanese army camps .}}</ref>

 

 

Upper class Indonesian women held a sex party with foreign men to have mixed race children.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://indonesiaexpat.id/news/sex-party-to-create-mixed-babies-in-indonesia/|title=Sex Party to Create Mixed Babies in Indonesia |last= |first= |date=September 16, 2020          |website= Indonesia Expat }}</ref>

 

Pontianak

*http://kerajaan-indonesia.blogspot.com/2008/10/sultan-syarif-abubakar-alkadri-of.html

*https://restorasiborneo.blogspot.com/2010/10/syarif-saleh-al-aydrus.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

Han Chinese Green Standard Army officer Shen Qiliang from Jiangsu published books on how to learn Manchu in 1682 and 1682.<ref>    {{cite book |edition=illustrated|last=Saarela |first= Mårten Söderblom |series=Encounters with Asia Series|author-link= |date=2020 |title= The Early Modern Travels of Manchu: A Script and Its Study in East Asia and Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjffDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=%22shen+qiliang%22&source=bl&ots=EX9eMUFLAT&sig=ACfU3U0DLMT8kSf6G8IUBDU1tQBgDT6mug&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjIz8Ogi4b5AhXAEGIAHU3qCdwQ6AF6BAgCEAM |location= |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |page=64  |isbn=0812252071|quote=In addition, manuscript syllabaries in the style of Liao's Shier zitou are also extant.66 Shen Qiliang's Pedagogical Publications In 1686, Shen Qiliang ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |others=Contributor    Benjamin A. Elman|edition=reprint|last= |first= |series=Sinica Leidensia|author-link= |date= 2014|title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Q6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183&lpg=PA183&dq=%22shen+qiliang%22&source=bl&ots=zy810WYH85&sig=ACfU3U3lWD5JKND962NmlNupLO5jyLSHIA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjIz8Ogi4b5AhXAEGIAHU3qCdwQ6AF6BAgUEAM |location= |publisher=BRILL |page=183 |isbn=900427927X|quote=It was primarily in private and commercial publishing that Shen Qiliang's lexicographic arrangement would develop.34 By 1780, almost a century after the ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Saarela|first1= Mårten Söderblom |last2= |first2= |date=2014 |title=Shier zitou jizhu (Collected notes on the twelve heads): A Recently Discovered Work by Shen Qiliang |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/s/saksaha/13401746.0012.003/--shier-zitou-jizhu-collected-notes-on-the-twelve-heads?rgn=main;view=fulltext|journal= Saksaha: A Journal of Manchu Studies  |volume= 12|issue= |publisher=Princeton University|pages= |doi= https://doi.org/10.3998/saksaha.13401746.0012.003|access-date=}}</ref><ref>https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx/shier-zitou-jizhu-collected-notes-on-the-twelve-heads.pdf?c=saksaha;idno=13401746.0012.003;format=pdf</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://talesofmanchulife.wordpress.com/2019/01/22/shen-qiliangs-manchu-works/ |title=Shen Qiliang’s Manchu works |last= |first= |date= 22 January 2019|website=tales of manchu life        |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Saarela |first= Mårten Söderblom |author-link= |date= 2020|title=  The Early Modern Travels of Manchu|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.9783/9780812296938-004/pdf |location= |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press  |page= |isbn=doi=https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812296938-004|chapter=Chapter 2. The Beijing Origins of Manchu Language Pedagogy, 1668–1730}}</ref><ref>https://inasentence.net/Shen_Qiliang</ref><ref>{{cite book |edition=illustrated|last= Saarela|first= Mårten Söderblom |series=Encounters with Asia Series|author-link= |date=2020 |title=The Early Modern Travels of Manchu: A Script and Its Study in East Asia and Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjffDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64&dq=%22shen+qiliang%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiupvCckIb5AhUxM1kFHVLlCKEQ6AF6BAgFEAI |location= |publisher= University of Pennsylvania Press|page=64 |isbn=0812252071|quote=In addition, manuscript syllabaries in the style of Liao's Shier zitou are also extant.66 Shen Qiliang's Pedagogical Publications In 1686, Shen Qiliang 沈啟亮(fl. 1645–93), of Loudong 婁東(Taicang 太倉 prefecture) in the lower Yangzi ...}}</ref><ref>https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.9783/9780812296938-004/pdf https://ebin.pub/download/the-early-modern-travels-of-manchu-a-script-and-its-study-in-east-asia-and-europe-9780812252071.html https://ebin.pub/the-early-modern-travels-of-manchu-a-script-and-its-study-in-east-asia-and-europe-9780812252071.html https://dokumen.pub/the-early-modern-travels-of-manchu-a-script-and-its-study-in-east-asia-and-europe-0812252071-9780812252071.html https://dokumen.pub/the-early-modern-travels-of-manchu-a-script-and-its-study-in-east-asia-and-europe-9780812252071.html</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=Contributor     Benjamin A. Elman|series=Sinica Leidensia|author-link= |date= 2014|title=Rethinking East Asian Languages, Vernaculars, and Literacies, 1000–1919 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Q6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183&dq=%22shen+qiliang%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiupvCckIb5AhUxM1kFHVLlCKEQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher=BRILL |page=183 |isbn=900427927X|edition=reprint|quote=It was primarily in private and commercial publishing that Shen Qiliang's lexicographic arrangement would develop.34 By 1780, almost a century after the initial publication of Shen's dictionary, five major alphabetically arranged ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Adolphson|first= Mikael S. |editor-last= Hanan|editor-first= Patrick |issue= 1 of Harvard-Yenching Library studies|volume = 1 of Harvard-Yenching Library studies: Harvard Yenching Library|author-link= |date= 2003|title=Treasures of the Yenching: Seventy-fifth Anniversity of the Harvard-Yenching Library : Exhibition Catalogue |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OksPvlsQOZEC&pg=PA94&dq=%22shen+qiliang%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiupvCckIb5AhUxM1kFHVLlCKEQ6AF6BAgIEAI |location= |publisher= Chinese University Press|page=94 |isbn=9629961024|quote=This translation of the famous Chinese - language primer was done by Shen Qiliang , the author of Da Qing quanshu 大清全書( The complete book of the Great Qing dynasty ) . Each page carries the Chinese text in classical and vernacular ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Brokaw |editor1-first=Cynthia J.  |editor2-last= Chow |editor2-first=Kai-Wing |others=Contributors               American Council of Learned Societies, ProQuest (Firm)|author-link= |series=ACLS Fellows' Publications ACLS Humanities E-Book|date=2005 |title=               Printing and Book Culture in Late Imperial China |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMckDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA531&dq=%22shen+qiliang%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiupvCckIb5AhUxM1kFHVLlCKEQ6AF6BAgJEAI |location= |publisher=University of California Press |page= 531|edition=illustrated|isbn=0520231260|quote=... and print vs. performance, 291 Shen Nanpin, 406–7 Shennong bencao jingdu, 223 Shen Qiliang, 314, 316 shenqing (spiritualized emotion), 281, 297 Shenshi beizhi shisanfang Shanghaizhi zupu (Xiaoyi Qimen), 348 Shenshi zhipu (Pudong), ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Nappi  |first=Carla |series=Global Asias|author-link= |date= 2021|title= Translating Early Modern China: Illegible Cities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ieMmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123&dq=%22shen+qiliang%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiupvCckIb5AhUxM1kFHVLlCKEQ6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher=Oxford University Press |page= 123 |isbn=019263626X|quote=On the system of twelve " heads , ” see the detailed study of Shen Qiliang's work on the topic in Mårten Söderblom Saarela , “ Shier zitou jizhu ( Collected notes on the twelve heads ) : A Recently Discovered Work by Shen Qiliang ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Schlesinger  |first=Jonathan |author-link= |date= 2017|title=              A World Trimmed with Fur: Wild Things, Pristine Places, and the Natural Fringes of Qing Rule|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aCKaDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA34&dq=%22shen+qiliang%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiupvCckIb5AhUxM1kFHVLlCKEQ6AF6BAgHEAI |location= |publisher= Stanford University Press|page=34 |isbn=1503600688|quote=Shen Qiliang (fl. 1645–1693) tackled the problem most directly in his Da Qing quanshu (1683), the first Manchu–Chinese dictionary.95 He compiled the dictionary for practical reasons; the ruling elite spoke and wrote in Manchu, ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Yong|first= Heming |last2=Peng |first2=Jing  |author-link= |date=2008 |title=Chinese Lexicography: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYFBtTUZFxEC&pg=PA455&dq=%22shen+qiliang%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiupvCckIb5AhUxM1kFHVLlCKEQ6AF6BAgKEAI |location= |publisher=OUP Oxford |page= 455 |isbn=0191561673|quote=... 274 Quan Zhen 全真 373 Ruan Yuan 阮元 270, 312, 314, 315 Seng Xingjun 僧行均 198 Shang Yang 商鞅 64 Shao Jinhan 邵晋涵 74 Shen Chenglin 沈乘麐 362 Shen Kuo 沈括 208, 233, 234 Shen Qiliang 沈启亮 397 Shen Yue 沈约 239, 241, 242, ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |edition=illustrated|editor-last= Fuertes-Olivera|editor-first=Pedro A.  |author-link= |series=Routledge Handbooks in Linguistics|date=2017 |title= The Routledge Handbook of Lexicography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUk4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1392&dq=%22shen+qiliang%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiupvCckIb5AhUxM1kFHVLlCKEQ6AF6BAgLEAI |location= |publisher= Routledge|page= |isbn=135159964X|quote=... S. 643 Shabdkosh 587, 591–592 Shakhmatov, A. 620 Shen, D. 391 ShenKuo 528 Shen Qiliang 525 Shridhar Bhasha Kosh 587–588 Shrivastava, M. L. 589 ShuXincheng 529 sign language see Dictionary of New Zealand Sign Language (DNZSL) Sijens, ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Kim |first=Loretta |editor1-last=Weiers |editor1-first=Michael  |editor2-last=Kämpfe  |editor2-first=Hans-Rainer |author-link= |date=1995 |title=Tunguso Sibirica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPgJ-Ta5TEYC&pg=PA102&dq=%22shen+qiliang%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiupvCckIb5AhUxM1kFHVLlCKEQ6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher= Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|page=102 |isbn=0946-0349|quote=... Shen Ch'i - liang and his works on the Manchu Language ” ( Proceedings of the Third East Asian Altaistic Conference , Taipei , 1969 ) for information on the late 17th - century dic66 67 68 69 70 71 tionaries of Shen Qiliang ,.|chapter=Illumination and Reverence: Language, Identity, and Power in the Prefaces of the Manchu Mirrors}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rawski  |first=Evelyn S. \|author-link= |date= 1998|title=The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5iN5J9G76h0C&pg=PA469&dq=%22shen+qiliang%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiupvCckIb5AhUxM1kFHVLlCKEQ6AF6BAgGEAI|location= |publisher=University of California Press |page= 469|isbn=052092679X|quote=See Office of Shamanism Shen Qiliang , 37 Shenben i * ( god books ) , 241 Shendian Time ( shamanic sacrificial hall ) , 236 Sheng baozuo IT E ( ascend the precious throne ) , 204 Sheng zuo BP ( mount the throne ) , 204 Shengjing .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |issue = 40 of Studies in the History of the Language Sciences Series\volume= 40 of Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science: Studies in the history of the language sciences|last= Chien |first=David  |last2=Creamer |first2=Thomas  |editor-last=Hartmann  |editor-first=R. R. K. |others=Contributor        University of Exeter. Dictionary Research Centre|author-link= |date=1986 |title=The History of Lexicography: Papers from the Dictionary Research Centre Seminar at Exeter, March 1986 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cKT4L5Qg7ZkC&pg=PA39&lpg=PA39&dq=%22%22Shen+states+in+the+preface+that+he+intends+his+dictionary+to+be+exhaustive&source=bl&ots=tTR93kbcFd&sig=ACfU3U333UbYJeLPRRMwDUPwlTthyX2mTQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjqpO3b0Ib5AhUkEmIAHdO4CM0Q6AF6BAgkEAM |location= |publisher= John Benjamins Publishing |page= 39|isbn=9027245231|quote=Shen states in the preface that he intends his dictionary to be exhaustive and to act as a "ladder" for those learning Manchu. He goes to great lengths in ...|chapter=A Brief History of Chinese Bilingual Lexicography}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |edition=illustrated|last=Saarela  |first=Mårten Söderblom |series=Encounters with Asia|author-link= |date=2020 |title= The Early Modern Travels of Manchu: A Script and Its Study in East Asia and Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PX3nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=%22%22the+eighth+section%22+%22of+the+first+syllabary%22+%22that+published+(1682)%22&source=bl&ots=H6yTkLG1ae&sig=ACfU3U375qssuV4Buk0V37bgXF_C2ayHOQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjozr_U0Yb5AhW0LFkFHSCQAC4Q6AF6BAgvEAM |location= |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |page= 66|isbn=0812296931|quote=The eighth section (final in – t) of the first syllabary that Shen Qiliang published (1682). Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin— Preußischer Kulturbesitz, ...}}</ref><ref>https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.9783/9780812296938-009/pdf https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.9783/9780812296938-004/pdf https://ebin.pub/the-early-modern-travels-of-manchu-a-script-and-its-study-in-east-asia-and-europe-9780812252071.html https://books.google.com/books?id=PX3nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=%22%22the+eighth+section%22+%22+first+syllabary+that+Shen+Qiliang+published+(1682).%22&source=bl&ots=H6yTkLG4bb&sig=ACfU3U1ZngJoQWMO7DZOOcm_elXCfpaukQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjonuTm0ob5AhUgM1kFHdUXA40Q6AF6BAgDEAM</ref><ref>{{cite book |series=Global Asias|last= Nappi |first=Carla |author-link= |date= 2021|title=Translating Early Modern China: Illegible Cities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ieMmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123&lpg=PA123&dq=%22%22the+eighth+section%22+%22+first+syllabary+that+Shen+Qiliang+published+(1682).%22&source=bl&ots=XcCtR8ZPBs&sig=ACfU3U1BBQIY5to-dt8XGGnd9fqmxtE0mQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjonuTm0ob5AhUgM1kFHdUXA40Q6AF6BAgCEAM |location= |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=123 |isbn=019263626X|quote=While we are not looking at dictionaries in this chapter , if you'd like to supplement your thinking about lexicography from reading the first chapter of ...}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lin Nu's paternal nephew Li Guangqi wrote about Han Chinese who married Semu women and their children became like their mothers and wives. "''there are among them real semu, false semu, and also those who follow their wives to become semu, or who followed their mothers in practicing divergent customs. They thus brought disorder into our race (zulei), they despise our rules and do not respect our morality.''" after his uncle Lin Nu married an Iranian Semu woman.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Abt |first=Oded  |date=January 2012 |title=Muslim Ancestry and Chinese Identity in Southeast China |type= THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE “DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY”|chapter= |publisher=Tel Aviv University The Lester & Sally Entin Faculty of Humanities School of Historical Studies |docket= |oclc= |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/arena-attachments/2168163/afd1cac728ac6989b73ba7f771dbba44.pdf?1526185838 |access-date=|pages=196, 197}} </ref>

 

 

Both cross cousin marriage and paternal parallel cousin marriage are practiced by Tausug Moro Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |date=1974 |title=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLQaAQAAIAAJ&q=cousin+marriage+tausug&dq=cousin+marriage+tausug&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiB18qX04X5AhXNgVwKHQwyD9sQ6AF6BAgJEAI |location= |publisher=University of San Carlos. |page=129, 126, 132 |isbn=|quote=Tausug practice preferential cousin marriage , with no particular preference for patrilateral or matrilateral cousins . The practice is explicitly justified in terms of the ease of the marriage negotiations in an arranged marriage : in ...

}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |series=Research Series No. 7 Series|number=7 of Research series|last=Kiefer  |first=Thomas M. |author-link= |date=1969 |edition=reprint|title= Tausug Armed Conflict: The Social Organization of Military Activity in a Philippine Moslem Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=osseAAAAMAAJ&q=cousin+marriage+tausug&dq=cousin+marriage+tausug&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiB18qX04X5AhXNgVwKHQwyD9sQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher=Philippine Studies Program, University of Chicago |page=28, 75 |isbn=0598448330|quote=There is also a tendency towards kindred epdogany , normatively sanctioned through preferential cousin marriage . This preference is Justified by such practical considerations as the ease of the marriage negotiations if the parents of ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |date= |title=   U.S. Army Special Forces Language Visual Training Materials - TAUSUG |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7dEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7&dq=cousin+marriage+tausug&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiB18qX04X5AhXNgVwKHQwyD9sQ6AF6BAgKEAI|location= |publisher=Jeffrey Frank Jones |page=7 |isbn=|quote=Traditionally, marriages are arranged to first or second cousins; however, most young adults are now starting to choose their own spouses. In the Tausug society, there is no generally approved method for courting.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |edition=illustrated, reprint, reissue, revised|last= Kiefer|first= Thomas M. |author-link= |date=1986 |title=The Tausug: Violence and Law in a Philippine Moslem Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i3LiAAAAMAAJ&q=cousin+marriage+tausug&dq=cousin+marriage+tausug&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiB18qX04X5AhXNgVwKHQwyD9sQ6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher= Waveland Press|page=40, 44, 81 |isbn=0881332429|quote=A marriage with a first cousin is considered ideal for several reasons . First , there is the ease of negotiation when the transaction is arranged between the parents ( who would be siblings ) of first cousins .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=an- Naʾīm  |editor-first=ʿAbdallāh Aḥmad |volume = 2 van Global resource book}author-link= |date=2002 |title= Islamic Family Law in a Changing World: A Global Resource Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hg0zCFM0fwkC&pg=PA255&dq=cousin+marriage+tausug&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiB18qX04X5AhXNgVwKHQwyD9sQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher= Zed Books|chapter=1 Social, Cultural and Historical Background :The Region and Its History|page=255 |isbn=1842770934|edition=illustrated|quote=Among the Tausug communities , marriages are ideally arranged by parents , in line with Islamic law . First and second cousins are favoured spouses since their parents are kinsmen and the problems of inheritance are simplified .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |number=1 of HRAFlex books: Ethnocentrism series Hraflex book : Ethnocentrism series ; ECOA 16-001|last= Kiefer |first=Thomas M. |others= Contributor Bijdrager               Cross-Cultural Study of Ethnocentrism|author-link= |date=1972  |series=Descriptive ethnography series Ethnocentrism series, Human Relations Area Files Ethnocentrism series. HRAFlex book OA16-001|title=Tausug of the Philippines |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9VEeAAAAMAAJ&q=cousin+marriage+tausug&dq=cousin+marriage+tausug&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiB18qX04X5AhXNgVwKHQwyD9sQ6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher=Human Relations Area Files|page=109, 140, 142 |isbn=|quote=It is not likely for a sister to feed her sister's child as this might interfere with first - cousin marriage . ' Grandparents are very likely to feed . M.2.4.Q : What things would make little boys cry ? Little boys would cry if they ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Johnson |first=Mark |series=Explorations in Anthropology|author-link= |date= 2020|title=     Beauty and Power: Transgendering and Cultural Transformation in the Southern Philippines |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzPpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106&dq=cousin+marriage+tausug&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiB18qX04X5AhXNgVwKHQwyD9sQ6AF6BAgHEAI |location= |publisher= |Routledgepage=106 |isbn=1000184579|edition=reprint|quote=Technically it is the usba of either side who negotiate the marriage transactions; the woman's father's kindred is ... given the preference of many Tausug and some Sama for first-cousin marriage, incest (sumbang) at once inscribing and ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |date= 1971|title= Ethnology, Volume 10|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=l-EsAAAAMAAJ&q=cousin+marriage+tausug&dq=cousin+marriage+tausug&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiB18qX04X5AhXNgVwKHQwyD9sQ6AF6BAgFEAI|location= |publisher= University of Pittsburgh|page= 88, 81, 89 |isbn=|quote=MARRIAGE Tausug marriage involves a complex sequence of activities , of both a ritual and secular nature . ... Marriage Preferences The preferred marriage is between first cousins ; the next preference is between second cousins ...

}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Irene |others=Contributors Notre Dame of Jolo College. Coordinated Investigation of Sulu Culture, Philippines. Bureau of Public Schools, Summer Institute of Linguistics|volume= 4 of Sulu studies |author-link= |date=1975 |title=                Tausug-English Dictionary: Kabtangan Iban Maana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IyW3AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA23&dq=cousin+marriage+tausug&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiB18qX04X5AhXNgVwKHQwyD9sQ6AF6BAgIEAI |location= |publisher=Coordinated Investigation of Sulu Culture|page= 23 |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Madale |first=Nagasura T. |author-link= |date=1981 |title=   The Muslim Filipinos: A Book of Readings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r5wAAAAMAAJ&q=cousin+marriage+tausug&dq=cousin+marriage+tausug&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiB18qX04X5AhXNgVwKHQwyD9sQ6AF6BAgLEAI |location= |publisher=Alemar-Phoenix Publishing House |page=67 |isbn=|quote=Like most Philippine ethnolinguistic groups , Tausug kinship was bilateral , emphasizing relationships derived from ... There was a tendency toward marriage within the kindred and a marked tendency toward preferential cousin marriage ...}}</ref>

 

 

 

The Han Chinese Lin-Li family of Li Zhi (Li Chih) and Lin Nu and Lin Guangqi, who married Middle Eastern Muslim women,<ref>{{cite book |last=Chan  |first=Hok-Lam |author-link= |date=2017 |title=          Li Chih 1527-1602 in Contemporary Chinese Historiography: New light on his life and works|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpwuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR11&lpg=PR11&dq=%22married+women+of+non-Han+western+asian+background%22&source=bl&ots=TAYT1d9QqA&sig=ACfU3U1kIQbJamkRYkpv_94kNLqNT_4j7Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjV45Cry4H5AhUQacAKHUW5CH0Q6AF6BAgDEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|edition=annotated|location= |publisher=Routledge |series=Routledge Revivals|page= xi |isbn=1351711792}}</ref> violated Han Chinese Confucian and Ming legal prohibitions on paternal cousin marriage, with the two Li and Lin branches of the same paternal family marrying each other's females.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chan  |first=Hok-Lam |author-link= |date=2017 |title=       Li Chih 1527-1602 in Contemporary Chinese Historiography: New light on his life and works|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpwuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=%22+it+is+interesting+to+note+that+several+of+them+had+married+Western+Asian+females+of+Islamic+faith.%22&source=bl&ots=TAYT1d9Psv&sig=ACfU3U3tFXZF5arYJH1LVyvZwkhh3dFoWA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi26K6Cy4H5AhXTSsAKHeEpAOIQ6AF6BAgDEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |edition=annotated|location= |publisher=Routledge |series=Routledge Revivals|page= 15 |isbn=1351711792}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |last=Chan  |first=Hok-Lam |author-link= |date=2017 |title=          Li Chih 1527-1602 in Contemporary Chinese Historiography: New light on his life and works|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpwuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=%22changed+his+surname+to+li+and+disguised+himself+under+a+distant+clan%22&source=bl&ots=TAYT1d9Wqw&sig=ACfU3U2iW_eJ-QboZnziI7dnbLIQ-N_JXg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi2v6jHzYH5AhX2SUEAHbMbCPcQ6AF6BAgDEAM#v=onepage&q=%22changed%20his%20surname%20to%20li%20and%20disguised%20himself%20under%20a%20distant%20clan%22&f=false |edition=annotated|location= |publisher=Routledge |series=Routledge Revivals|page= 44 |isbn=1351711792}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chan  |first=Hok-Lam |author-link= |date=2017 |title=               Li Chih 1527-1602 in Contemporary Chinese Historiography: New light on his life and works|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpwuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=%22constraints+of+these+feudal+social+customs,+must+have+had%22&source=bl&ots=TAYT2c8Sqv&sig=ACfU3U2i9oO-ZGRA1F_UfuFnqafG583Hag&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjT-9bOl4T5AhXKiFwKHX3xCBkQ6AF6BAgDEAM|edition=annotated|location= |publisher=Routledge |series=Routledge Revivals|page= 50|isbn=1351711792}}</ref> The paternal ancestors of the Lin-Li family during the late Tang dynasty came to Fujian (Fukien) in southern China from northern China's Henan (Honan) province, Geshi (Ku-shih) county.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chan  |first=Hok-Lam |author-link= |date=2017 |title=       Li Chih 1527-1602 in Contemporary Chinese Historiography: New light on his life and works|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpwuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&dq=%22%22some+adopted+the+islamic+faith+and+married+western+asian+females%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiU4re5y4H5AhWCWMAKHc9sDPoQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q&f=false |edition=annotated|location= |publisher=Routledge |series=Routledge Revivals|page= 8, 9 |isbn=1351711792}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Handler-Spitz |first1=Rivi  |last2= |first2= |date= September 2008|title=Li Zhi’s Relativism and Skepticismin the Multicultural Late Ming |url= http://www.concentric-literature.url.tw/issues/Asia%20and%20the%20Other/2.pdf|journal=Concentric: Literary and Cultural Studies 34.2 |volume= |issue= |pages=13-35 |page=21 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Wu|first1= Pei-yi|last2= |first2= |date= |title= |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2719014 |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume= 41|issue=1 |pages=304–17 |doi= https://doi.org/10.2307/2719014|access-date=}}</ref><ref>    {{cite web |url=https://inf.news/en/culture/00faae2f30b9d5b2c171905e2d046946.html |title=The ancestors of the thinker Li Zhi |last= |first= |date=2022-07-18 12:09 HKT |website=iNEWS |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Wang          |first=Qiang  |author-link= |date= |title=Legendary Port   of the Maritime Silk Routes    Zayton (Quanzhou)  |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338901178_Legendary_Port_of_the_Maritime_Silk_Routes_Zayton_Quanzhou|location= |publisher=PETER LANG  |page= |isbn=978-1-4331-7037-9|doi=10.3726/b15743}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=CHEN |first= QINGLIANG |date= September 1999|title=LI ZHI (1527-1602) AND HIS LITERARY THOUGHT |type=Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS |chapter= |publisher= |page=13|docket= |oclc= |url=https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2527&context=theses |access-date=}} </ref><ref> {{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=1980  |title= Li Chih's Family, His Old Home, and His Wife's Tombstone|url= https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2753/CSH0009-463313010241?journalCode=mcsh20&|journal= Chinese Studies in History|volume= 13|issue= 1-2 |pages=41-77  |doi=https://doi.org/10.2753/CSH0009-463313010241  |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title= CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS vii. Persian Settlements in Southeastern China during the T’ang, Sung, and Yuan Dynasties |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Iranica |date=December 15, 1991 |year= |volume=V|number=Fasc. 4|last= Chen |first= Da-Sheng|pages=443-446|publisher= |location= |id= |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/chinese-iranian-vii |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cnlin.org/Item/Show.asp?m=1&d=3513 |title=林李同宗 |last= |first= |date=2014年04月28日 |website= 中华林氏总会|publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/SabinaKnight1/status/1421824990589112326 |title= |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= 2001 |title= Hormuz in Yuan and Ming sources  |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_2001_num_88_1_3509 |journal=Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient |volume=88 |issue= |pages=27-75 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref>

 

 

A Muslim Arab woman in Quanzhou married a Han Chinese convert to Islam named Su Tangshe (苏唐社). He adopted Ahmed (阿合抹) as a Muslim name. The Pu clan which was Muslim married off their daughters to Su Tangshe's grandsons and sons. Islam was practiced for four generations of the Su famly after conversion then they apostazied. The Su family currenlt practice  Han religion and no longer practice Islam and declare themselves as Han Chinese due to their paternal ancestry, refusing to identify as Hui. They don't offer pork and instead offer beef to their ancestors in the ancestral sacrifices for their maternal Muslim ancestor.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Abt |first=Oded  |date=January 2012 |title=Muslim Ancestry and Chinese Identity in Southeast China |type= THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE “DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY”|chapter= |publisher=Tel Aviv University The Lester & Sally Entin Faculty of Humanities School of Historical Studies |docket= |oclc= |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/arena-attachments/2168163/afd1cac728ac6989b73ba7f771dbba44.pdf?1526185838 |access-date=|pages=41, 333, 334}} </ref>

 

 

The Lishi says, "''All of the Western peoples were annihilated, with a number of foreigners with large noses mistakenly killed while for three days the gates were closed and the executions were carried out. [...] The corpses of the Pus were all stripped naked, their faces to the west. [...] They were all judged according to the 'five mutilating punishments' and then executed with their carcasses thrown into pig troughs. This was in revenge for their murder and rebellion in the Song.''"<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Abt |first=Oded  |date=January 2012 |title=Muslim Ancestry and Chinese Identity in Southeast China |type= THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE “DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY”|chapter= |publisher=Tel Aviv University The Lester & Sally Entin Faculty of Humanities School of Historical Studies |docket= |oclc= |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/arena-attachments/2168163/afd1cac728ac6989b73ba7f771dbba44.pdf?1526185838 |access-date=|pages=298}} </ref>

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.jstor.org/stable/43380301https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:te9WK3BUMIIJ:www.mnwhstq.com/szzy/qzwszlqwk/201608/t20160816_106141.htm

 

 

 

 

Chinese law banned marriage between those who carried the same surname.<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first= Richard J. |author-link= |date=2015 |title=The Qing Dynasty and Traditional Chinese Culture |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RhmaCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA354&dq=traditional+chinese+law+age+marriage&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiF0NbSuIT5AhXTNcAKHT29BrkQ6AF6BAgHEAI|location= |publisher= Rowman & Littlefield|page=354 |isbn=1442221941|quote=MARRIAGE AND BEYOND The formal ceremonies of marriage brought adulthood regardless of age. ... By law, two people of the same surname could not be married, even if unrelated, and the legal principals in the match were the heads of the ...}}</ref>

 

 

Kublai Khan started enforcing Genghis Khan' s prohibition of Islamic and Jewish halal and kosher slaughter and circumcision to either assert Mongol domination over Muslim Hui or to appease Han Chinese of former Southern Song. The Yuan in the 14th century started executing Muslim officials like Daula-Shah, chancellor of the right, Ubaid-ullah, chief administrator in 1328, enacting forced labour corvee on Muslims, seizing horses from Muslims, banning commerce in mosques, and closing down Muslim colleges in 1321 and stripping Muslim mullahs (dashiman or ta-shih-man) of tax exemptions and privileges in 1320. The Yuan ended the Qadi and Saykh al-Islam (Zhangjiao or Chang-chiao) in 1328 and earlier in 1312 the Qadi was already stripped of extra territorial privileges. The Mongols banned marrying the wives of their father's younger brothers in 1340 and banned paternal cousin marriage for Jews and Muslims in 1340, imposing Confucian rules on foreign Muslims. In Quanzhou (Chwanchow) in 1357-66 and in Shanxi (Shansi) in 1343 Muslims revolted against the Mongol Yuan. The Muslims welcomed the 1368 establishment of the Ming which ended Mongol rule.<ref>{{cite book |last= Blanc|first= Charles Le |last2= Blader|first2= Susan |author-link= |date=1987 |title=Chinese Ideas About Nature and Society: Studies in Honour of Derk Bodde |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N2-k571kpOwC&pg=PA183&dq=mongol+7+generations+cousin+marriages&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwisiqGnnIT5AhUGWsAKHQ6KDCA4ChDoAXoECAIQAg |location= |publisher= Hong Kong University Press|page=182, 183 |isbn=962209189X|quote=forbade 'incestuous' marriages:23 'As of 1340, Ta—shih-man [Muslim mullahs], Hui-hui [other Muslims], and Jews will be prohibited from marrying paternal cousins.' 'In c.1340, foreigners are prohibited from marrying their father's ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chen |first=Sanping  |series=Encounters with Asia|author-link= |date=2012 |title=                Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugbWH-5OjegC&pg=PA166&dq=mongol+7+generations+cousin+marriages&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj24LD_uIT5AhXHT8AKHSswAogQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |page=166 |isbn=0812206282|quote=... or first cousins, it is beyond any doubt that the Bai clan practiced cousin marriages for generations. ... During the Mongol Yuan dynasty, this was one of the harsh criticisms the Hàn Chinese literati leveled at the Huihui (Muslim) ...}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

Desdemona Tan mother of Bangsamoro<ref>https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:rLrwGMML6eUJ:https://www.facebook.com/MNLF-Bangsamoro-Police-Force-SMUC-Camp-Usman-Aleosan-105044534788030/posts https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:vnbLNLPSI20J:https://m.facebook.com/pages/FBCSO/272751156843666 https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=106543707971446&id=105044534788030&m_entstream_source=timeline https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=2577724598923598&id=100000582484034&m_entstream_source=timeline</reF>

 

 

The Dutch East India Company and Japanese samurai they hired as mercenaries committed genocide against Muslim Bandanese on the Banda islands, quartering in their mosques, humiliating their women and beheading their orang kaya in the [[Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands]] ([[Governorate of the Banda Islands]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://historibersama.com/the-voc-genocide-historia/ |title=The VOC Genocide – Historia |last=Isnaeni  |first=Hendri F. |date= 05 April 2010,  |website=Histori Bersama  |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://pala.wfm.nl/banda-genocide/|title=Commemorating the Banda genocide in 1621: |last=Farid |first= Muhammad |date= |website=Banda – PALA |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kenji |first1= Tsuchiya|last2= Siegel|first2= James |date= 1990|title=Invincible Kitsch or as Tourists in the Age of Des Alwi |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/3351230|journal=Indonesia |volume= |issue= 50|pages=61–76 |doi= https://doi.org/10.2307/3351230|access-date=}}</ref><ref>https://twitter.com/WindiPu52419449/status/1544096723358068736 https://twitter.com/Leolucassen/status/636894118166274048 https://twitter.com/Leolucassen/status/604626627490926592 https://twitter.com/Leolucassen/status/604573585353658368 https://twitter.com/corysha/status/5575359617568768 https://twitter.com/gntphp/status/2930505049706496 https://twitter.com/BembyGusti/status/21294630942 https://twitter.com/nahceeah/status/1310248567911538689</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/genosida-voc-di-pulau-banda-DE0w6/page/1 |title= Genosida VOC di Pulau Banda|last=Isnaeni  |first=Hendri F. |date=05 Apr 2010  |website= historia.id|publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kompas.id/baca/humaniora/2022/06/20/melebur-dendam-di-banda?utm_source=medsos_twitter_kompasmuda&utm_medium=link |title=  Melebur Dendam di Banda  |last=KURNIAWAN  |first= ALOYSIUS BUDI |date= 21 Juni 2022 |website= kompas.id|publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref> https://twitter.com/yan_widjaya/status/1274192829980401664 https://twitter.com/eddy_dang/status/1345414897547395072 https://twitter.com/marufins/status/1366328288822452234https://twitter.com/hariankompas/status/1539095768027615232 https://twitter.com/kompasmuda/status/1539016625051123712 https://twitter.com/vousmelier/status/1481263608395079685 https://twitter.com/irene_komala/status/1464588441388077057 https://twitter.com/tarannisa2940/status/1463113842871787520 https://twitter.com/BukhariSutrisno/status/1462487163275137024 https://twitter.com/alexkuple/status/1439270038314242052 https://twitter.com/yoyen/status/1391284374558154752 https://twitter.com/marufins/status/1366328288822452234 https://twitter.com/eddy_dang/status/1345414897547395072 https://twitter.com/yan_widjaya/status/1274192829980401664 https://twitter.com/rahung/status/920463263724331008 https://twitter.com/DasarKita/status/894032401935908864 https://twitter.com/DasarKita/status/893011601002864642 https://twitter.com/anas_mahigan/status/887134784706695170 https://twitter.com/kurfa_/status/97571624978612225 https://twitter.com/efenerr/status/25782134430 https://pala.wfm.nl/banda/</ref><ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7131752/ https://m.imdb.com/title/tt7131752/mediaviewer/rm3763613440?ref_=tt_ov_i https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gc4I7XSpaQ4https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z6_zIxijYYE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mpf2r1_6ZK8 https://www.netflix.com/id-en/title/81243697 https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2017/06/17/banda-the-dark-forgotten-trail-highlights-the-nearly-forgotten-spice-islands.html https://www.amazon.com/Forgotten-Original-Motion-Picture-Soundtrack/dp/B087RVSFR8 https://mubi.com/films/banda-the-dark-forgotten-trail https://jakartaglobe.id/news/banda-dark-forgotten-trail-timelapse-little-known-indonesian-history https://www.soundtrack.net/movie/banda-the-dark-forgotten-trail/ https://letterboxd.com/film/banda-the-dark-forgotten-trail/ https://www.quora.com/Were-Japanese-samurai-soldiers-ever-deployed-in-the-Indonesian-archipelago/answer/Wirawan-Winarto https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/ha4r10/did_the_dutch_hire_samurai_at_the_banda_islands/</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Worrall |first=Simon |date= 23 June 2012|title=The world's oldest clove tree |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18551857 |work= BBC |location= |access-date=}} </ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://amboyna.org/archive/modern-painting-massacre-banda |title=Modern Painting of Massacre at Banda |last=Clulow  |first= Adam |date=2016  |website=The Amboyna Conspiracy Trial |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>

 

 

 

Japanese artists drew paintings of Japanese prostitutes having sex with Dutch from the Dutch East India Company in Nagasaki.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://shungagallery.com/chokyosai-eiri/ |title=Chokyosai Eiri's Famous Portrayal of A Horny Dutchman |last=Kruijff |first=Marijn  |date=27 August 2018  |website=Shunga Gallery |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220718061507/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fshungagallery%2Fstatus%2F1172487117165015042|title='Dutchman caressing the private parts of a Japanese courtesan' (c.1800-20).  |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>

 

 

Samuel Kong Tan wrote an article about the families descended from non-Muslim Chinese men who mixed with Tausug Moro Muslim people like his ancestor Latia Jaham, "The Tans and Kongs of Sulu: An Analysis into the Nature and Extent of Chinese Integration in Sulu Society".<ref>{{cite book |last=Francisco |first=Juan R. |editor1-last=Palongpalong |editor1-first=Artemio |editor2-last=Mahiwo |editor2-first= Sylvano |author-link= |others=Contributor               University of the Philippines. Asian Center|date= 1999|title= Society and Culture: The Asian Heritage : Festschrift for Juan R. Francisco, Ph.D., Professor of Indology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rRuAAAAMAAJ&q=latia+jaham&dq=latia+jaham&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjV59nN0YP5AhXaD1kFHWpcAzUQ6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher=Asian Center, University of the Philippines |page=51, 55, 56 |isbn=9718992073|quote=Based on interviews with Apoh Latia Jaham Kong in 1962-1963 before she died . The interviewee is the author's maternal grandmother . Hereafter , " The Latia Interview . " 12 . 13 14 . 15 . The open letter of Captain Frank DeWitt in The ...}}</ref><ref>https://www.google.com/books/edition/Society_and_Culture/-rRuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22kongs%20and%20tans%22</ref> Madaris, private schoools and public schools were attended by Chinese children in Sulu.<ref>{{cite book |others=Contributor               Philippine Association for Chinese Studies|editor-last=Baviera |editor-first=Aileen San Pablo |editor2-last= See |editor2-first=Teresita Ang |author-link= |date= 1992|title= China, Across the Seas. The Chinese as Filipinos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yn9wAAAAMAAJ&q=latia+jaham&dq=latia+jaham&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjV59nN0YP5AhXaD1kFHWpcAzUQ6AF6BAgFEAI |location= |publisher= Philippine Association for Chinese Studies|page=87, 89, 120 |isbn=9719133309|quote="mainly connected with storekeeping chores. The education of the Chinese children was left completely to public and private schools,  including those ran by religious missions, and the madaris. Meanwhie, the modernizing values and influences of liberal de-mocracy have provided the most effective means of neutralizing|volume=2-3 of Chinese studies|quote=According to the Kong matriarch , Latia Jaham , a woman from the local elite of Malanta , her ancestry has claims to ancient origin and even to the earliest contact with Islam . She married Kong Bu Wa , an intrepid Chinese trader from ...}}</ref><ref>https://www.google.com/books/edition/China_Across_the_Seas_The_Chinese_as_Fil/Yn9wAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22INQUIRY%20INTO%20THE%20%22</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Tan |first=Samuel K. |author-link= |others=Contributor           Mindanao State University. University Research Center|date=1978 |title=         Mindanao Journal, Volume 5, Issue 1 - Volume 6, Issue 4|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vnNyAAAAMAAJ&q=latia+jaham&dq=latia+jaham&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjV59nN0YP5AhXaD1kFHWpcAzUQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher=University Research Center, Mindanao State University. |page=107 |isbn=|quote=I would not have been born had my grandmother , Latia Jaham ( a pure bred native ) , not married a Chinese trader . Or , the Schucks of Jolo , who have become a part of the Sulu leading elite , would not have risen to such a position if ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |others=Contributors      Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran, Chinben See Memorial Trust Fund, De La Salle University. China Studies Program|editor1-last=See |editor1-first=Teresita Ang|editor2-last=Go  |editor2-first=Bon Juan |author-link= |date=1994  |title=華人 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlVuAAAAMAAJ&q=latia+jaham&dq=latia+jaham&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjV59nN0YP5AhXaD1kFHWpcAzUQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher=Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran, Incorporated |page=130, 131, 132|isbn=9718857052|quote=... of Senator Santanina T. Rasul to Bongao in 1988. The author was part of the Senator's party . 15. Based on interviews of Apoh Latia Jaham Kong in 1962 , 1963 before she died . The interviewee is the author's maternal grandmother .}}</ref><ref>https://www.google.com/books/edition/%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA/TlVuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=kongs%20and%20tans</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |date=1991 |others=Contributor      Philippine-China Development Resource Center|title=PDRC Currents: Bi-monthly Magazine of the PDRC., Volume 2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bBFxAAAAMAAJ&q=latia+jaham&dq=latia+jaham&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjV59nN0YP5AhXaD1kFHWpcAzUQ6AF6BAgIEAI|location= |publisher= Philippine-China Development Resource Center |page=7, 8, 9 |isbn=|quote=According to the Kong Matriarch , Latia Jaham , a woman from the local elite of Malanta , her ancestry has claims to ancient origin and even to the earliest contacts with Islam . She married Kong Bu Wa , an intrepid Chinese trader from ...}}</ref><ref>https://www.google.com/books/edition/PDRC_Currents/bBFxAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=kongs%20and%20tans</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

Nur Misuari met with Abdusakur Tan in 2012 discussing potential for another war against the Philipinnes if the MNLF demands were not met.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=October 14, 2012  |title= MNLF threatens new rebellion|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316062543/http://thepinoyweekly.com/?p=12395 |work=Pinoy Weekly |location= |access-date=}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=10/14/2012 |title=Hot News: Rebel Group MNLF Chair Misuari Assures "No War In Mindanao!" |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316062640/http://www.deanandkingsprfirm.com/3/post/2012/10/hot-news-rebel-group-mnlf-chair-misuari-assures-no-war-in-mindanao.html |work=Dean and Kings Public Relations |location= |access-date=}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kwok  |first=Abigail |date=October 14, 2012 5:06 PM |title=No war from MNLF over govt pact with MILF - Nur |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015163234/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/45492/no-war-from-mnlf-over-govt-pact-with-milf---nur |work=InterAksyon.com |location= |access-date=}} </ref> He also met with him in 2004.<ref>{{cite news |last=Echeminada  |first=Perseus  |date= OCTOBER 15, 2012|title=MNLF CHAIR NUR MISUARI REJECTS FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325100809/http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/hl/hl112165.htm |work= PHILSTAR|location=MANILA |access-date=}} </ref>

 

 

 

Sulu 1st district Congressman Habib Tupay Loong, said “As a proof to that, a long time ago Sulu has been populated by a Chinese minority, and they are the ones who introduced business into our area. We learned doing business through the Chinese. In Sulu, for example, a lot of the Chinese became rich, “Even in barter trading, it is between Tausugs, Chinese, and Malaysians,There are only two types of foreigners who went to Sulu who did not wage war against the Moros – it is the Chinese and the Arabs, the Chinese entered Sulu through business ventures.” <ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=Thursday, 23 June 2011 13:42  |title= Tausug team to visit China to renew ancient ties|url=http://www.zamboangatimes.ph/zamboangatimes/top-news/1602-tausug-team-to-visit-china-to-renew-ancient-ties.html |work=Zamboanga Times |location= |access-date=23 June 2011 }} </ref><ref>https://suluonlinelibrary.wordpress.com/2014/04/09/sulu-history-and-the-chinese/ http://jinpingchina.blogspot.com/2013/03/sulu-history-and-chinese.html http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bB-y3SCYmGs/UH56duc-mFI/AAAAAAAAFb8/CQfKiZaaGYA/s1600/PA121199.JPG http://thepinoyweekly.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/misuari-tan1.jpg https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/files/2012/09/abdusakur-tan.jpg</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Japanese brought Indonesian Javanese girls to British Borneo as comfort women to be raped by Japanese officers at the Ridge road school and Basel Mission Church, and the Telecommunication Center Station (former rectory of the All Saints Church) in Kota Kinabalu as well as ones in Balikpapan and Beaufort. Japanese soldiers raped Indonesian women and Dutch women in the Netherlands East Indies. They got infected with STDs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Narayanan |first1=Arujunan |last2= |first2= |date= 2002 |title=Japanese war crimes and Allied crimes trials in Borneo during World War II |url=http://journalarticle.ukm.my/404/1/1.pdf |journal=JEBAT |volume= 29 |issue= |page=10, 11 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= |first1=|last2= |first2= |date= 2020-12-15|title= At the Mercy of the Enemy : the Record of a Japanese War Criminal |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/364935212.pdf|journal=教育学論究|volume= 29 |issue=12 |pages=29-40 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |author1=Salbiah bt Mohamed Salleh |author2=Jamil bin Ahmad|author3=Mohd Aderi bin Che Noh|author4= Aminudin bin Hehsan |date= 2018 title= Profil Akhlak Guru Pendidikan Islam Di Malaysia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328806967_Profil_Akhlak_Guru_Pendidikan_Islam_Di_Malaysia_Islamic_Education_Teacher_Profile_In_Malaysia|journal=International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies|volume= 5|issue=1|pages=80-93 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref> Indonesian Javanese Muslim girls were forced to become comfort women and raped by the Japanese.<ref>{{cite book |last=Krausse |first=Gerald H. |last2= Krausse|first2=Sylvia Engelen |last3=Krausse  |first3=Sylvia C. Engelen |author-link= |date=1994 |title=Indonesia |url= https://books.google.com/books?newbks=1&id=7KoUAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22had+to+wear+identification+tags+.+Some+270%2C000+Indonesians+were+conscripted+to+work+in+Burma+%2C+but+only+7%2C000+returned+%3B+many+thousands+were+kept+in+Japan+as+prisoners+of+war+and+never+came+back+.+Indonesian+women+were+routinely+rounded+up+to+serve+as+prostitutes+in+Japanese+army+camps+.%22&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22had+to+wear+identification+tags+.+Some+270%2C000+Indonesians+were+conscripted+to+work+in+Burma+%2C+but+only+7%2C000+returned+%3B+many+thousands+were+kept+in+Japan+as+prisoners+of+war+and+never+came+back+.+Indonesian+women+were+routinely+rounded+up+to+serve+as+prostitutes+in+Japanese+army+camps+.%22|location=|series=Volume 170 of World bibliographical series |volume = 170 of ABC-CLIO World Bibliographical|publisher=Clio Press |page=xxviii |edition=2|isbn=1851091270}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= O'Neill |first=Claire  |date= June 4, 2017|title=Comfort Women: Untold Stories Of Wartime Abuse |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2011/06/04/134271795/comfort-women-untold-stories-of-wartime-abuse |work=NPR |location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Geerken |first= Horst H. |author-link= |date=2015 |title=A Gecko for Luck: 18 years in Indonesia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqhUdrlRDFUC&pg=PA145&lpg=PA145&dq=%22women+were+forced+into+prostitution+and+often+kept+for+months+in+the+barracks+of+the%22&source=bl&ots=cSZ-1O8PcO&sig=ACfU3U1qzjZJowMPyTtP22WIHMN6DOo6Wg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiIseKb4IH5AhUxEGIAHQLPCAIQ6AF6BAgCEAM |location= |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |page=145 |isbn=3839152488|edition=2}}</ref> The Japanese destroyed many documents related to their rape of Indonesian Javanese girls at the end of the war so the true extent of the mass rape is uncountable but testimony witnesses records the names and accounts of Indonesian Javanese comfort women.<ref>{{cite book |last= Stetz|first=Margaret D. |last2=Oh  |first2= Bonnie B. C. |author-link= |date=2015 |title=Legacies of the Comfort Women of World War II |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RW2mBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=%22fifty+Javanese+girls+were+strictly+supervised+by+a+Japanese+woman%22&source=bl&ots=ozYfwTIQxS&sig=ACfU3U3DGkdS5i513PXg5Y7GELgzuVCMCg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGlqvE4IH5AhVRGFkFHWxRBTYQ6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepage&q=%22fifty%20Javanese%20girls%20were%20strictly%20supervised%20by%20a%20Japanese%20woman%22&f=false|location= |publisher=Routledge |page=61-64 |isbn=131746625X|edition=illustrated}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lowland Chinese in 1904 sold Beaumont and Winchester rifles in Sumatra to Bataks who were attacking and fighting the Dutch.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tagliacozzo |first= Eric |author-link= |date=2008 |title=Secret Trades, Porous Borders: Smuggling and States Along a Southeast Asian Frontier, 1865-1915 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMhAb3XGmH4C&pg=PA276&lpg=PA276&dq=%22Sumatra+local+chiefs+were+still+procuring%22&source=bl&ots=VjyC8ThU6d&sig=ACfU3U1LUZWCdOxyRaPlYBEoRs_22YnQyw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQsorU4YH5AhU8EFkFHWWMD94Q6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepage&q=%22Sumatra%20local%20chiefs%20were%20still%20procuring%22&f=false |location= |publisher=Yale University Press |page= 276|edition=illustrated|isbn=0300128126|series=Yale Historical Publications Series}}</ref><ref>https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.12987/9780300128123-014/pdf http://rumahcemara.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Eric-Tagliacozzo-Secret-Trades-Porous-Borders_-Smuggling-and-States-Along-a-Southeast-Asian-Frontier-1865-1915-Yale-Historical-Publications-Series-Yale-University-Press-2005.pdf https://www.scribd.com/document/373549060/Document</ref>

 

 

Dutch people in VOC posts were slaughtered one at a time on the coast of northern Java by Chinese rebels seeking revenge for the 1740 massacre.<ref>{{cite book |last= Cribb |first=Robert |author-link= |date=2013  |title= Historical Atlas of Indonesia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ki8COnr7H0MC&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=%22%22Chinese+bands+fleeing+the+destruction+moved+along+the+north+Java+coast+destroying+VOC+posts+one+by+one+and+massacring+their+inhabitants%22&source=bl&ots=ev8wORELeu&sig=ACfU3U3sCRn3YeatJFBfqwCUDFFC5olnoQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8_ubG4YH5AhV0EGIAHROiAxYQ6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepage&q=%22%22Chinese%20bands%20fleeing%20the%20destruction%20moved%20along%20the%20north%20Java%20coast%20destroying%20VOC%20posts%20one%20by%20one%20and%20massacring%20their%20inhabitants%22&f=false |location= |publisher=Routledge|page= 92 |isbn=1136780572}}</ref>

 

 

 

The Chinese helped the Muslim Javanese to overrun the Dutch garrison at Kartasura (Kerta Sura) where they slaughtered the Dutch officers and then the Javanese enslaved Dutch women and children and circumcised the surrendered Dutch men.<ref>{{cite book |last=Raffles  |first=Thomas Stamford |author-link= |date=2018 |title= The History of Java: Volume I, Volume 1|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=49ZaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA720&lpg=PA720&dq=%22the+greatest+part+of+the+men+being+circumcised+and+forced%22&source=bl&ots=MHbi2-sc-8&sig=ACfU3U3bnRmr0xtMlWwQZZZnjTzu08qW4Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNrauq5IH5AhX9FlkFHcYrD3EQ6AF6BAgDEAM|location= |publisher= BoD – Books on Demand|page=720 |isbn=3732673448}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Raffles |first=Sir Thomas Stamford |author-link= |date=1830  |title=The History of Java, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gJEC2q7DzpQC&pg=PA241&lpg=PA241&dq=%22the+greatest+part+of+the+men+being+circumcised+and+forced%22&source=bl&ots=RbPOUt3idx&sig=ACfU3U2efhVB5EJighaFzYjhBh7AjVLRzg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNrauq5IH5AhX9FlkFHcYrD3EQ6AF6BAgCEAM |edition=2|location= |publisher=J. Murray|page=241 |isbn=}}</ref><ref>https://archive.org/stream/historyjava00unkngoog/historyjava00unkngoog_djvu.txt https://archive.org/stream/historyjava01raffgoog/historyjava01raffgoog_djvu.txt https://archive.org/stream/learnislampdfenglishbookthehistoryofjava2/learn%20islam%20pdf%20english%20book%20__%20The_history_of_Java-2_djvu.txt https://archive.org/stream/b22012382_0002/b22012382_0002_djvu.txt https://archive.org/stream/b29326710_0002/b29326710_0002_djvu.txt https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.282184/2015.282184.The-History_djvu.txt https://archive.org/stream/historyjava02raffgoog/historyjava02raffgoog_djvu.txt https://archive.org/stream/historyofjava02raff/historyofjava02raff_djvu.txt https://books.google.com/books?id=49ZaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA720&dq=%22the+greatest+part+of+the+men+being+circumcised+and+forced%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwirnoSv5IH5AhW0ElkFHcOhB6cQ6AF6BAgEEAI https://books.google.com/books?id=gJEC2q7DzpQC&pg=PA241&dq=%22the+greatest+part+of+the+men+being+circumcised+and+forced%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwirnoSv5IH5AhW0ElkFHcOhB6cQ6AF6BAgDEAI</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Raffles |first=Thomas Stamford  |author-link= |date= 1817 |title=The History of Java - Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOhCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA218&dq=%22the+greatest+part+of+the+men+being+circumcised+and+forced%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwirnoSv5IH5AhW0ElkFHcOhB6cQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher= |page= 218 |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Kemasang|first= A.R.T.|author-link= |date= 1985|title=Review - Fernand Braudel Center for the Study of Economies, Historical Systems, and Civilizations, Volume 9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXhmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22at+Kartasura,+whose+defenders+were+either+killed+or+circumcised+to+Islam%22&dq=%22at+Kartasura,+whose+defenders+were+either+killed+or+circumcised+to+Islam%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjl2ai-5IH5AhX4EWIAHcEFCRAQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher= Fernand Braudel Center for the Study of Economies, Historical Systems, and Civilizations.|page= 76 |isbn=|quote=Java of the Dutch by capitalizing on the crisis , came out to the open and committed his troops to “ support the Chinese . ” The war became indigenous . Pakubuwana II's troops took a Dutch garrison at Kartasura , whose defenders were either killed or circumcised to Islam ( Raffles , 1817 : II , 218 ; Ricklefs , 1981 : 88 ) . However , as his campaigns in other places in Central Java ...}}</ref> Revenge massacres were done against the Dutch Europeans in Joana and Rembang by massive numbers of Chinese who survived the massacre. The Dutch at Semarang also were besieged by the rebels. The Chinese were supported by the Javanese susuhunan Paku Buwono II.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hall  |first=Daniel George Edward |author-link= |date= 1960|title=A History of South-east Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xy0KAQAAIAAJ&q=%22The+large+numbers+who+availed+themselves+of+this+offer+were+housed+in+a+special+quarter+that+was+built+beyond+the+city+limits+.+Many+,+however+,+trekked+away+and+formed+a+formidable+force+which+wreaked+vengeance+on+Europeans+at+Rembang,+Joana+and+elsewhere,+and+finally+laid+siege+to+Semarang.+The+situation+became+serious+for+the+Dutch+when+the+susuhunan,+Pahu+Buwono+II,+openly+declared+for+the+rebels,+seized+the+Dutch+garrison+at%22&dq=%22The+large+numbers+who+availed+themselves+of+this+offer+were+housed+in+a+special+quarter+that+was+built+beyond+the+city+limits+.+Many+,+however+,+trekked+away+and+formed+a+formidable+force+which+wreaked+vengeance+on+Europeans+at+Rembang,+Joana+and+elsewhere,+and+finally+laid+siege+to+Semarang.+The+situation+became+serious+for+the+Dutch+when+the+susuhunan,+Pahu+Buwono+II,+openly+declared+for+the+rebels,+seized+the+Dutch+garrison+at%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjXq4mH64H5AhWdGVkFHQi5CL8Q6AF6BAgCEAI |edition=reprint|location= |publisher=Macmillan |page=273 |isbn=|quote=The large numbers who availed themselves of this offer were housed in a special quarter that was built beyond the city limits . Many , however , trekked away and formed a formidable force which wreaked vengeance on Europeans at Rembang, Joana and elsewhere, and finally laid siege to Semarang. The situation became serious for the Dutch when the susuhunan, Pahu Buwono II, openly declared for the rebels, seized the Dutch garrison at}}</ref>

 

 

In East Java, Chinese were attacked by the pro-Dutch Madurese under Prince Cakraningrat IV while Javanese Muslims officials under the Susuhunan backed the Chinese fighting against the Dutch. The Dutch in Rembang were burned after it was taken by the Chinese and the Dutch in Semarang were put under siege by the Chinese in 1741. Central Java almost fell to the rebels due to the crippling of the Dutch East India Company's leadership but at Kartasura the Susuhunan Pakubuwana I failed to take advantage of the Chinese rebellion to destroy the Dutch.<ref>{{cite book |last=Heuken  |first=Adolf |author-link= |date=2007 |title=Historical Sites of Jakarta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=42pwAAAAMAAJ&q=%221+Welahan+(+1741+)+,+south+of+Pati+(+Central+Java+)+.+They+joined+other+Chinese+from+Semarang+and+surrounded+the+Dutch+garrison+of+that+city+.+They+seized+and+burned+Rembang+.+Several+officials+of+the+susuhunan+sided+with+them+,+while+Prince+Cakraningrat+IV+from+Madura+killed+many+Chinese+in+East+Java+.+If+Susuhunan+Pakubuwana+II+(+%E2%80%A0+1749+)+and+his+advisors+in+Kartasura+had+united+with+and+made+use+of+the+Chinese+rebels+and+of+the+handicapped+state+of+the+Company%27s+leadership+at+that+moment+,+he+would+probably+have+succeeded+in+driving+the+Dutch+out+of+Central+Java+.+But+,+the+susuhunan+was+not+shrewd+enough+and+acted+in+a+confused+manner+.+His+political+views+always+changed+,+which+nearly+ruined+the+Kingdom+of+Mataram+.+Madura,+%22&dq=%221+Welahan+(+1741+)+,+south+of+Pati+(+Central+Java+)+.+They+joined+other+Chinese+from+Semarang+and+surrounded+the+Dutch+garrison+of+that+city+.+They+seized+and+burned+Rembang+.+Several+officials+of+the+susuhunan+sided+with+them+,+while+Prince+Cakraningrat+IV+from+Madura+killed+many+Chinese+in+East+Java+.+If+Susuhunan+Pakubuwana+II+(+%E2%80%A0+1749+)+and+his+advisors+in+Kartasura+had+united+with+and+made+use+of+the+Chinese+rebels+and+of+the+handicapped+state+of+the+Company%27s+leadership+at+that+moment+,+he+would+probably+have+succeeded+in+driving+the+Dutch+out+of+Central+Java+.+But+,+the+susuhunan+was+not+shrewd+enough+and+acted+in+a+confused+manner+.+His+political+views+always+changed+,+which+nearly+ruined+the+Kingdom+of+Mataram+.+Madura,+%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-4-Ln7IH5AhVVNlkFHeVnDWMQ6AF6BAgCEAI |edition=7|location= |publisher= Cipta Loka Caraka |page=95 |isbn=|quote=1 Welahan ( 1741 ) , south of Pati ( Central Java ) . They joined other Chinese from Semarang and surrounded the Dutch garrison of that city . They seized and burned Rembang . Several officials of the susuhunan sided with them , while Prince Cakraningrat IV from Madura killed many Chinese in East Java . If Susuhunan Pakubuwana II ( † 1749 ) and his advisors in Kartasura had united with and made use of the Chinese rebels and of the handicapped state of the Company's leadership at that moment , he would probably have succeeded in driving the Dutch out of Central Java . But , the susuhunan was not shrewd enough and acted in a confused manner . His political views always changed , which nearly ruined the Kingdom of Mataram . Madura, }}</ref>

 

 

The Javanese Pakubuwana II was told to fight against the Dutch and back the Chinese by Patih Natakusuma and the Islamically oriented advisors at court while the less Islamic ones did not want to. The Chinese were joined in the war at Kartasura by the Javanese against the Dutch on 20 July 1741. The Javanese executed Dutch commander Van Velsen and circumcised the surrendered Dutch. The Javanese composed Sufi Islamic texts like Kitab Fatahurrahman and Kitab Daka in memory of the defeat of the Dutch.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ricklefs |first= M.C. |editor1-last=Riddell |editor1-first=Peter G. |editor2-last=Street |editor2-first=Tony |editor3-last=Johns |editor3-first=Anthony Hearle |author-link= |date=1997 |title= Islam - Essays in Scripture, Thought and Society: A Festschrift in Honour of Anthony H. Johnes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3nHpsDBm6QC&pg=PA245&lpg=PA245&dq=%22ordered+to+accept+conversion+through+circumcision+or+die%22&source=bl&ots=iJCBMTOSlB&sig=ACfU3U3C5nZm-ku_EzAlEszEWNS9WfErkg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiHq4uf8oL5AhUCM1kFHRj6Dl8Q6AF6BAgCEAM |volume = 28 of Islamic philosophy theology and science: Texts and studies\location= |publisher=BRILL |page=245 |chapter=Islam and the reign of Pakubuwana II, 1726-49  |edition=illustrated|isbn=9004106928}}</ref> East Java was taken by the Madurese allies of the Dutch under Cakraningrat IV.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ricklefs |first= M.C. |editor1-last=Riddell |editor1-first=Peter G. |editor2-last=Street |editor2-first=Tony |editor3-last=Johns |editor3-first=Anthony Hearle |author-link= |date=1997 |title= Islam - Essays in Scripture, Thought and Society: A Festschrift in Honour of Anthony H. Johnes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3nHpsDBm6QC&pg=PA246&lpg=PA246&dq=%22just+as+the+tide+of+war+was+about+to+turn%22&source=bl&ots=iJCBMTOSnJ&sig=ACfU3U2do_Dp-GnFF59MIpD9gvbUrAXPyQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjotoys8oL5AhX3MlkFHShqA1oQ6AF6BAgCEAM|volume = 28 of Islamic philosophy theology and science: Texts and studies\location= |publisher=BRILL |page=246 |chapter=Islam and the reign of Pakubuwana II, 1726-49  |edition=illustrated|isbn=9004106928}}</ref> After Pakubuwana II defected to the Dutch, the Javanese Muslims who formerly followed him turned against them since they were still with the Chinese fighting against the Dutch seeing him as an apostate from Islam since they were waging holy war (jihad) against the Christian Dutch East India company. They anointed their own king Sunan Kuning in 1742, descended from Amangkuran III (1703-8). The Dutch East India Company had helped the grandfather of Pakubuwana II oust Amangkurat III in 1708.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ricklefs |first= M.C. |editor1-last=Riddell |editor1-first=Peter G. |editor2-last=Street |editor2-first=Tony |editor3-last=Johns |editor3-first=Anthony Hearle |author-link= |date=1997 |title= Islam - Essays in Scripture, Thought and Society: A Festschrift in Honour of Anthony H. Johnes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3nHpsDBm6QC&pg=PA247&lpg=PA247&dq=%22the+ruler+was+no+doubt+seen+as+an+apostate%22&source=bl&ots=iJCBMTPSsG&sig=ACfU3U0bXiS41seuRoRfyeZpCo2oAfGivw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjK29Of9oL5AhUbEmIAHWTMB1IQ6AF6BAgCEAM|volume = 28 of Islamic philosophy theology and science: Texts and studies\location= |publisher=BRILL |page=247 |chapter=Islam and the reign of Pakubuwana II, 1726-49  |edition=illustrated|isbn=9004106928}}</ref> The Chinese sacked the capital Kartasura which was followed by looting committed by the Madurese before Pkubuwana II's return on 21 December 1742.  Pakubuwana II, after his defection to the Dutch, lost credibility with the Sufi Islamic elements of the population who supported the Chinese against the Dutch.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ricklefs |first= M.C. |editor1-last=Riddell |editor1-first=Peter G. |editor2-last=Street |editor2-first=Tony |editor3-last=Johns |editor3-first=Anthony Hearle |author-link= |date=1997 |title= Islam - Essays in Scripture, Thought and Society: A Festschrift in Honour of Anthony H. Johnes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3nHpsDBm6QC&pg=PA251&lpg=PA251&dq=%22whatever+had+remained+after+the+Chinese+sack+of+the+capital+five+months+before%22&source=bl&ots=iJCBMTRJpE&sig=ACfU3U13NOkT8fYG5Ik5069p6DA7LokbcQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjw1YKd-oL5AhXOF1kFHQiJD1kQ6AF6BAgCEAM|volume = 28 of Islamic philosophy theology and science: Texts and studies|location= |publisher=BRILL |page=251 |chapter=Islam and the reign of Pakubuwana II, 1726-49  |edition=illustrated|isbn=9004106928}}</ref> The Javanese Sufi Muslims used Quran verse 47:4 with Sayyids, hajjis and Ulama (Islamic scholars) joining the war against the Dutch after the Chinese started it. The Sufi Javanese invoked dhikr and believed that Allah wanted to them to destroy Dutch European rule in Java and that the victory against the Dutch over van Velsen in Kartasura was a signal from Allah for jihad (holy war).<ref>{{cite book |last=Ricklefs  |first=Merle Calvin |series=Asian Studies Association of Australia Southeast Asia Publications Series|author-link= |date=1998  |title=       The Seen and Unseen Worlds in Java, 1726-1749: History, Literature, and Islam in the Court of Pakubuwana II |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4jXeDMi6O3IC&pg=PA260&lpg=PA260&dq=%22babad+kraton+tells+how+the+islamic+scholars%22&source=bl&ots=5CMtCqH9eO&sig=ACfU3U3i6QluJFoDaESpWdHRBSVefarvqg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjTq-PFo4P5AhXKEmIAHdGKAUIQ6AF6BAgCEAM|edition=illustrated|location= |publisher=University of Hawaii Press|page=260 |isbn=0824820525}}</ref> Fierce fighting by Kartasura Javanese soldiers under Tg. Mataun and Chinese against the Dutch allied Madurese army of Cakraningrat IV took place in East Java. The Javanese forces disintegrated as Tg. Mataun died in battle.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ricklefs  |first=Merle Calvin |series=Asian Studies Association of Australia Southeast Asia Publications Series|author-link= |date=1998  |title=               The Seen and Unseen Worlds in Java, 1726-1749: History, Literature, and Islam in the Court of Pakubuwana II |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4jXeDMi6O3IC&pg=PA262&lpg=PA262&dq=%22Mataun+and+his+son+were+both+killed%22&source=bl&ots=5CMtCqH9hL&sig=ACfU3U0Q2_SiMwF4DfKLBqH_G1R7ghTK0Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiK5uLSo4P5AhWeMVkFHcSXDPcQ6AF6BAgCEAM|edition=illustrated|location= |publisher=University of Hawaii Press|page=262 |isbn=0824820525}}</ref>

 

Chinese survivors of the Batavia massacre linked up in north Java with 5,000 Chinese who lived outside Batavia and the Chinese and Javanese Muslims started initiating massive attacks on north Java against the strongholds of the Dutch East India Company. Bartholomeus Visscher and the other Dutch in Semarang were put under siege.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ricklefs  |first=Merle |series=Asian Studies Association of Australia|author-link= |date= 2018 |title=Soul Catcher: Java’s Fiery Prince Mangkunagara I, 1726-95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPlqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&dq=%22as+the+Chinese+War+(1740%E2%80%9343).62+The+VOC%27s+fortified+trading+posts+along+the+north+coast+of+Java+were+attacked+by+Chinese,+soon+joined+by+local+Javanese.%22&source=bl&ots=Dy_xc4aRBA&sig=ACfU3U0ur4sFe8xwzLs-mIHGsDLbv8ojLA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUtLiDqoP5AhV7FVkFHR0pAWkQ6AF6BAgCEAM |location= |publisher=NUS Press |page=34 |isbn=9814722847}}</ref> The Chinese defeated the Dutch at Juwana in May and on July 1741 Visscher was recalled. In July Chinese and Javanese rebels slaughtered the Dutch at Rembang and overran it despite Dutch attempts to retreat. The Dutch feared that their positions in central north Java would collapse as Semarang was besieged and all the Dutch at Demak were recalled. In East Java the Madurese under Cakraningrat IV helped the Dutch against the Chinese rebels. The Javanese Muslims at the court of Pakubuwana II decided to join the Chinese and declared jihad (holy war) against the Dutch, defeating the Dutch under Captian Johannes van Velsen at Kartasura.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ricklefs  |first=Merle |series=Asian Studies Association of Australia|author-link= |date= 2018 |title=Soul Catcher: Java’s Fiery Prince Mangkunagara I, 1726-95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPlqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=%22Sufi+King,+Pakubuwana+II,+had+embraced+Holy+War+against+the+infidel+Company%22&source=bl&ots=Dy_xc4bKxC&sig=ACfU3U3_tY4ak5S5vhm3K8N36J3bI8otyw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjWzqGAq4P5AhVqElkFHUzEBQwQ6AF6BAgCEAM|location= |publisher=NUS Press |page=35 |isbn=9814722847}}</ref> At Semarang, the Dutch came under siege by Islamic hajjis and Ulama Islamic scholars according to Babad Kraton as the Javanese Muslims joined the Chinese against the Dutch East India Company and the Dutch allied Madurese Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ricklefs  |first=Merle |series=Asian Studies Association of Australia|author-link= |date= 2018 |title=Soul Catcher: Java’s Fiery Prince Mangkunagara I, 1726-95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPlqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=%22force+the+Chinese+fighters+and+their+allied+Javanese+farther+inland+towards+Kartasura%22&source=bl&ots=Dy_xc4bNvC&sig=ACfU3U2sH-B8DNLcu9n9-SlwAy1yseK-_g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiwreOFrIP5AhWkVDUKHVRIDPAQ6AF6BAgCEAM|location= |publisher=NUS Press |page=36 |isbn=9814722847}}</ref> After Pakubuwana II defected to the Dutch, the Javanese Muslims who were still with he Chinese rebels were outraged and viewed him as a traitor to the holy war (jihad) and announced the child king Sunan Kuning (R.M. Garĕndi) as their Susuhunan, whose ancestors was Amangkurat III. The Javanese Muslim rebels and Chinese rebels then brouhht Sunun Kuning to assault and attack Pakubuwana II's capital at Kartasura and sacked it and his kraton palace and seized Pakubuwana II's women and concubines, with only Pakubuwan II and his 10 year old son escaping.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ricklefs  |first=Merle |series=Asian Studies Association of Australia|author-link= |date= 2018 |title=Soul Catcher: Java’s Fiery Prince Mangkunagara I, 1726-95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPlqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&lpg=PA37&dq=%22were+the+Chinese+and+Javanese+fighters+who+saw+Pakubuwana+II%22&source=bl&ots=Dy_xc4bNyC&sig=ACfU3U24qJD231roWryutHAD-dDFxFSHzw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwijs4eUrIP5AhV6GFkFHYDuAeoQ6AF6BAgCEAM|location= |publisher=NUS Press |page=37 |isbn=9814722847}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

Datu Uto received Spencer and Enfield rifles from Straits Chinese (Peranakan) merchants.<ref>{{cite book |last= Warren |first=James Francis |author-link= |date=2007  |title=The Sulu Zone, 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUZq93ydrrwC&pg=PA129&dq=spencer+enfield+sulu+chinese+taosug&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjEsZqChYH5AhX6FlkFHYcEBpEQ6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher=NUS Press |page=129 |isbn=9971693860|quote=4 Once the Spanish began the calculated destruction of Sulu shipping , Chinese merchants freighted their goods from ... the Taosug and Chinese of Maimbung ( the de facto capital of the Sultanate ) but now the Enfield and Spencer rifles ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=Jesuits. Philippine Province, Ateneo de Manila University|author-link= |date=1977 |title=Philippine Studies, Volumes 25-26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3YNuAAAAMAAJ&q=spencer+enfield+sulu+chinese+taosug&dq=spencer+enfield+sulu+chinese+taosug&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjEsZqChYH5AhX6FlkFHYcEBpEQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher= Ateneo de Manila |page=72 |isbn=|quote=... exports went to Sulu . After 1876 Labuan still found its principal customers in the Taosug and Chinese of Maimbung ( the de facto capital of the Sultanate ) but now the Enfield and Spencer rifles , assorted pistols , and gunpowder ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Schult  |first=Volker |author-link= |date=2008  |title=Wunsch und Wirklichkeit: deutsch-philippinische Beziehungen im Kontext globaler Verflechtungen 1860-1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WyiNDRUOm_EC&pg=PA64&dq=spencer+Gewehre+sulu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiHtIWH6YD5AhX1EGIAHf-4AYkQ6AF6BAgHEAI |volume=8 of Berliner Südostasien-Studien/Berlin studies on South East Asia|location= |issn=1619-7593|publisher=Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH |page=64 |isbn=3832518983|quote=Zwischen 1870 und 1886 verloren die Taosug ihre Rolle als Umschlaghändler im Sulu-Archipel Die Gründe lagen in der spanischen ... Von dort transportierten die Chinesen Enfield und Spencer Gewehre weiter zu den Maginda- nao von Buayan, ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |date=1884 |title= Globus, Volume 46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLJBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA53&dq=waffen+enfield+sulu&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjt39Ki9-j5AhXRczABHamxBVIQ6AF6BAgLEAI |location= |publisher=Bibliographischen Institut |page=53 |isbn=|quote=Die Hinrichtung ist auf Sulu ein Att scheußsind , nachzuahmen , daß sie bei der Billigkeit ihrer Erzeug- licher Barbarei ... Die Chinesen importiren überdies Waffen , schen Stadt zurück , um die nöthigen Vorbereitungen zur Munition ...}}</ref>

 

 

Lantaka swivel bronze cannon were sold by Chinese to the Moros who were fighting the Americans.<ref>{{cite book |last=Arnold  |first=James R. |author-link= |date=2011 |title=The Moro War: How America Battled a Muslim Insurgency in the Philippine Jungle, 1902-1913 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgWnN4hyjoQC&pg=PA45&dq=lantaka+moro+chinese+american&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRpPqV6YD5AhXCEmIAHW0DBwcQ6AF6BAgLEAI |location= |publisher= Bloomsbury Publishing USA |page=45 |isbn=1608193659|quote=Having fought one pitched battle at Bayan against the Moros, the Americans had acquired a good idea of their ... the Moros obtained in trade with the Chinese or manufactured themselves small-caliber bronze swivel guns called lantakas.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Edgerton  |first=Ronald K. |author-link= |date=2020  |title=American Datu: John J. Pershing and Counterinsurgency Warfare in the Muslim Philippines, 1899-1913 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EdPXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT289&dq=lantaka+moro+chinese+american&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRpPqV6YD5AhXCEmIAHW0DBwcQ6AF6BAgHEAI |series=Battles and Campaigns|location= |publisher=University Press of Kentucky|page= |edition=illustrated|isbn=0813178967|quote=... consisting of felled trees adat customary law agama kinship-based community among Maranao Moros agung brass gong amuk ... panglima among Tausug Moros laksamana lantaka small, muzzle-loaded brass cannon usually of Chinese manufacture ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author=American Chamber of Commerce of the Philippines|author-link= |date=1926 |title=Journal, Volumes 6-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ScgAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA5-PA17&dq=lantaka+moro+chinese+american&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRpPqV6YD5AhXCEmIAHW0DBwcQ6AF6BAgIEAI |location= |publisher= |page=17 |isbn=|quote=Smoking Lantakas : Moros Mad in Lanao lic works have been established , that in these things themselves lie very largely the solution of the problem of government . Even the Malanao desires the aid of capital and of Americans , but a ...}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

A novel was written about this.<ref>{{cite book |last=Denson  |first=Gene |author-link= |date=2015  |title=Mindanao: A Novel of the Philippine Insurrection |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Tz9CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT288&dq=lantaka+moro+chinese+american&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRpPqV6YD5AhXCEmIAHW0DBwcQ6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher=X libris US |page= |isbn=1503540979|quote=... the Moro riflemen and embrasures were constructed for the Moro cannon that included several crude Chinese lantakas. ... of a bullet and feeling dreadfully vulnerable, Jaime crouched low as the American 3.6 inch mortars opened fire.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Frank  |first=John Russell |author-link= |date=2009 |title=On the Road Home: an American Story: A Memoir of Triumph and Tragedy on a Forgotten Frontier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XPYLpblZqD0C&pg=PA312&dq=lantaka+moro+chinese+american&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRpPqV6YD5AhXCEmIAHW0DBwcQ6AF6BAgDEAI |edition=illustrated|location= |publisher=iUniverse|page=312 |isbn=1440193754|quote=Wealthy landed and business elites of Spanish and Chinese ancestry. jambangan. Land of flowers. juramentado ... A wavy bladed Moro sword. lantaka. ... Moro. A member of any of several Muslim peoples of the Southern Philippines. Muezzin.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Malcolm  |first=George Arthur |others=Contributors               Philippines, Philippines islands|author-link= |date=1936  |series=Philippine law collection World constitutions illustratedn|title= The Commonwealth of the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtoBAAAAMAAJ&q=lantaka+moro+chinese+american&dq=lantaka+moro+chinese+american&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRpPqV6YD5AhXCEmIAHW0DBwcQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher=D. Appleton-Century Company, incorporated|page=47 |isbn=|quote=Friend of Moros , Chinese , Spaniards , Americans , and Filipinos . ... The wealthiest Moro of his day . ... ran from an engraved lantaka ( THE MOROS AND PAGANS 47 Datu Piang of a hundred or more wives and of a hundred or more children.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hurley  |first=Vic |editor-last=Harris  |editor-first=Christopher L. |author-link= |date=2010 |title=Swish of the Kris, the Story of the Moros, Authorized and Enhanced Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgacaW_qEOQC&pg=PA303&dq=lantaka+moro+chinese+american&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRpPqV6YD5AhXCEmIAHW0DBwcQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher= Cerberus Books |page=303 |edition=illustrated, reprint|isbn=0615382428|quote=Note: The author lists by name a great number of individuals - Spaniards, Moros, and Americans - who were instrumental during both the Spanish occupation and the subsequent American occupation of Philippine Moro territories.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=Alejandrino G. Hufana, Rony V. Díaz, University of the Philippines. Institute of Asian Studies|author=University of the Philippines. Social Science Research Center|volume = 1 of An Annotated Bibliography of Philippine Social Sciences, Cecilio Lopez|author-link= |date=1956 |title= An Annotated Bibliography of Philippine Social Sciences: Economics, by A.G. Hufana and R.V. Díaz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvcZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA169&dq=lantaka+moro+chinese+american&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRpPqV6YD5AhXCEmIAHW0DBwcQ6AF6BAgFEAI |location= |publisher= |page=169 |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Orosa |first=Sixto Y. |editor-last= Nieva |editor-first=Gregorio |author-link= |date= 1919|title=The Philippine Review: (Revista Filipina) ; a Monthly Magazine in English and Spanish, Volume 4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nb87AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA820&dq=lantaka+moro+chinese+american&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRpPqV6YD5AhXCEmIAHW0DBwcQ6AF6BAgKEAI |location= |publisher= |page=820 |isbn=|chapter=The Flag Day in Jolo |quote=Moros not to exhibit the Filipino flag , but A fourth , representing Liberty , standtheir un - American efforts in no ... in an attitude of protecting ened or dulled the general enthusiasm . the three , was unfurling the American flag .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |date=1908 |title=Army-Navy-Air Force Register and Defense Times, Volume 44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlI-AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA6-PA21&dq=lantaka+moro+chinese+american&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRpPqV6YD5AhXCEmIAHW0DBwcQ6AF6BAgJEAI |location= |publisher= |page=21 |isbn=|quote=No other milk approaches it China , the latter a colony of France . in actual food value or in any of the qualition ... In 1599 large numbers of Moro St. , New York City , If your Druggist THE ANTIQUITY OF THE LANTAKA OF THE pirates ...}}</ref>

 

 

 

Samier Tan, Shernee Tan-Tambut and Sakur Tan II are the children of Abdusakur Tan and all are involved in politics in Sulu.<ref>{{cite news |last=Macabalang    |first= Ali G. |date=October 15, 2021 |title=Sulu Gov. Tan, 3 children seek reelection unopposed |url=https://philmuslim.today/2021/10/15/sulu-gov-tan-3-children-seek-reelection-unopposed/ |work= PHILIPPINE MUSLIM TODAY|location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Doronio |first= Junex |date= June 4, 2022|title= Kusug Tausug party-list solon hits Raissa Robles for ‘sarcastic’ tweet, spreading ‘falsehoods’|url= https://maharlika.tv/2022/06/04/kusug-tausug-party-list-solon-hits-raissa-robles-for-sarcastic-tweet-spreading-falsehoods/|work=Maharlika TV  |location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Quismorio  |first=Ellson |date=March 7, 2022 |title= Ex-prez GMA becomes party-list solon's VIP 'tour guide' in Pampanga|url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/03/07/ex-prez-gma-becomes-party-list-solons-vip-tour-guide-in-pampanga/ |work=Manila Bulletin |location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= July 22, 2017 |title= Were Muslim congressmen compelled by need for self-preservation to support Mindanao Martial Law extension?|url=https://www.raissarobles.com/2017/07/22/were-muslim-congressmen-compelled-by-need-for-self-preservation-to-support-mindanao-martial-law-extension/ |work=Raissa Robles |location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gonzales   |first=Cathrine |date=February 25, 2022 |title=Solon, designer collaborate to promote Sulu’s pis syabit|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1559885/solon-designer-collaborate-to-promote-sulus-pis-syabit |work=INQUIRER.net  |location= Manila |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/100330798452914/posts/congresswoman-shernee-tan-tambut-delivered-a-message-of-support-for-bta-bill-no-/358172622668729/ |title= Kusug Tausug Partylist In Congress  |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date= |title= Hon. Tan, Shernee A. Party List - House of Representatives|url=https://www.congress.gov.ph/members/search.php?id=tan-s |website=  House of Representatives Philippines|location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= June 5, 2022 |title= Adobo Chronicles Fact Check: Raissa Robles Is Not A Tausug|url= https://adobochronicles.com/2022/06/page/13/|work=The Adobo Chronicles  |location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Cruz  |first=Divina Nova Joy Dela |date= February 25, 2021 |title=  BARMM transition extension opposed  |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/02/25/news/top-stories/barmm-transition-extension-opposed/845091 |work=The Manila Times |location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Shernee Tan-Tambut - Wikidata |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66777118|website= |location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Shernee Tan-Tambut - Wikidata |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66777118|website= |location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= |title=Shernee Tan-Tambut - Facebook |url= https://www.facebook.com/shernee.tantambut.94|work= |location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=  December 14, 2019 |title= Shernee Tan Tambut Biography  |url=https://peoplaid.com/2019/12/14/shernee-tan/|website=PeoPlaid |location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=   August 9, 2019  |title=  Abdusakur Tan Biography  |url=https://peoplaid.com/2019/08/09/abdusakur-tan/|website=PeoPlaid |location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=  December 3, 2019  |title=  Samier Tan Biography   |url=https://peoplaid.com/2019/12/03/samier-tan/|website=PeoPlaid |location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Quismorio  |first=Ellson |date= February 26, 2022|title='Pang-New York?': Handwoven cloth from Sulu catches int'l designer's eye, thanks to solon |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/02/26/pang-new-york-woven-cloth-from-sulu-catches-intl-designers-eye-thanks-to-solon/ |work=Manila Bulletin |location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Quismorio  |first=Ellson |date=June 3, 2022 |title=Solon slams Robles, says tourists in Midnanao aren’t ‘sitting ducks’ for kidnappers |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/06/03/solon-slams-robles-says-tourists-in-midnanao-wont-be-sitting-ducks-for-kidnappers/ |work=Manila Bulletin |location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= |title= |url=https://mb.com.ph/tag/shernee-tan-tambut/ |work=Manila Bulletin |location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=   |title=  Shernee Tan-Tambut (@shernee_tan) • Instagram photos and ...  |url=https://www.instagram.com/shernee_tan/?hl=en|website=instagram|location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |people= |date= Jul 22, 2017|title= Shernee Tan votes martial law extension, suggests for entire PH.|trans-title= |type= |language= |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xB3-cnQE94|access-date= |archive-url= |archive-date= |format= |time= |location= |publisher=Rappler |id= |isbn= |oclc= |quote= |ref=}} </ref><ref>{{cite AV media |people= |date=Jun 4, 2022 |title= Rep. Shernee Tan-Tambut: Banat lang siya ng banat, hindi naman niya alam 'yung sinasabi niya. |trans-title= |type= |language= |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5wsRYrNClVU|access-date= |archive-url= |archive-date= |format= |time= |location= |publisher=SMNI News Channel |id= |isbn= |oclc= |quote= |ref=}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Yap |first= DJ |date=September 06, 2016 |title= Lawmaker bares attempt to break into her car and plant bomb|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/813405/lawmaker-bares-attempt-to-break-into-her-car-and-plant-bomb |work= Philippine Daily Inquirer |location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>https://politics.com.ph/tag/shernee-tan-tambut/</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Begas  |first=Billy |date= June 3, 2022 |title= ‘Mindanao is peaceful and progressive,’ Kusug Tausug party-list tells journo|url=https://politics.com.ph/2022/06/03/mindanao-is-peaceful-and-progressive-kusug-tausug-party-list-tells-journo/ |work= POLITIKO News|location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=February 25, 2022|title=Lawmaker wants to introduce Sulu’s woven cloth to the world |url=https://politics.com.ph/2022/02/25/lawmaker-wants-to-introduce-sulus-woven-cloth-to-the-world/ |work= POLITIKO News|location= |access-date=}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

The most-anti Japanese place in Southeast Asia was the Moro region as they engaged in juramentado suicide attacks against the Japanese.<ref>{{cite book |last= Federspiel|first= Howard M. |author-link= |date= 2007 |title=Sultans, Shamans, and Saints: Islam and Muslims in Southeast Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vY4BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA125&dq=suicide+commandos+revived&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjS7vrbjIH5AhUrEmIAHQfIAuAQ6AF6BAgCEAI |edition=illustrated|location= |publisher= University of Hawaii Press |page=125 |isbn=0824864522|quote=Retaliation against local populations for guerrilla actions led to a revival of the suicide commando (juramentado), who attackedsmall groups of Japanese anddied in the fighting.Also, there were guerrilla units dominated by Muslim ...}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Japanese slaughtered Suluk  women and children in British north Borneo at their mosque.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gilbert  |first=Martin |author-link= |date=2014  |title=History of the Twentieth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-waDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP261&lpg=PP261&dq=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/chinese-and-suluks-revolt-against-japanese-in-north-borneo&source=bl&ots=51BYAK7259&sig=ACfU3U0CgkG7eL0fHwUQ-kFXWL2LALBUeA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjS9cTmlf_4AhWpGVkFHQa-CKoQ6AF6BAgZEAM |location= |publisher=Rosetta Books|page= |isbn=0795337329|quote=In North Borneo, local Chinese and the native Suluk people rose in revolt against Japanese rule and tyranny. Forty Japanese were killed.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Gilbert|first= Martin |author-link= |date=2014  |title= The Second World War: A Complete History|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=42iHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP572&lpg=PP572&dq=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/chinese-and-suluks-revolt-against-japanese-in-north-borneo&source=bl&ots=xExJjm1jih&sig=ACfU3U2M3g87Xhpka4WKUWKYP62ATOxPjA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjS9cTmlf_4AhWpGVkFHQa-CKoQ6AF6BAgaEAM |location= |publisher=Rosetta Books|page= |isbn=0795337299|qote=That same day, in the North Borneo capital, Jesselton, local Chinese and native Suluks rose up in revolt against the Japanese occupation; forty Japanese ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308023941/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/chinese-and-suluks-revolt-against-japanese-in-north-borneo |title= Oct 19, 1943: Chinese and Suluks revolt against Japanese in North Borneo |last= |first= |date= |website=history.com |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref> https://freerepublic.com/focus/chat/3080897/posts?page=5 https://5y1.org/info/ww1-german-pilot-uniform_1_ba24d6.html  https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/today-in-history-october-19th.744033/https://www.matrixgames.com/forumsold/printable.asp?m=969583 https://www.matrixgames.com/forumsold/fb.asp?m=971915 http://kb.com.tripod.com/1019.html https://dokumen.tips/documents/chinese-and-suluks-revolt-against-japanese-in-north-borneo-oct-19-1943-.html  http://www.nhc-ul.org/Military%20History%20Anniversaries%20%201016%20thru%20103119.pdf</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Narayanan |first1=Arujunan |last2= |first2= |date= 2002 |title=Japanese war crimes and Allied crimes trials in Borneo during World War II |url=http://journalarticle.ukm.my/404/1/1.pdf |journal=JEBAT |volume= 29 |issue= |page=8, 9 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref> Bajau-Suluk participated in a violent revolt against the Japanese.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Wong  |first1= Danny Tze Ken|last2= |first2= |date= |title= Memory and Remembrance of the Kinabalu Guerrillas and the Jesselton Uprising of 1943 in Sabah, Malaysia|url=http://epaper.ccstw.nccu.edu.tw/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E8%88%87%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E5%82%B3%E6%92%AD_%E7%B0%A1%E6%AD%B7%E8%88%87%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81_%E9%BB%83%E5%AD%90%E5%A0%85.pdf |journal= International Conference : Historical Memories and the Dissemination of Concept|volume= |issue= |page=5 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref>

 

97% of the Japanese soldiers occupying Jolo were slaughtered by Moro Muslim Tausug guerillas according to Japanese soldier Fujioka Akiyoshi, who was one of the few who remained alive by the end of the war.<ref>{{cite book |last= Omar  |first=Ibrahim S. |others=Yolanda O. Stern|author-link= |date=2018  |title=Diary of a Colonized Native: (Years of Hidden Colonial Slavery)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyplDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT101&lpg=PT101&dq=%22More+than+97+percent+were+lost+on+Jolo+island,+a+death+rate+believed+to+be+hardly+equaled%22&source=bl&ots=6vjCqPgJQi&sig=ACfU3U1phOPFRH1TjE0xiJRF_d-zua75HA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjzqvPK7P74AhUKKFkFHe4lA_UQ6AF6BAgCEAM |location= |publisher=Partridge Publishing Singapore|page= |isbn=1543743277}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Espaldon |first=Ernesto M.  |date=1997 |title= With the Bravest: The Untold Story of the Sulu Freedom Fighters of World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6IDzAAAAMAAJ&q=%22more+than+97+percent+were+lost+on+jolo%22&dq=%22more+than+97+percent+were+lost+on+jolo%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjF9-_w9uj5AhVbKlkFHYyRC0QQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher=Espaldon-Virata Foundation |page=181 |isbn=9719183314|quote=More than 97 percent were lost on Jolo island , a death rate believed to be hardly equalled anywhere during the entire course of the war . The data were not unexpected , nor were they a surprise . Looking back into the history of the ...}}</ref> Fujioka described the Moros as brutal and recalled how the Moros sliced the livers and gold teeth off Japanaese soldiers who in one month slaughtered 1,000 Japanese after they came to the island.<ref>{{cite book |last=Matthiessen |first=Sven |author-link= |date=2015  |series=Brill's Japanese Studies Library|title= Japanese Pan-Asianism and the Philippines from the Late Nineteenth Century to the End of World War II: Going to the Philippines Is Like Coming Home?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llPeCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA172&lpg=PA172&dq=%22Fujioka+described+the+utmost+brutality+of+the+Moros,+who+had+killed%22&source=bl&ots=PTZAEee0io&sig=ACfU3U0ED6lgJp31iZ2YFnU2vc0ZkejeQg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjPlsq-7P74AhWBM1kFHV-SDtAQ6AF6BAgCEAM |location= |publisher=BRILL|page=172 |isbn=9004305726}}</ref><ref>https://brill.com/downloadpdf/book/9789004305724/B9789004305724_005.xml https://brill.com/downloadpdf/book/9789004305724/B9789004305724_005.pdf?pdfJsInlineViewToken=1567155402&inlineView=true https://brill.com/downloadpdf/book/9789004305724/B9789004305724_005.pdf?pdfJsInlineViewToken=1203140450&inlineView=true</ref> Fujioka and his fellow Japanese soldiers were overjoyed when they finally reached an American base to surrender to since they knew their only other fate was being butchered by Moro Muslims or starvation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Yoshimi  |first= Yoshiaki|others=Translated by  Ethan Mark|author-link= |date=2015  |series=Weatherhead Books on Asia|title=Grassroots Fascism: The War Experience of the Japanese People |edition=illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXvECwAAQBAJ&pg=PA196&lpg=PA196&dq=%22Fujioka+wrote+that+dead+soldiers+had+their+weapons,+clothing,+gold+teeth,+and+raw+livers+plucked+from+them.%22&source=bl&ots=D7VeDCesND&sig=ACfU3U10995DROKdjm8exds747sxCiCTMw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiFsqaigf_4AhUTEGIAHYkXD2AQ6AF6BAgCEAM |location= |publisher=Columbia University Press|page=196, 197, 198 |isbn=0231165684}}</ref><ref>https://vdoc.pub/documents/grassroots-fascism-the-war-experience-of-the-japanese-people-translated-and-annoted-by-ethan-mark-2kqjt81hmvs0</ref> Injured Japanese were slaughtered by Moros with their their [[kris]] daggers as the Moros constantly attacked and charged and butchered Japanese soldiers.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=41st Infantry Division Association|author-link= |date=1992 |title=Jungleer, Volume 48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K6HvAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Jap+arms+were+superior+to+Moro+carbines+and+Krises+despite+their+mortar+Pln.+Japs+had+about+10+LMGs,+a+few+HMGs,+and+100+rifles+and+bayonets.+Every+man+carried+a+grenade+or+two%E2%80%93for+suicide.+Some+Moros+had+butchered+dying+men.%22&dq=%22Jap+arms+were+superior+to+Moro+carbines+and+Krises+despite+their+mortar+Pln.+Japs+had+about+10+LMGs,+a+few+HMGs,+and+100+rifles+and+bayonets.+Every+man+carried+a+grenade+or+two%E2%80%93for+suicide.+Some+Moros+had+butchered+dying+men.%22&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjX2uXc_P74AhUzGFkFHZe4DzkQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher= 41st Infantry Division Association. |page=2 |isbn=|quote=Bahu past the death-silence of South Mt Daho where the Marine garrison had died. As was his Japanese soldier's right, Gen Suzuki chose to command. It was his final posi-tion of honor.

 

 

2. Middle Column was 150 men of 363 Inf Bn. Their march might be safer on the south side of the Jolo "mounts" like Mabusing and Datu.

3 Trekking north of that line of Jolo "mounts," the left Column comprised 150 men of 365 Inf Bn and 55 FA Bn. Skirting the north slopes of the Jolo "mounts," they might be most remote from Moro attacks. (Among FA men was Pvt Akiyoshi Fujioka who still remembers the wild fighting. Being against the war, Fujioka had refused his opportunity to become and officers.)

 

Jap arms were superior to Moro carbines and Krises despite their mortar Pln. Japs had about 10 LMGs, a few HMGs, and 100 rifles and bayonets. Every man carried a grenade or two–for suicide. Some Moros had butchered dying men. And on 29 July, 3 die-hard colummns moved out for Mt Bahu– probably with first light. Behind them was the sharp crack of grenades where sick and wounded killed themselves.

 

Air-line distances from Tumatangas to Bahu was just 8 miles, but the move lasted too many days. Left Column just 5 days, but Middle and Right columns took 5 days longer. Most of the 500 were killed.

 

The march lasted too long because it could not be a direct march against the Moro multitudes before them. Per-haps the Japs had to retreat at times–or tried round Moro flanks–or marched at night to hide and rest in the day-time.

 

In the Left Column, Fujioka still has hard memories of the march. Moros often tracked them closely and killed men. Jap Mgs helped pile up dead the fanatical rushes , but half those Mgs were lost to Moro charges . Sometimes the Japs used kirikome - an almost suicidal attack with rifle butts and bayonets . After one of these , a man wondered why he lived . Fujioka has poignant memories of fear and hunger and furious battle . One night , the starving Left Column found a field of camotes ( sweet potatoes ) . When they were tiredly digging them — bare hands or bayonets - Moros surrounded them and struck down many men before they were beaten off .

 

Next day , the Japs hoped to rest in a narrow valley . Again Moros surrounded them and attacked . Again , there was kirikome - hand to hand fighting , wounds , suffering , and death . Onward fought this Left Column . Skirting northern slopes of Mts Magusing , Agao , Pula , and Datu , they covered mostly in second growth woods . Yet by the time they reached Magusing , they had 70 casualties of their 150 men . After 5 days , 2 Apr. They were first to reach Mt Bahu .

 

On the south side of the “ mounts ” where Left Column marched , the 150 - strong Middle Column of 563 Bn had a harder fight . Three days after starting , they were still just past Mt Tumatangas . Near Mt Kagangan , guerillas mortared them . They broke through the guerillas ' lines , but lost 50 of their 150. Two days later , they reunited with Suzuki's Right Column remnants .

 

But Gen Suzuki was killed in action the day before the 2 columns were merged . His Middle Column had passed through Indanan Village and along the south slopes of Mt Daho . On the whole route , they endured attacks . Suzuki was killed on 1 August . Only 50 of the 150 still lived . On 2 Aug , Middle and Right Columns became one .

 

On 7 Aug. 10 days after leaving Hill 785 , the Jap “ army ” reunited on Mt Bahu — about 180 of 500 men who started .

 

On Bahu , death closed down on those 180 diseased , starved , and ever - thirsty men . They lacked strength even to dig perimeter . They lacked a spring for water - just a few drops from a trickle through the grass between rocks . They must catch the slow drops in canteens by day , for they had no lights to get water at night. Moros lurked for them and struck them down.

 

Suddenly a US plane fluttered leaflets among them. "War is over," they said. "If any soldiers live, please come under arms to Matanden, a small hill 2 kilometers NE of Bahu."

 

New CO Maj Temmyo said, "Those are lies. If you believe in them, we'll killed you now!"

 

But Fujioka believe in them, for they said "Come un-der arms." Without surrender, he knew that they would all die within 10 days—from starvation or Moro krises.

 

So Pvt Fujioka signed to 5 men who slipped away with him. In 30 minutes, the 6 gathered, sad at leaving, but hop-ing to live. A Sgt who knew English opened a map , and reasoned that the rendezvous was not Matanden but Mt Tanbang.

 

And at Tanbang , these 6 Japanese received their lives and Japan back again — from the black soldiers and white officers of 368 Inf , 92 Div . Back on Mt Bahu , Maj Temmyo's Japs also received back their lives .

 

 ... Maj Temmyo never gave official credit to Fujioka's men for saving his life . But Fujioka is alive and well in Tokyo .

 

CREDIT : RR Smith's Return to the Philippines tells how 55 IMB was formed . Artilleryman Fujioka tells about voyage from Luzon , his gun on Jolo , the death - march , and surrender . Dates of his letters are 22 Oct 1986 ; 9 Jan , 1 Feb , 9 Mar , 30 June 1987 ; and 20 Jan , 26 Apr 1989. ( Fujioka partly quotes from his hardback book , The Memoir of a Survivor on Jolo written in Japanese script that I cannot read . ) Maj Tokichi Tenmyo's post - war interview with a US ofsicer provides statistics and dates of 3 columns ' fight to reach Mt Bahu , and the final surrender . ( Later name of Bahu is Mt Sinumaan which Fujioka finds in modern Filipino high school texts . )

 

Our Last ANZAC Day ANZAC is an acronym for the 22.}}</ref>

 

A bookstore in Jolo named Serendipity was owned by Eleonora Rohaida (Roida) Tan. Mao Zedong's picture was in the bookstore. Desdemona was advised to go to Jolo by Professor Cesar Majul and to leave Manila during martial law. Zenaida was the youngest sister of Desdemonna and Roida was the eldest. Their father Tuchay Tan was involved in bulk oil distribution, gas stations, trade and pawn shops.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |date= |title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzWWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT95&dq=An+Authorized+Biography+Tom+Stern.+youngest+sister,+Zenaida,+helped+her+father+with+his+businesses+in+pawn+shops,+trading,+gas+stations,+and+bulk+oil+distribution.+Misuari+had+relentlessly+courted+Desdemona+for+seven+years,+...&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwim4dX1hf_4AhXSEGIAHd0VBe4Q6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn=}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Desdemona Tan married Nur Misuari<ref>{{cite book |last= Heraclides|first= Alexis |author-link= |date= 2012|title= The Self-determination of Minorities in International Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uX8sBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA169&dq=chinese+family+Misuari+Libya+Desdemona+Tan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjKga-bhP74AhUsEmIAHWWED6gQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher= Routledge|page=169  |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=International Security Council|author-link= |date=1986|volume= 20 of CAUSA International |series=International Security Council conference series |title=The Philippines and Security of the South China Sea Region: Manila, the Philippines, August 12-14, 1986 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UqNKAQAAIAAJ&q=chinese+family+Misuari+Libya+Desdemona+Tan&dq=chinese+family+Misuari+Libya+Desdemona+Tan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjKga-bhP74AhUsEmIAHWWED6gQ6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher= The Council |page=126 |isbn=}}</ref>

Misuari is a Suluano who has links with the Chinese of the Sulu archipelago through his wife Desdemona Tan, a member of a prominent Chinese family. Salamat is a Maguindanao, and Alonto a member of a distinguished Maranao family.

 

Misuari is married to Desdemona Abubakar Tan , a Tausog Muslim and active student leader of her time , and a member of one of the prominent families in Sulu . 12. Lela Garner Noble “ Muslim Separatism in the Philippines , 1972-1981 ...

 

 

The Joni (Zhuoni) Tibetan chief King Yang Rusong's daughter married a hui Muslim named Ding Chaochen.<ref>{{cite book |last=Yue |first=Que |editor1-last=Ma|editor1-first=Jianxiong |editor2-last=Abt|editor2-first=Oded|editor3-last=Yao|editor3-first=Jide |series=The Historical Anthropology of Chinese Society Series|author-link= |date=2020  |title= Islam and Chinese Society: Genealogies, Lineage and Local Communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4OjeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86&dq=Ding+Chaochen+Yang+Rusong+Tibetan+chieftain+Zhuoni&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZgPCFhP74AhXpEFkFHRXKBiwQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher=Routledge|page= |edition=illustrated |isbn=1000047458|chapter=6 Hui Lineages in Taozhou and the Acculturation of Islam during the Qing Dynasty |quote=The wife of second-generation Ding Yangyuan, Madam Li, came from Old Zhuangzi, a town located along the route ... was the daughter of Yang Rusong, a hereditary Tibetan chieftain who was a descendant of the chieftain in Zhuoni valley.}}</ref>

 

Hui people practiced same surname endogamy, or parallel cousin marriage which was against Confucianism and which Han people did not practice.<ref>{{cite book |last=Yue |first=Que |editor1-last=Ma|editor1-first=Jianxiong |editor2-last=Abt|editor2-first=Oded|editor3-last=Yao|editor3-first=Jide |series=The Historical Anthropology of Chinese Society Series|author-link= |date=2020  |title= Islam and Chinese Society: Genealogies, Lineage and Local Communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4OjeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT27&dq=hui+endogamy+surname+yunnan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjO_4j7g_74AhXXD1kFHUNZBCAQ6AF6BAgJEAI|location= |publisher=Routledge|page= |edition=illustrated |isbn=1000047458|chapter=6 Hui Lineages in Taozhou and the Acculturation of Islam during the Qing Dynasty |quote=In the Yuan dynasty, Hui Muslims were called the semu (assorted categories) people. ... they wear short tunics without collars; they are crafty people who practice endogamy, and do not have a taboo on same-surname marriages.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Yue |first=Que |editor1-last=Ma|editor1-first=Jianxiong |editor2-last=Abt|editor2-first=Oded|editor3-last=Yao|editor3-first=Jide |series=The Historical Anthropology of Chinese Society Series|author-link= |date=2020  |title= Islam and Chinese Society: Genealogies, Lineage and Local Communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4OjeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85&dq=endogamous+surname+marriage+hui+confucian&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjF7uyNhP74AhVDEmIAHcddBfoQ6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher=Routledge|page= |edition=illustrated |isbn=1000047458|chapter=6 Hui Lineages in Taozhou and the Acculturation of Islam during the Qing Dynasty |quote=The combination of Hui and Confucian personas enabled the flourishing of Islam in the Taozhou area in this period. ... views stressing the endogamous tendencies of Muslim communities, the genealogy record demonstrates that Hui marriages ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last= Levinson  |editor-first=David |others=Timothy J. O'Leary, Terence E. Hays, Paul Hockings, Linda A. Bennett, Paul Friedrich, Norma Diamond, Johannes Wilbert, James W. Dow, Robert Van Kemper, John Middleton, Amal Rassam, Candice Bradley, Laurel L. Rose|author-link= |date= 1996 |title=Encyclopedia of World Cultures, Volume 6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc4ZAQAAIAAJ&q=endogamy+cousin+marriage+surrname+hui&dq=endogamy+cousin+marriage+surrname+hui&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiVv9Ohpf74AhV6D1kFHRmoBUoQ6AF6BAgDEAI |edition=reprint|location= |publisher=Prentice-Hall|page=453 |isbn=081611840X|quote=Hui marriage practices tend toward endogamy in all respects , especially in the northwestern part of China , where the Hui are culturally and religiously conservative . There one finds pronounced village endogamy , surname endogamy ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gladney |first=Dru C. |editor1-last=Blum|editor1-first=Susan D.|editor2-last=Jensen |editor2-first=Lionel M. |author-link= |date= 2002 |title= China Off Center: Mapping the Margins of the Middle Kingdom|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=35wBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA121&dq=endogamy+cousin+marriage+surrname+hui&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiVv9Ohpf74AhV6D1kFHRmoBUoQ6AF6BAgIEAI|location= |publisher=University of Hawaii Press|page=121 |isbn=0824861833|chapter=Ethnoreligious Resurgence in a Northwestern Sufi Community|quote=Marriage among the Hui within Na Homestead or with other rural Hui in the vicinity is the norm. Surname endogamous marriage between Na villagers still takes place—almost unheard of among the Han. Government regulations strictly prohibit ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gladney  |first=Dru C. |author-link= |date=1996 |issue=Number 149 of Harvard East Asian monographs|issn=0073-0483|edition=illustrated|others=Harvard University. Council on East Asian Studies|title= Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_hJ9aht6nZQC&pg=PA159&dq=endogamy+cousin+marriage+surrname+hui&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiVv9Ohpf74AhV6D1kFHRmoBUoQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher= Harvard Univ Asia Center|page=159 |isbn=0674594975|quote=Surname endogamy is justified by some Hui to Han who reject this practice as unfilial because , the Hui reason , their surnames ... Cross - cousin marriage , as well as marriage between matrilateral parallel cousins ( yibiao xiongmei ) ...}}</ref>

 

https://books.google.com/books?id=4OjeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85&dq=endogamy+cousin+marriage+surrname+hui&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiVv9Ohpf74AhV6D1kFHRmoBUoQ6AF6BAgHEAI

 

<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |date= |title= |url= |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn=}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

Peranakans in Malaysia and Singapore formed when non-Muslim Chinese men were able to marry Malay Muslim women a long time ago without converting to Islam. This is no longer the case in modern times where anyone who marries Malay women is required to convert to Islam.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chua |first=  Beng Huat|author-link= |date=2013 |title=Life Is Not Complete Without Shopping |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxpqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT165&dq=non-muslim+men+malay+marry&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih4oiEovr4AhUHIsAKHYLYCnMQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=non-muslim%20men%20malay%20marry&f=false |location= |publisher= Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. |page= |isbn=9971697270}}</ref>

 

 

Desdemona Tan's father was a rich Chinese businessman and she was called "mother of Bangsamoro jihad fi-sabilillah" by the MNLF.<ref>{{cite book |last=Omar |first= Ibrahim S. |author-link= |date=2018|title=Diary of a Colonized Native: (Years of Hidden Colonial Slavery) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyplDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT227&dq=tuchay+tan+thaiser&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjeuPqQtPv4AhUHGVkFHcTrAwkQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher= Partridge Publishing Singapore |page= |isbn=1543743277}}</ref>

 

The Sulu kingdoms were tributaries to the Ming dynasty and one Sulu king died in China during a tribute mission. After Spanish persecution against Chinese in Luzon, thousands of Chinese fled to Sulu and Sulu's Sultan Israel (1773-1778) was backed by 4,000 Chinese against the Spanish. Chinese participated in Sulu's war against western colonialists like the 5 March 1775 attack against the Balambagan British outpost which was led y the Chinese merchant Datu Teteng, and at the 19 December 1726 treaty between Spain and Sulu, the representative was the Chinese Ki Kuan. Many Chinese assimilated into Tausug-Sama people and Chinese surnames are found among them.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=See |editor1-first=Teresita Ang |editor2-last=Go |editor2-first=Bon Juan |title=華人 |date=1994 |publisher=Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran, Incorporated |isbn=9718857052 |page=129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlVuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22the+Spaniards+on+19+December+1726.8+Datu+Teteng+,+a+Chinese+businessman+who+rose+to+the+rank+,+led+the+Tausug+attack+on+the+British+settlement+at+Balambagan+on+5+March+1775+and+brought+to+the+Sultanate+spoils+from+the+settlement+.%22&dq=%22the+Spaniards+on+19+December+1726.8+Datu+Teteng+,+a+Chinese+businessman+who+rose+to+the+rank+,+led+the+Tausug+attack+on+the+British+settlement+at+Balambagan+on+5+March+1775+and+brought+to+the+Sultanate+spoils+from+the+settlement+.%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiiwaP7ufv4AhVlEGIAHbN2CJ4Q6AF6BAgCEAI|quote=the Sulu kings party,5 upon his untimely death in China, added meaning not only to the sense of imperial pride in such a worthy vassal, but also to the further strengthening of Tausug historical attachment to China. It was this consciousness that was evident when thousands of Chinese welcomed their exile from Luzon to Sulu following a series of violent crackdowns on the "Chinese rebels" as a result of Spanish ant-Chinese policy.6 In the late 18th century, about 4,000 Chinese, according to Montero y Vidal, supported Sultan Israel of Sulu (1773-1778) against Spanish rule.7 In fact, the later part of the 18th century saw the rise of Chinese participation in the diplomatic affairs of Sulu and even in its armed struggle against colonial-ism. Two of the Chinese personalities worth mentioning were Ki Kuan and Datu Teteng. Ki Kuan served as the sole negotiator of Sultan Israel in the conclusion of the treaty of peace and commerce with the Spaniards on December 19, 1726.8 Datu Teteng, a Chinese businessman who rose from the ranks, led the Tausug attack on the British settlement at Balambagan on March 5, 1775 and brought to the Sultanate spoils from the settlement.9 The event was significant because it frustrated further colonial effort to gain foot-hold in Sulu and stop subsequent efforts for over a decade until the turn of the 19th century when the British renewed their interests in Sulu. In a sense, it is difficult to understand the special role played by the Chinese in Sulu's sensitive affairs unless their integration into Tausug-Sama society was real and effective. In fact, oral traditions seem to confirm that many of the Chinese who moved into Sulu were so fully absorbed by the native culture that only their family names have remained as reminders of their historic ties with China. One of the Chinese families that have become prominent in Sulu affairs, especially political, is the Tan family of Jolo. The Tans of Jolo There are several families in the Sulu archipelago that carry the Tan surname, although direct kinship ties remain ambiguous. they are found largely in Jolo, Siasi, Bongao, and Sitangkai. The most prominent are the Tans of Jolo. Due to lack of written sources, the history of the Tans can only be reconstructed from oral historical data, principally from representatives}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Francisco |first1=Juan R. |editor1-last=Palongpalong |editor1-first=Artemio |editor2-last=Mahiwo |editor2-first=Sylvano |title=Society and Culture: The Asian Heritage : Festschrift for Juan R. Francisco, Ph.D., Professor of Indology |date=1999 |publisher=Asian Center, University of the Philippines |isbn=9718992073 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rRuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Datu+Teteng,+a+Chinese+businessman+who+rose+from+the+ranks,+led+the+Tausug+attack+on+the+British+settlement+at+Balambagan+on+March+5,+1775+and+brought+to+the+Sultanate+spoils+from+the+settlement.9%22&dq=%22Datu+Teteng,+a+Chinese+businessman+who+rose+from+the+ranks,+led+the+Tausug+attack+on+the+British+settlement+at+Balambagan+on+March+5,+1775+and+brought+to+the+Sultanate+spoils+from+the+settlement.9%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiYorn3ufv4AhWzGFkFHV2QDEUQ6AF6BAgCEAI|quote=Datu Teteng , a Chinese businessman who rose from the ranks , led the Tausug attack on the British settlement at Balambagan on March 5 , 1775 and brought to the Sultanate spoils from the settlement . The event was significant because it ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Saleeby |first= Najeeb Mitry |author-link= |date=|title= The History of Sulu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UxYSAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ki+kuan+spaniards+treaty+sultan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiC-snhnfz4AhWCGVkFHXAUCk4Q6AF6BAgJEAI |location= |publisher=  |page=99 |volume= 4, Part 2 of Publications (Philippine Islands. Bureau of Science. Division of Ethnology)|isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mastura |first= Michael O. |author-link= |date=1984 |title=Muslim Filipino Experience: A Collection of Essays |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KxwAAAAMAAJ&q=ki+kuan+spaniards+treaty+sultan&dq=ki+kuan+spaniards+treaty+sultan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiC-snhnfz4AhWCGVkFHXAUCk4Q6AF6BAgLEAI |location= |publisher= Ministry of Muslim Affairs|page= 49 |isbn=|issue=3 of Philippine Islam series|quote=Sulu Treaties with Foreign Powers 1646 Rajah Bongsu - Lopez treaty of perpetual friendship and offensive - defensive ... 1725 Sultan Badrudin | treaty secured by the Spanish intermediary Ki Kuan , establishing trade relations and ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author-link= |date=1908 |title=Division of Ethnology Publications, Volume 4, Part 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcY_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA179&dq=ki+kuan+spaniards+treaty+sultan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiC-snhnfz4AhWCGVkFHXAUCk4Q6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher= Bureau of Printing|page=179 |isbn=|quote=The latter was known to the Spanish writers as Baktial , which was his Sulu name before the sultanate . ... Ki Kuan was sent to Manila to arrange for peace and returned with two Spanish commissioners , who made a treaty with the sultan ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author-link= |date=1905|title= Publications, Volume 4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S0KgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA179&dq=ki+kuan+spaniards+treaty+sultan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiC-snhnfz4AhWCGVkFHXAUCk4Q6AF6BAgHEAI |location= |publisher=  |page=179 |isbn=|quote=The latter was known to the Spanish writers as Baktial , which was his Sulu name before the sultanate . ... Ki Kuan was sent to Manila to arrange for peace and returned with two Spanish commissioners , who made a treaty with the sultan ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Zaide |first= Gregorio F. |author-link= |date=1939 |title=Philippine History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jgbAAAAIAAJ&q=ki+kuan+spaniards+treaty+sultan&dq=ki+kuan+spaniards+treaty+sultan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiC-snhnfz4AhWCGVkFHXAUCk4Q6AF6BAgIEAI |location= |publisher= Philippine Education Company|page=234 |isbn=|quote=In their inability to suppress Moro piracy , the Spanish authorities negotiated treaties with the Moros . In 1725 a Spanish - Moro treaty was concluded ; the Chinese Ki Kuan was sent by the Jolo sultan to Manila as his ambassador during ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Marcos |first= Ferdinand Edralin |author-link= |date=1977  |volume =2, Part 2 of Tadhana: The History of the Filipino People|title=Tadhana: The formation of the national community (1565-1896). 3 v |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2ALAAAAIAAJ&q=ki+kuan+spaniards+treaty+sultan&dq=ki+kuan+spaniards+treaty+sultan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiC-snhnfz4AhWCGVkFHXAUCk4Q6AF6BAgFEAI |location= |publisher=Marcos|page=400  |isbn=|quote=Indeed , with Ki Kuan the sultan succeeded in arranging a conference with the Spaniards . On December 8 , 1726 , the Spanish ... Three days later , a treaty was concluded providing for the establishment of trade between Jolo and Manila ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Zaide  |first=Gregorio F. |author-link= |date=1949  |title=The Philippines Since Pre-Spanish Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzJRAQAAIAAJ&q=ki+kuan+spaniards+treaty+sultan&dq=ki+kuan+spaniards+treaty+sultan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiC-snhnfz4AhWCGVkFHXAUCk4Q6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher=R. P. Garcia|page=376 |isbn=|quote=Unable to suppress the Moros , the Spanish authorities negotiated treaties with them . In 1725 the Chinese Ki Kuan 33 arrived at Manila as the ambassador of the sultan of Jolo to negotiate peace between Sulu and Spain .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Angeles |first= F. Delor |author-link= |date=1964 |title=Mindanao: the Story of an Island: A Preliminary Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PTo-AAAAMAAJ&q=ki+kuan+spaniards+treaty+sultan&dq=ki+kuan+spaniards+treaty+sultan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiC-snhnfz4AhWCGVkFHXAUCk4Q6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher= Printed at the San Pedro Press |page=43 |isbn=|quote=called for mutual aid and protection , commercial and missionary privileges for Spain in Maguindanao . ... In 1725 the sultan of Sulu sent a Chinese , Ki Kuan , to Manila to arrange a treaty of peace and commerce with the Spanish ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author-link= |date=1968 |title=Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Review, Volume 32, Issues 1-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xc7AAAAIAAJ&q=ki+kuan+spaniards+treaty+sultan&dq=ki+kuan+spaniards+treaty+sultan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiC-snhnfz4AhWCGVkFHXAUCk4Q6AF6BAgKEAI |location= |publisher= College of Liberal Arts, University of the Philippines|page=11 |isbn=|quote=... which showed the ineffectiveness of the Spanish expeditions . However , the following year the Sultan sent a Chinese , Ki Kuan , to negotiate a treaty with Manila and an agreement was signed on December 19 , 1726 which provided for ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Francisco |first= Juan R. |editor1-last=Palongpalong|editor1-first= Artemio |editor2-last=Mahiwo|editor2-first= Sylvano  |author-link= |date=1999  |title=Society and Culture: The Asian Heritage : Festschrift for Juan R. Francisco, Ph.D., Professor of Indology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rRuAAAAMAAJ&q=ki+kuan+spaniards+treaty+sultan&dq=ki+kuan+spaniards+treaty+sultan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiC-snhnfz4AhWCGVkFHXAUCk4Q6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher=Asian Center, University of the Philippines|page=53 |isbn=9718992073|quote=Two of the Chinese personalities worth mentioning were Ki Kuan and Datu Teteng . Ki Kuan served as the sole negotiator of Sultan Israel in the conclusion of the treaty of peace and commerce with the Spaniards on December 19 , 1726.}}</ref> "About the time that Maj. Pitcairn heard at Lixing-ton-Concord the shot that was also heard around the world, an Englishman named Brun, with 4,000 Chinese who had been, by the British, expelled from Manila, joined the Jolo Moros under Datto Tetenz, and ravaged Cebu, harassing the oast as it had never been before."<ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author-link= |date=1902  |title=The Spirit of '76, Volumes 9-12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tuw5AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA20&dq=%22sultan+israel%22+chinese+spanish+english+%224000%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjE2Y6Tuvv4AhWuEGIAHQVzCVsQ6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher=Spirit of '76 Publishing Company|page=20 |isbn=|quote=About the time that Maj. Pitcairn heard at Lixing-ton-Concord the shot that was also heard around the world, an Englishman named Brun, with 4,000 Chinese who had been, by the British, expelled from Manila, joined the Jolo Moros under Datto Tetenz, and ravaged Cebu, harassing the oast as it had never been before. The Spanish Governor, Pedro Sarrio, made no head-way against the warlike Moros, Sultan Israel of Jolo was poisoned by his cousin, Ali Modin, in the old-fash-ioned way, and paralysis of commercial relations on traffic between Luzon followed for ten years. The Moros burned several towns, and in 1789 the new Cap-tain-General, Marguina, informed the king that con-stant war with the Moros "was an evil without remedy." Between that time and 1805, when the Spanish Govern-ment made a treaty with the Sultan of Jolo, the Moros captured Spanish ships, sacrificing the crews, ravaged sea-coast towns hundreds of miles northward, despite privateering and the efforts of the Spanish vessels built in the shipyards of San Blas and Cavite. Until 1849 a proper historical sequences of events of Moro campaigns should mentions successful raids upon Spanish, British and Dutch vessels by Moro vintas. These piratical boast were in constant conflict with towns extending along lines as long as from Maine to Florida. Treaties were made and unmade. Datto Ipoypo, "the last of the Visayas," each years carried off into slavery, more than 500 persons. In April, 1843, a convention between the Sultan of Basilan and the French emissary was made. France paid 100,000 pesos for Basilan. Vice Admieral Cecille begun, with three French vessels, operations against Datto Usak. A Span-ish forces under Bocalan went to Zamboanga : the French raised the blockade. The Davao country was ceded to the Spaniards by the Sultan of Mindanao and Jose Oyanguren took the fort of Hiio. The Moros killed Commander Rodriguez of the Spanish NAvy, and the islands of the Samales group, in 1845, were the centre of piracy in the Archipelago. With the construction, in 1848, of English steam-built gonbats "El Cano," "Ma-gallanes" and "Reina de Castilla," the Moros egun to recognizes that their praos, wind-impelled vesels, paddle propelled, were at a disadvantage.}}</ref> " In 1642 Generals Corcuero and Almonte made peace with Corralat, but piratical depredations by the Moros continued; Chinese rebellions embarrassed the Spaniards, who evacuated many places, and many fights were chronicled betwen the Moro fleets of Praus and the Spanish fleets. The priests egged on the Spanish, and the Spanish King re-established, and then abandoned, many stations in Mindoro, Basilan Mindanao and Jolo. Treaties were made and unmade. Expeditions intended to be punitive were undertaken. The Tawi-Tawi Moros nearly captured Zamboanga. Engagements were constant with varying success until 1737. King Philip V. of Spain, pestered the Sultans of Jolo and Tomantaca (Mindanao) about not being Christians, but expeditions were as frequent as baptisms."<ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author-link= |date=1906|title=Army-Navy-Air Force Register and Defense Times, Volume 39 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=a04-AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA6-PA2&dq=%22sultan+israel%22+chinese+spanish+english+%224000%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjE2Y6Tuvv4AhWuEGIAHQVzCVsQ6AF6BAgIEAI|location= |publisher=  |page=2 |isbn=|quote=In 1637 Corcuero inaugaurated a new conquest of Jolo and of Mindanao. His force consisted of 760 Europeans. He made a landing at Jolo. The following year he landed at Zamboanga and proceeded past Cottabato up the Rio Grande against the Datto Corralat and the Dattos of Buhayen and Basilan. The following year, Corcuero and Almonte built a fort at Sabonilla, now called Malabang, on Illana Bay. During 1639 Spanish soldiers and priests, under the warlike Recoleto friar, Augustin de san Pedro, led a party of 560 against the Lanao Moros, where Camps Vicars and Keithley now stand. In 1642 Generals Corcuero and Almonte made peace with Corralat, but piratical depredations by the Moros continued; Chinese rebellions embarrassed the Spaniards, who evacuated many places, and many fights were chronicled betwen the Moro fleets of Praus and the Spanish fleets. The priests egged on the Spanish, and the Spanish King re-established, and then abandoned, many stations in Mindoro, Basilan Mindanao and Jolo. Treaties were made and unmade. Expeditions intended to be punitive were undertaken. The Tawi-Tawi Moros nearly captured Zamboanga. Engagements were constant with varying success until 1737. King Philip V. of Spain, pestered the Sultans of Jolo and Tomantaca (Mindanao) about not being Christians, but expeditions were as frequent as baptisms.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Saleeby |first= Najeeb Mitry |author-link= |date=|title= The History of Sulu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UxYSAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22sultan+israel%22+chinese+spanish+english+%224000%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjE2Y6Tuvv4AhWuEGIAHQVzCVsQ6AF6BAgKEAI |location= |publisher=  |page=99 |volume= 4, Part 2 of Publications (Philippine Islands. Bureau of Science. Division of Ethnology)|isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rutter  |first=Owen |author-link= |date=1922  |title=British North Borneo: An Account of Its History, Resources, and Native Tribes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QVXAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22sultan+israel%22+chinese+spanish+english+%224000%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjE2Y6Tuvv4AhWuEGIAHQVzCVsQ6AF6BAgFEAI |location= |publisher=Constable limited|page=|isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Alip |first= Eufronio Melo |author-link= |date=1974|title=The Chinese in Manila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3sEeAAAAMAAJ&q=%22sultan+israel%22+chinese+spanish+english+%224000%22&dq=%22sultan+israel%22+chinese+spanish+english+%224000%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjE2Y6Tuvv4AhWuEGIAHQVzCVsQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher= National Historical Commission|page= |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rutter |first= Owen |author-link= |date=1895|title=The Pagans of North Borneo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tk8HzQEACAAJ&dq=%22sultan+israel%22+chinese+spanish+english+%224000%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjE2Y6Tuvv4AhWuEGIAHQVzCVsQ6AF6BAgDEAE |location= |publisher=Oxford University Press|page= |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bourne  |first=Edward Gaylord |author-link= |date=2019 |title=The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803: Explorations By Early Navigators, Descriptions Of The Islands And Their Peoples, Their History And Records Of The Catholic Missions, As Related In Contemporaneous Books And Manuscripts, Showing The Political, |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qcG6xAEACAAJ&dq=%22sultan+israel%22+chinese+spanish+english+%224000%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjE2Y6Tuvv4AhWuEGIAHQVzCVsQ6AF6BAgJEAI|location= |publisher= Creative Media Partners, LLC|page= |isbn=1010610775}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lewin|first=  Roger |edition=illustrated|author-link= |date=1984  |series=Blackwell scientific publications|title=Human Evolution: An Illustrated Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=46K8QgAACAAJ&dq=%22sultan+israel%22+chinese+spanish+english+%224000%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjE2Y6Tuvv4AhWuEGIAHQVzCVsQ6AF6BAgCEAE |location= |publisher=Blackwell Scientific|page= |isbn=0632011874}}</ref>

<ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author-link= |date=1790|title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTVfAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22sultan+israel%22+chinese+spanish+english+%224000%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjE2Y6Tuvv4AhWuEGIAHQVzCVsQ6AF6BAgLEAI |location= |publisher=  |page= |isbn=}}</ref>

Anda took what precautions were available to restrain the Moro pirates, but great difficulties arose in his way. Ali-Mudin, whom the English had restored to his sway in Joló, and his son Israel (in whose favor the father had abdicated) were friendly to the Spaniards, with many of their dattos; but another faction, led by Zalicaya, the commander of the Joloan armadas, favored the English, who had established themselves (1762) on the islet of Balambangan" in the Joló archipelago, which they had induced Bantilan to grant them; and the English were accused of endeavoring to incite the Joloans against the Spaniards by intrigue and bribery. Anda decided to send an expedition to make protest to the English against their occupation of this island, as being part of the Spanish territory, and entrusted this mission to an Italian officer named Giovanni Cencelly, who was then in command of one of the infantry regiments stationed at Manila; the latter sailed from Zamboanga December 30, 1773, bearing careful instructions as to his mode of procedure, and to avoid any hostilities with the English and maintain friendship with the Joloans. But Cencelly seems to have been quite destitute of tact or judgment, and even of loyalty to his governor; for he disobeyed his instructions, angered the Joloans, o who could hardly be restrained by Ali-Mudin from massacring the Spaniards, and at the end of three weeks was obliged to return to Zamboanga. He was on bad terms with the commandant there (Raimundo Español), and refused to render him any account of his proceedings at Joló; and he even tried to stir up a sedition among the Spanish troops against Español. The English gladly availed themselves of this unfortunate affair to strengthen their own position in Joló, stirring up the islanders against Spain and erecting new forts. Later, however, the English at Balambangan showed so much harshness and contempt for the Moro dattos (even putting one in the pillory) that the latter plotted to surprise and kill the intruders; and on March 5, 1775, this was accomplished, the English being all slain except the commandant and five others, who managed to escape to their ship in the harbor. The fort was seized by the Moros, who thus acquired great quantities of military supplies, arms, money, and food, with several vessels. Among this spoil were forty-five cannons and $24,000 in silver. Elated by this success, Tenteng, the chief mover of the enterprise, tried to secure Zamboanga by similar means; but the new commandant there, Juan Bayot, was on his guard, and the Moros were baffled. Teteng then went to Cebú, where he committed horrible ravages; and other raids of this sort were committed, the Spaniards being unable to check them for a long time. A letter written to the king by Anda in 1773 had asked for money to construct light armed vessels, and a royal order of January 27, 1776, commanded that 50,000 pesos be sent to Filipinas for this purpose. This money was employed by Anda's temporary successor, Pedro Sarrio, in the construction of a squadron of vintas, “vessels which, on account of their swiftness and exceedingly light draft, were more suitable for the pursuit of the pirates than the very heavy galleys; they were, besides, to carry pilots of the royal fleet to reconnoiter the coasts, draw plans of the ports, indicate the shoals and reefs, take soundings in the sea, etc." “The Datos at once feared the vengeance of the English, and declared Tenteng unworthy of the rights of a Joloan and an outlaw from the kingdom with all his followers. The Sultan wrote to the governor of Zamboanga, assuring him that neither himself nor the Datos had taken part in this transgression; and he asked the governor to send him the Curia filipica and the Empresas políticas of Saavedra, in order that he might be able to answer the charges which the English would make against him. (This sultan Israel had studied in the college of San José at Manila.)" Tenteng repaired to Joló with his booty and the captured English vessel ; "these were arguments in his favor so convincing that he was at once admitted." He surrendered to the sultan all the military supplies, besides $2,000 in money, and divided the spoils with the other datos; they received him with the utmost enthusiasm, and raised the ban from his head. “About the year 1803, in which the squadron of General Alava returned to the Peninsula, the English again took possession of the island of Balanbangan; and it appears that they made endeavors to establish themselves in Joló, and were instigating the sultan and datos to go out and plunder the Visayas, telling the Joloans that they themselves only cared to seize Manila and the Acapulko galleon.

 

When the Chinese were expelled from Manila in 1758, many of them went to reside in Joló, where some 4,000 were found at the time of Cencelly's expedition; these took sides with the Joloans (Tausug Moros) against the Spaniards, and organized an armed troop to fight the latter. <ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Blair |editor1-first=Emma Helen |editor2-last= Robertson|editor2-first=James Alexander  |last=Montero y Vidal|first=José  |others=Contributor        Edward Gaylord Bourne |date=1907  |volume= 50 of The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803, James Alexander Robertson|title=The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803: Explorations by Early Navigators, Descriptions of the Islands and Their Peoples, Their History and Records of the Catholic Missions, as Related in Contemporaneous Books and Manuscripts, Showing the Political, Economic, Commercial and Religious Conditions of Those Islands from Their Earliest Relations with European Nations to the Beginning of the Nineteenthe Century, James Alexander Robertson ..., Volume 50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ScnTAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA44&dq=%22where+some+4,000+were+found+at+the+time+of+cencelly%27s+expedition%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqmfPc4Oj5AhVHKlkFHWpLAnUQ6AF6BAgFEAI |chapter=Document of 1764-1800  |publisher=A.H. Clark Company|page= |isbn=|quote= Anda took what precautions were available to restrain the Moro pirates, but great difficulties arose in his way. Ali-Mudin, whom the English had restored to his sway in Joló, and his son Israel (in whose favor the father had abdicated) were friendly to the Spaniards, with many of their dattos; but another faction, led by Zalicaya, the commander of the Joloan armadas, favored the English, who had established themselves (1762) on the islet of Balambangan" in the Joló archipelago, which they had induced Bantilan to grant them; and the English were accused of endeavoring to incite the Joloans against the Spaniards by intrigue and bribery. Anda decided to send an expedition to make protest to the English against their occupation of this island, as being part of the Spanish territory, and entrusted this mission to an Italian officer named Giovanni Cencelly, who was then in command of one of the infantry regiments stationed at Manila; the latter sailed from Zamboanga December 30, 1773, bearing careful instructions as to his mode of procedure, and to avoid any hostilities with the English and maintain friendship with the Joloans. But Cencelly seems to have been quite destitute of tact or judgment, and even of loyalty to his governor; for he disobeyed his instructions, angered the Joloans, o who could hardly be restrained by Ali-Mudin from massacring the Spaniards, and at the end of three weeks was obliged to return to Zamboanga. He was on bad terms with the commandant there (Raimundo Español), and refused to render him any account of his proceedings at Joló; and he even tried to stir up a sedition among the Spanish troops against Español. The English gladly availed themselves of this unfortunate affair to strengthen their own position in Joló, stirring up the islanders against Spain and erecting new forts. Later, however, the English at Balambangan showed so much harshness and contempt for the Moro dattos (even putting one in the pillory) that the latter plotted to surprise and kill the intruders; and on March 5, 1775, this was accomplished, the English being all slain except the commandant and five others, who managed to escape to their ship in the harbor. The fort was seized by the Moros, who thus acquired great quantities of military supplies, arms, money, and food, with several vessels. Among this spoil were forty-five cannons and $24,000 in silver. Elated by this success, Tenteng, the chief mover of the enterprise, tried to secure Zamboanga by similar means; but the new commandant there, Juan Bayot, was on his guard, and the Moros were baffled. Teteng then went to Cebú, where he committed horrible ravages; and other raids of this sort were committed, the

20 When the Chinese were expelled from Manila in 1758, many of them went to reside in Joló, where some 4,000 were found at the time of Cencelly's expedition; these took sides with the Joloans against the Spaniards, and organized an armed troop to fight the latter. (Montero y Vidal, Hist. de Filipinas, ii, p. 265.)

21 “The Datos at once feared the vengeance of the English, and declared Tenteng unworthy of the rights of a Joloan and an outlaw from the kingdom with all his followers. The Sultan wrote to the governor of Zamboanga, assuring him that neither himself nor the Datos had taken part in this transgression; and he asked the governor to send him the Curia filipica and the Empresas políticas of Saavedra, in order that he might be able to answer the charges which the English would make against him. (This sultan Israel had studied in the college of San José at Manila.)" Tenteng repaired to Joló with his booty and the captured English vessel ; "these were arguments in his favor so convincing that he was at once admitted." He surrendered to the sultan all the military supplies, besides $2,000 in money, and divided the spoils with the other datos; they received him with the utmost enthusiasm, and raised the ban from his head. “About the year 1803, in which the squadron of General Alava returned to the Peninsula, the English again took possession of the island of Balanbangan; and it appears that they made endeavors to establish themselves in Joló, and were instigating the sultan and datos to go out and plunder the Visayas, telling the Joloans that they themselves only cared to seize Manila and the Acapulko galleon.

 

Spaniards being unable to check them for a long time. A letter written to the king by Anda in 1773 had asked for money to construct light armed vessels, and a royal order of January 27, 1776, commanded that 50,000 pesos be sent to Filipinas for this purpose. This money was employed by Anda's temporary successor, Pedro Sarrio, in the construction of a squadron of vintas, “vessels which, on account of their swiftness and exceedingly light draft, were more suitable for the pursuit of the pirates than the very heavy galleys; they were, besides, to carry pilots of the royal fleet to reconnoiter the coasts, draw plans of the ports, indicate the shoals and reefs, take soundings in the sea, etc."}}</ref><ref>Montero y Vidal's Historia de Filipinas, ii, pp. 66-70, 115-1140, 229-382.</ref><ref>{{cite book   |last=Montero y Vidal|first=José  |editor-last=Blair |editor-first=Emma Helen  |author-link= |date=1915 |title=The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898: Relating to China and the Chinese, Volume 22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rFEAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA44&dq=%22where+some+4,000+were+found+at+the+time+of+cencelly%27s+expedition%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqmfPc4Oj5AhVHKlkFHWpLAnUQ6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher=A.H. Clark Company |page=44 |quote=20 When the Chinese were expelled from Manila in 1758 , many of them went to reside in Joló , where some 4,000 were found at the time of Cencelly's expedition ; these took sides with the Joloans against the Spaniards , and organized an ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |editor1-last=Blair |editor1-first=Emma Helen |editor2-last=Robertson |editor2-first= James Alexander|author-link= |date=1973 |title=The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898: Explorations by Early Navigators, Descriptions of the Islands and Their Peoples, Their History and Records of the Catholic Missions, as Related in Contemporaneous Books and Manuscripts, Showing the Political, Economic, Commercial and Religious Conditions of Those Islands from Their Earliest Relations with European Nations to the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century, James Alexander Robertson ..., Volumes 48-50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JipvAAAAMAAJ&q=%22where+some+4,000+were+found+at+the+time+of+cencelly%27s+expedition%22&dq=%22where+some+4,000+were+found+at+the+time+of+cencelly%27s+expedition%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqmfPc4Oj5AhVHKlkFHWpLAnUQ6AF6BAgDEAI |edition=reprint |publisher= Cachos Hermanos|page= |quote=90 When the Chinese were expelled from Manila in 1788 many of them went to reside in Joló , where some 4,000 were found at the time of Cencelly's expedition ; these took sides with the Joloans against the Spaniards , and organized an ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Bourne |first=Edward Gaylord |author-link= |date= 2019|title=The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803: Explorations By Early Navigators, Descriptions Of The Islands And Their Peoples, Their History And Records Of The Catholic Missions, As Related In Contemporaneous Books And Manuscripts, Showing The Political, |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qcG6xAEACAAJ&dq=%22where+some+4,000+were+found+at+the+time+of+cencelly%27s+expedition%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqmfPc4Oj5AhVHKlkFHWpLAnUQ6AF6BAgCEAI|location= |publisher=Creative Media Partners, LLC |page= |isbn=1010610775}}</ref>

 

 

Samuel Kong Tan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tan  |first=Samuel K. |author-link= |date=2010 |title=The Muslim South and Beyond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=csrZOk6yLosC&pg=PA186&dq=dr+tan+mixed+chinese+muslim+siasi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiT7Jyguvv4AhX0M1kFHcd6A5IQ6AF6BAgLEAI |location= |publisher= UP Press |page=186 |isbn=9715426328|quote=Dr. Tan is a native of Southern Philippines. He spent much of his life in Sulu where he was born on December 30, 1933 to a family of mixed Chinese-Muslim ancestry of Siasi. In his pursuit of a lifetime professional career and service, ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author-link= |date=1991  |title= PDRC Currents: Bi-monthly Magazine of the PDRC., Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBFxAAAAMAAJ&q=dr+tan+mixed+chinese+muslim+siasi&dq=dr+tan+mixed+chinese+muslim+siasi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiT7Jyguvv4AhX0M1kFHcd6A5IQ6AF6BAgBEAI |location= |publisher=Philippine-China Development Resource Center|page=13 |isbn=|quote=THE CONFERENCE CIRCUIT National Conference on " The Chinese in the Philippines " The Manila Chinese , in the main helped retard , or helped hether a merchant grumbling Whe Siasi ( Tawi - tawi ) , Bicol and Negros about unfair ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author-link= |date=1973 |title=Examiner, Issues 534-536 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U0U_AAAAMAAJ&q=dr+tan+mixed+chinese+muslim+siasi&dq=dr+tan+mixed+chinese+muslim+siasi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiT7Jyguvv4AhX0M1kFHcd6A5IQ6AF6BAgJEAI |location= |publisher= L.O. Ty. |page=31 |isbn=|quote=As her name suggests , she's half Chinese half Tausug . Sulu civic groups also have a lot of Chinese members , most of them holding key positions . Mrs. Kim Hong Lim - Tee , a businesswoman , is currently president of the Siasi ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Saleeby |first= Najeeb Mitry |author-link= |date=|title= The History of Sulu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UxYSAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=dr+tan+mixed+chinese+muslim+siasi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiT7Jyguvv4AhX0M1kFHcd6A5IQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher=  |page=99 |volume= 4, Part 2 of Publications (Philippine Islands. Bureau of Science. Division of Ethnology)|isbn=}}</ref>

 

 

 

Muslim Moros like Datu Piang, and the families with the Kong and Tan surnames are the results of Cinese merchants marrying Moros and converting to Islam.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hau |first= Caroline S. |author-link=|series=Kyoto CSEAS Series on Asian Studies |date=2014  |title= The Chinese Question: Ethnicity, Nation, and Region in and Beyond the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1eBBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=%22accounting+for+surnames+like+Tan+and+Kong+among+the+ranks+of+the%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwiPfauvv4AhXpEGIAHXtoBj0Q6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher=NUS Press|page=60 |isbn=9971697920|quote=Chinese traders did convert to Islam and marry into royalty, accounting for surnames like Tan and Kong among the ranks of the present-day Muslim elite (S. Tan 1994). The career of Maguindanao strongman Datu Piang—son of an Amoy trader, ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last= Takezawa |editor-first=Yasuko I. |author-link= |date= 2011|title= Racial Representations in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHdvfPEml_YC&pg=PA79&dq=%22accounting+for+surnames+like+Tan+and+Kong%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwir45zG8uj5AhW-RTABHa3IDroQ6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher=Kyoto University Press |page=79 |isbn=1920901582|quote=Chinese traders converted to Islam and married into royalty , thus accounting for surnames like Tan and Kong in the ranks of present - day Muslim elites ( S. Tan 1994 ; T. See 2004 : 48 ) . Moreover , intermarriage is commonly taken in ...}}</ref>

 

 

 

Since at least 1790 Jolo city in Sulu has a Chinese temple for Pun Thao Kong is found .<ref>{{cite book |last=Dy|first= Aristotle C. |last2=See|first2=Teresita Ang  |editor-last= Tan|editor-first=Chee-beng |author-link= |date=2014  |title=After Migration And Religious Affiliation: Religions, Chinese Identities And Transnational Networks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwS3CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106&dq=%22legendary+culture+hero+Pun+Thao+Kong%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjY1cjsuvv4AhV6GFkFHYDuAeoQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher=World Scientific|page= 106, 107 |isbn=9814590010|quote=Wickberg also mentions the legendary culture hero Pun Thao Kong (Bentougong ᴥ九ޜ), whose temples can also be found in Malaysia and Thailand, although with different origin stories.5 Oral tradition claims that Pun Thao Kong founded the ...|chapter=5 Syncretism as religious identity: Chinese religious culture in the Philippines}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

Filipino Christian settlers were massacred by Moros under Djimbanan, his brother Datu Ali and Datu Piang in September and December 1899.<ref>{{cite book |last=Edgerton |first= Ronald K. |edition=illustrated|author-link= |series=Battles and Campaigns|date=2020  |title=American Datu: John J. Pershing and Counterinsurgency Warfare in the Muslim Philippines, 1899-1913 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KF3UDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA292&dq=consented+pogrom+cotabato&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwijsJeNpvz4AhUCVTUKHRU9CdIQ6AF6BAgLEAI |location= |publisher=University Press of Kentucky|page=292  |isbn=0813178959|quote=Together with Datu Ali, he also consented to a pogrom against Filipino Christians in Cotabato City. “Filipino revolutionary officials were executed . . . ; their women were publicly shamed; [and when Cotabato City was sacked,] ... the ...}}</ref> Only the Chinese were not harmed.<ref>{{cite book |last=McKenna  |first=Thomas M. |author-link= |date=1998 |title= Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V68wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&dq=%22the+cotabato+chinese+remained+under+Piang%27s+protection+and+were+spared%22&source=bl&ots=H7oWX7XWG7&sig=ACfU3U0h3m_RFj8NX-SBthjeFwoz3n6gKA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwijifHju_v4AhVxGFkFHSklAUQQ6AF6BAgPEAM |issn=1051-0354|location= |volume= 26 of Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies|edition=illustrated|publisher= University of California Press |page=93|isbn=0520210166}}</ref><ref>https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&chunk.id=d0e1381&toc.id=d0e1343&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress&anchor.id=bkd0e1474 https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&chunk.id=d0e1381&toc.depth=100&toc.id=d0e1343&brand=ucpress https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c;chunk.id=d0e1381;doc.view=print https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&chunk.id=d0e1343&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e1343&brand=ucpress https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e1381&toc.depth=100&anchor.id=0&brand=eschol? https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&chunk.id=d0e1317&toc.id=&brand=ucpress https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e1343&toc.depth=1&anchor.id=0&brand=eschol? https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c;chunk.id=d0e1343;doc.view=print https://m.facebook.com/BangsamoroHistory/photos/datu-piangthe-first-and-most-influential-of-the-colonial-datus-of-cotabato-was-d/987753301322605/ https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e1317&toc.depth=1&anchor.id=0&brand=eschol? https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c;chunk.id=d0e1317;doc.view=print https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print https://m.facebook.com/groups/360788717267124/permalink/1501130579899593/ https://www.facebook.com/groups/360788717267124/posts/1501130579899593/?comment_id=1503358083010176 https://www.facebook.com/groups/360788717267124/posts/1501130579899593/?comment_id=3201918103154157 https://m.facebook.com/groups/360788717267124/?view=permalink&id=1501130579899593https://he-il.facebook.com/groups/360788717267124/permalink/1501130579899593/ https://www.scribd.com/doc/86552634/Muslim-Rulers-and-Rebels</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=McKenna  |first=Thomas M. |date=1990 |title=Islam, Elite Competition, and Ethnic Mobilization: Forms of Domination and Dissent in Cotabato, Southern Philippines |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2jDr1aTxEeEC&q=%22in+spite+of+his+lack+of+genealogical+precedent%22&dq=%22in+spite+of+his+lack+of+genealogical+precedent%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgqrPf6uj5AhXaMlkFHf9KCKkQ6AF6BAgCEAI|location= |publisher=University Microfilms |page=198 |isbn=|quote=The Cotabato Chinese remained under Piang's protection , and were spared . Ileto reports that Piang also declared himself Sultan of Mindanao in spite of his lack of genealogical precedent tion rule : D lev 1899 , Great Cant assis 198.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=McKenna |first= Thomas M. |edition=reprint |date= 1998|series=Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies|title= Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYvwWcL0_DIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22in+spite+of+his+lack+of+genealogical+precedent%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgqrPf6uj5AhXaMlkFHf9KCKkQ6AF6BAgHEAI |location= |publisher=University of California Press |page= |isbn0520919645=}}</ref>

 

 

"The Moros then looted the town , although apparently the Chinese residents , with whom they were always friendly , were not molested - only the Filipinos"<ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author-link= |date=1902  |title=United States Congressional Serial Set, Volume 4451 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwtHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA523&dq=%22although+apparently+the+Chinese+residents,+with+whom+they+were+always+friendly,+were+not+molested%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjq7NvOu_v4AhXrGFkFHbyABCEQ6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=523  |isbn=|quote=The Moros then looted the town , although apparently the Chinese residents , with whom they were always friendly , were not molested - only the Filipinos . About the same time they took possession of and looted Tamontaca and Kolaganan ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |issue=4451 of United States Congressional serial set|author-link= |date=1902|title= Serial set (no.4001-4500)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hPM3AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA523&dq=%22although+apparently+the+Chinese+residents,+with+whom+they+were+always+friendly,+were+not+molested%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjq7NvOu_v4AhXrGFkFHbyABCEQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher=  |page=523 |isbn=|quote=The Moros then looted the town , although apparently the Chinese residents , with whom they were always friendly , were not molested - only the Filipinos . About the same time they took possession of and looted Tamontaca and Kolaganan ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author=United States. War Department|author-link= |date=1902 |title=Annual Reports ...., Volume 9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VDxMn9JOi-QC&pg=PA523&dq=%22although+apparently+the+Chinese+residents,+with+whom+they+were+always+friendly,+were+not+molested%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjq7NvOu_v4AhXrGFkFHbyABCEQ6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher= U.S. Government Printing Office|page=523 |isbn=|quote=The Moros then looted the town , although apparently the Chinese residents , with whom they were always friendly , were not molested - only the Filipinos . About the same time they took possession of and looted Tamontaca and Kolaganan ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author-link= |date=1902 |title=Elihu Root Collection of United States Documents Relating to the Philippine Islands, Volume 49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xoJQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA523&dq=%22although+apparently+the+Chinese+residents,+with+whom+they+were+always+friendly,+were+not+molested%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjq7NvOu_v4AhXrGFkFHbyABCEQ6AF6BAgFEAI |location= |publisher= U.S. Government Printing Office |page=523 |isbn=|quote=The Moros then looted the town , although apparently the Chinese residents , with whom they were always friendly , were not molested - only the Filipinos . About the same time they took possession of and looted Tamontaca and Kolaganan ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author=United States. War Department|author-link= |date=1902|title=Annual Reports of the Secretary of War, Volume 9 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0AYSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA523&dq=%22although+apparently+the+Chinese+residents,+with+whom+they+were+always+friendly,+were+not+molested%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjq7NvOu_v4AhXrGFkFHbyABCEQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher=  |page=523 |isbn=|quote=The Moros then looted the town , although apparently the Chinese residents , with whom they were always friendly , were not molested -- only the Filipinos . About the same time they took possession of and looted Tamontaca and Kolaganan ...}}</ref>

The Americans initiated a homestead system and encouraged settlers with lobbying by corporate interest groups eager for plantations by heavy political opposition by anti-imperialists led to restrictions on the amount of land acquired per person.<ref>{{cite book |last= Larousse|first= William |others=Contributor           Pontificia Università gregoriana. Centre "Cultures and Religions." |date=2001 |series=Volume 4 of Interreligious Series|volume =4 of Interreligious and intercultural investigations|title=A Local Church Living for Dialogue: Muslim-Christian Relations in Mindanao-Sulu, Philippines : 1965-2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qyo-Hti0-KAC&pg=PA110&dq=%22colonial+period+but+its+successor+programs+under+the+Philippine+Commonwealth+%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjjlc3Z7ej5AhUKFVkFHcQQCzIQ6AF6BAgFEAI |edition=illustrated |publisher= Gregorian Biblical BookShop|page=110 |isbn=8876528792|quote=The homestead system instituted under the Americans had little impact on Muslim areas during the colonial period , but its successor programs under the Philippine Commonwealth and Republic were to have profound consequences for the ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Larousse |first= William  |date= 2001|title=Walking Together Seeking Peace: The Local Church of Mindanao-Sulu Journeying in Dialogue with the Muslim Community (1965-2000) |url=https://books.google.com./books?id=CyzYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA86&dq=%22colonial+period+but+its+successor+programs+under+the+Philippine+Commonwealth+%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjjlc3Z7ej5AhUKFVkFHcQQCzIQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher=Claretian Publications |page= 86|isbn=9175019027}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=McKenna  |first=Thomas M. |date=1990 |title=Islam, Elite Competition, and Ethnic Mobilization: Forms of Domination and Dissent in Cotabato, Southern Philippines |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2jDr1aTxEeEC&q=%22colonial+period+but+its+successor+programs+under+the+Philippine+Commonwealth+%22&dq=%22colonial+period+but+its+successor+programs+under+the+Philippine+Commonwealth+%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjjlc3Z7ej5AhUKFVkFHcQQCzIQ6AF6BAgGEAI|location= |publisher=University Microfilms |page=196 |isbn=|quote=colonial period but its successor programs under the Philippine Commonwealth and Republic were to have profound consequences for the indigenous inhabitants of the Cotabato Basin . In what follows I illuminate the colonial period in ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=McKenna |first= Thomas M. |edition=reprint |date= 1998|series=Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies|title= Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYvwWcL0_DIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22colonial+period+but+its+successor+programs+under+the+Philippine+Commonwealth+%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjjlc3Z7ej5AhUKFVkFHcQQCzIQ6AF6BAgDEAI|location= |publisher=University of California Press |page= |isbn0520919645=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= McKenna |first=Thomas M. |author-link= |date=1998 |volume= 26 of Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies|issn=1051-0354|title=Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=V68wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA90&dq=%22colonial+period+but+its+successor+programs+under+the+Philippine+Commonwealth+%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjjlc3Z7ej5AhUKFVkFHcQQCzIQ6AF6BAgKEAI|edition=illustrated |publisher= University of California Press|page= 90 |isbn=0520210166|quote=The homestead system instituted under the Americans had little impact on Muslim areas during the colonial period, but its successor programs under the Philippine Commonwealth and Republic were to have profound consequences for the ...}}</ref>

 

 A US military report mentioned "Sah Bee , a woman who is half Chinese and half Moro".<ref>{{cite book |last=|first= |author=United States. War Department |author-link= |date=1901|title= Annual Reports of the Secretary of War, Volume 1, Part 6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvsRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA386&dq=%22a+woman+who+is+half+chinese+and+half+moro%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwid9uOvuvv4AhWOM1kFHXHXCO4Q6AF6BAgHEAI |location= |publisher=  |page=386 |isbn=|quote=... Yap Khan , Yap Ghee , Koh Kee Chian , Yap Kim Chooi , Chong Khoan , Yap Tiong Yong , Lim Pook , and Lim Kok , all Chinamen , and Sah Bee , a woman who is half Chinese and half Moro , as the interpreter informs me .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author-link= |issue=4274 of United States Congressional serial set|date=1901|title=Serial set (no.4001-4500) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-c3AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA386&dq=%22a+woman+who+is+half+chinese+and+half+moro%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwid9uOvuvv4AhWOM1kFHXHXCO4Q6AF6BAgFEAI |location= |publisher=  |page=386 |isbn=|quote=... Yap Khan , Yap Ghee , Koh Kee Chian , Yap Kim Chooi , Chong Khoan , Yap Tieng Yong , Lim Pook , and Lim Kok , all Chinamen , and Sah Bee , a woman who is half Chinese and half Moro , as the interpreter informs me .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author=United States. War Dept|author-link= |date=1901  |title= Annual Report of the Secretary of War, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m7MdAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA386&dq=%22a+woman+who+is+half+chinese+and+half+moro%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwid9uOvuvv4AhWOM1kFHXHXCO4Q6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=386 |isbn=|quote=... Yap Khan , Yap Ghee , Koh Kee Chian , Yap Kim Chooi , Chong Khoan , Yap Tiong Yong , Lim Pook , and Lim Kok , all Chinamen , and Sah Bee , a woman who is half Chinese and half Moro , as the interpreter informs me .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |others=Elihu Root, United States|author-link= |date=1901 |title=Elihu Root Collection of United States Documents Relating to the Philippine Islands, Volume 16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Y9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA386&dq=%22a+woman+who+is+half+chinese+and+half+moro%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwid9uOvuvv4AhWOM1kFHXHXCO4Q6AF6BAgIEAI |location= |publisher= U.S. Government Printing Office|page=386 |isbn=|quote=... Yap Khan , Yap Ghee , Koh Kee Chian , Yap Kim Chooi , Chong Khoan , Yap Tiong Yong , Lim Pook , and Lim Kok , all Chinamen , and Sah Bee , a woman who is half Chinese and half Moro , as the interpreter informs me .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author-link= |date=1901  |title=United States Congressional Serial Set, Volume 4274 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MQtHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA386&dq=%22a+woman+who+is+half+chinese+and+half+moro%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwid9uOvuvv4AhWOM1kFHXHXCO4Q6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=386 |isbn=|quote=... Yap Khan , Yap Ghee , Koh Kee Chian , Yap Kim Chooi , Chong Khoan , Yap Tiong Yong , Lim Pook , and Lim Kok , all Chinamen , and Sah Bee , a woman who is half Chinese and half Moro , as the interpreter informs me .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author=United States. War Department|author-link= |date=1901  |title=Report of the Lieutenant-General Commanding the Army, Part 4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAlzto0V5H0C&pg=PA386&dq=%22a+woman+who+is+half+chinese+and+half+moro%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwid9uOvuvv4AhWOM1kFHXHXCO4Q6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office,|page=386 |isbn=|quote=... Yap Khan , Yap Ghee , Koh Kee Chian , Yap Kim Chooi , Chong Khoan , Yap Tiong Yong , Lim Pook , and Lim Kok , all Chinamen , and Sah Bee , a woman who is half Chinese and half Moro , as the interpreter informs me .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author=United States. War Department|author-link= |date=1901 |title= Annual Reports ...., Volume 1, Part 6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9lBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA386&dq=%22a+woman+who+is+half+chinese+and+half+moro%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwid9uOvuvv4AhWOM1kFHXHXCO4Q6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher= U.S. Government Printing Office |page=386 |isbn=|quote=... Yap Khan , Yap Ghee , Koh Kee Chian , Yap Kim Chooi , Chong Khoan , Yap Tiong Yong , Lim Pook , and Lim Kok , all Chinamen , and Sah Bee , a woman who is half Chinese and half Moro , as the interpreter informs me .}}</ref>

 

 

The Chinese merchant Tuya Tan of Amoy was the father of the Moro leader Datu Piang who was born to a Maguindanaon Moro woman.<ref>{{cite book |last=McKenna  |first=Thomas M. |author-link= |date=1998 |title= Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYvwWcL0_DIC&pg=PA91&lpg=PA91&dq=%22The+trader+Tan+came+to+Dulawan%22&source=bl&ots=93tf2tz-Sq&sig=ACfU3U2ChyvEfO5ASv-QLZpuhJZg2YJ_9A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiG8cX-u_v4AhWPEGIAHXcqAIYQ6AF6BAgPEAM|issn=1051-0354|location= |volume= 26 of Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies|edition=illustrated|publisher= University of California Press |page=91|isbn=0520210166}}</ref><ref>https://m.facebook.com/BangsamoroHistory/photos/datu-piangthe-first-and-most-influential-of-the-colonial-datus-of-cotabato-was-d/987753301322605/ https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&chunk.id=d0e1381&toc.id=d0e1343&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress&anchor.id=bkd0e1474 https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c;chunk.id=d0e1381;doc.view=print https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e1381&toc.depth=100&anchor.id=0&brand=eschol? https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&chunk.id=d0e1381&toc.depth=100&toc.id=d0e1343&brand=ucpress https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&chunk.id=d0e1343&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e1343&brand=ucpress https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c;chunk.id=d0e1343;doc.view=print https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e1343&toc.depth=1&anchor.id=0&brand=eschol? https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&chunk.id=d0e1317&toc.id=&brand=ucpress https://d.facebook.com/unsung.heroesofph/photos/a.358444477599852/776185369159092/?type=3&source=48 https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e1343&toc.depth=1&anchor.id=0&brand=eschol? https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e1317&toc.depth=1&anchor.id=0&brand=eschol? https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c;chunk.id=d0e1317;doc.view=print https://www.scribd.com/doc/86552634/Muslim-Rulers-and-Rebels https://www.scribd.com/document/352389685/Thomas-M-McKenna-Muslim-Rulers-and-Rebels https://www.scribd.com/document/374324785/Muslim-Rulers-and-Rebels https://vdoc.pub/documents/muslim-rulers-and-rebels-everyday-politics-and-armed-separatism-in-the-southern-philippines-comparative-studies-on-muslim-societies-38jfpoajf89g https://zdocs.tips/doc/muslim-rulers-and-rebels-g1x34n9qr31y   https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e1381&toc.depth=100&anchor.id=0&brand=eschol? https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&chunk.id=d0e1381&toc.id=d0e1343&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress&anchor.id=bkd0e1474 https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c;chunk.id=d0e1381;doc.view=print https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&chunk.id=d0e1381&toc.depth=100&toc.id=d0e1343&brand=ucpress https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c;chunk.id=d0e1343;doc.view=print https://www.facebook.com/groups/360788717267124/posts/1501130579899593/?comment_id=1503358083010176https://www.facebook.com/groups/360788717267124/permalink/1501130579899593/ https://www.facebook.com/groups/360788717267124/posts/1501130579899593/?comment_id=3201918103154157 https://m.facebook.com/groups/360788717267124/?view=permalink&id=1501130579899593 https://m.facebook.com/BangsamoroHistory/photos/datu-piangthe-first-and-most-influential-of-the-colonial-datus-of-cotabato-was-d/987753301322605/ https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&chunk.id=d0e1343&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e1343&brand=ucpress https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c;chunk.id=d0e1343;doc.view=print https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e1317&toc.depth=1&anchor.id=0&brand=eschol? https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&chunk.id=d0e1317&toc.id=&brand=ucpress https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c;chunk.id=d0e1317;doc.view=print https://books.google.com/books?id=wYvwWcL0_DIC&pg=PA91&lpg=PA91&dq=%22son+of+a+Chinese+trader+from+Amoy+named+Tuya+Tan+and+a+Magindanaon+mother%22&source=bl&ots=93tf2ywUUj&sig=ACfU3U2BILXUMm_N1Y-spt6U1o_j52q9CQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFv5rC6Pz4AhU8M1kFHc5JCyo4ChDoAXoECBEQAw#v=onepage&q=%22son%20of%20a%20Chinese%20trader%20from%20Amoy%20named%20Tuya%20Tan%20and%20a%20Magindanaon%20mother%22&f=false https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print https://d.facebook.com/unsung.heroesofph/photos/a.358444477599852/776185369159092/?type=3&source=48 https://m.facebook.com/unsung.heroesofph/photos/datu-piang-aka-amay-mingka-was-the-minister-on-lands-of-datu-utto-during-uttos-r/776185369159092/ https://www.scribd.com/doc/86552634/Muslim-Rulers-and-Rebels https://vdoc.pub/documents/muslim-rulers-and-rebels-everyday-politics-and-armed-separatism-in-the-southern-philippines-comparative-studies-on-muslim-societies-38jfpoajf89g https://datugempi.blogspot.com/2021/01/datu-piang-significance.html </ref><ref>{{cite book |last=McKenna  |first=Thomas M. |date=1990 |title=Islam, Elite Competition, and Ethnic Mobilization: Forms of Domination and Dissent in Cotabato, Southern Philippines |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2jDr1aTxEeEC&q=%22son+of+a+chinese+trader+from+amoy+named+tuya+tan+and+a+magindanaon+mother%22&dq=%22son+of+a+chinese+trader+from+amoy+named+tuya+tan+and+a+magindanaon+mother%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjTmfLk8Oj5AhU5KFkFHRd6CjwQ6AF6BAgHEAI|location= |publisher=University Microfilms |page=196 |isbn=|quote=According to the hagiographic biography of Piang contained in the 1952 Cotabato Guidebook ( Millan 1952 ) , he was born circa 1850 , the son of a Chinese trader from Amoy named Tuya Tan and a Magindanaon mother .}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

In the Spanish Philippines, on July 27, 1713, the tribunal, acting in a legislative capacity, decreed that within thirty days “all Moros, Armenians, Malabars, Chinese and other enemies of the Holy Faith" should be lodged in the Parián when visiting Manila, or when living there temporarily for purposes of visit or trade. Penalties were also prescribed for the infraction of the above law.<ref>{{cite book |last=Aslanian|first= Sebouh David |volume= 17 of California World History Library |author-link= |date=2014  |title=From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7QwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=armenians+%22enemies+of+the+holy+faith%22+maila&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiHg-27uvv4AhVBNVkFHTYGDKUQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |edition=illustrated, reprint|publisher=Univ of California Press|page=60 |isbn=0520282175|quote=60 The Julfan Trade Network I sponsored shipping ventures to the Philippines: “Manila under Armenian colours is a profitable ... Armenians, Malabars, Chinese, and other enemies of the holy Faith” to reside in Manila's Parián ghetto; ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |volume = 9 of University of California publications in history|last=Cunningham  |first=Charles Henry |author-link= |date=1919|title=The Audiencia in the Spanish Colonies as Illustrated by the Audiencia of Malina (1583-1800) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ux0IAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA253&dq=armenians+%22enemies+of+the+holy+faith%22+maila&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiHg-27uvv4AhVBNVkFHTYGDKUQ6AF6BAgIEAI |location= |publisher= University of California Press |page=253 |isbn=0722228635|quote=... 1713 , the tribunal , acting in a legislative capacity , decreed that within thirty days “ all Moros , Armenians , Malabars , Chinese and other enemies of the Holy Faith " should be lodged in the Parián when visiting Manila ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author=University of California, Berkeley|author-link= |date=1919|title=University of California Publications in History, Volume 9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9S0NAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA253&dq=armenians+%22enemies+of+the+holy+faith%22+maila&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiHg-27uvv4AhVBNVkFHTYGDKUQ6AF6BAgFEAI |location= |publisher= University of California Press |page=253 |isbn=|quote=On July 27 , 1713 , the tribunal , acting in a legislative capacity , decreed that within thirty days " all Moros , Armenians , Malabars , Chinese and other enemies of the Holy Faith ” should be lodged in the Parián when visiting Manila ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |volume=9 of Publications in history|last=|first=  |author-link= |date=1919  |title=University of California Publications in History, Volume 9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5NdAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA253&dq=armenians+%22enemies+of+the+holy+faith%22+maila&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiHg-27uvv4AhVBNVkFHTYGDKUQ6AF6BAgBEAI |location= |publisher=University of California Press|page=253 |isbn=|quote=... decreed that within thirty days “ all Moros ; Armenians , Malabars , Chinese and other enemies of the Holy Faith " should be lodged in the Parián when visiting Manila , or when living there temporarily for purposes of visit or trade ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |volume = 9 of University of California publications in history|last=Cunningham  |first=Charles Henry |author-link= |date=1919  |title= The Audiencia in the Spanish Colonies ... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AxBlAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA253&dq=armenians+%22enemies+of+the+holy+faith%22+maila&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiHg-27uvv4AhVBNVkFHTYGDKUQ6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher=University of California Press |page=253  |isbn=|quote=... the tribunal , acting in a legislative capacity , decreed that within thirty days " all Moros , Armenians , Malabars , Chinese and other enemies of the Holy Faith " should be lodged in the Parián when visiting Manila , or when ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Quiason |first= Serafin D. |author-link= |date=1966  |title= English Country Trade with the Philippines, 1644-1765|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d16GAAAAIAAJ&q=armenians+%22enemies+of+the+holy+faith%22+maila&dq=armenians+%22enemies+of+the+holy+faith%22+maila&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiHg-27uvv4AhVBNVkFHTYGDKUQ6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |page=93  |isbn=0824804376|quote=168 The Armenians and " other enemies of the Holy Faith ” 164 while on a temporary visit or trade mission were required by law to stay at the Parian.155 The steady influx of the Chinese and other Asian traders into Manila compelled the ...}}</ref>

 

Dayak women were married by the first Chinese men to settle in Borneo and this was recorded in the Hailu by Xie Qinggao (1765-1822) who was a merchant. After growing their initial populaton through this they began marrying each other's daughters.<ref>{{cite book |last=Andaya  |first=Barbara Watson |series=UPCC book collections on Project MUSE|author-link= |date=2006 |title=The Flaming Womb: Repositioning Women in Early Modern Southeast Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G5cBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146&lpg=PA146&dq=%22they+do+not+know+modesty+or+shame%22%22&source=bl&ots=9-8R65wBpp&sig=ACfU3U0VNrQXQiY100vHxrc0wtLVU7FP3Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi9_rWGpvz4AhV_M1kFHXaUBG8Q6AF6BAgCEAM |edition=illustrated|location= |publisher= University of Hawaii Press |page=146 |isbn=0824864727|quote=They do not know modesty or shame.” He was happy to be able to report that “when the population had grown,” the Chinese began “to arrange marriages among ...}}</ref> https://epdf.pub/the-flaming-womb-repositioning-women-in-early-modern-southeast-asia.html

 

 

 

<ref>{{cite book |last=Kho |first= Madge |author-link= |date=2000 |title= A Tribute to Desdemona Tan, a Daughter of Jolo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWtxAAAAMAAJ&q=tuchay+tan&dq=tuchay+tan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwje7Onw-_n4AhUJilwKHeJdBXMQ6AF6BAgHEAI |location= |publisher= Jolo Culture and Historical Society |page=2 |isbn=|quote=Having joined the MNLF took a heavy toll on the Tan family . Her late father Tuchay Tan , a prominent politician and businessman ; mother , Maimona Abubakar and brother , Ping Hong , were not spared the abuses of the Philippine military ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Francisco |first=Juan R. |editor1-last=Palongpalong|editor1-first=Artemio  |editor2-last=Mahiwo|editor2-first=  Sylvano |author-link= |date=1999 |title= Society and Culture: The Asian Heritage : Festschrift for Juan R. Francisco, Ph.D., Professor of Indology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rRuAAAAMAAJ&q=tuchay+tan&dq=tuchay+tan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwje7Onw-_n4AhUJilwKHeJdBXMQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher= Asian Center, University of the Philippines|page=54 |isbn=9718992073|quote=His uncle Hadji Suug Tan is the Vice and Acting Mayor of Jolo after the incapacitation of Mayor Murphy Sangkula . Rising to the top of Tausug ... This began with the movement of the Kia Tan children , particularly Tuchay , to Jolo .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=|others=Jamel Information and Business Assistance (Firm)  |author-link= |date=1981|title= Philippine Directory of Financial Institutions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efkVAQAAMAAJ&q=tuchay+tan&dq=tuchay+tan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwje7Onw-_n4AhUJilwKHeJdBXMQ6AF6BAgJEAI |location= |publisher= Sinag-tala Publishers  |page=252 |isbn=|quote=Manager : Apolonio Elasigue TAN KEE & COMPANY Mercado Ext . , Suter Bldg . Zamboanga City Manager : Tuchay Tan UNIFARM PAWNSHOP Guimba , Nueva Ecija Proprietor : Ma . Luisa Bautista TIFFANY PAWNSHOP , INC .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=|others=Philippines. Labor Dept. Labor Statistics and Research Division, Philippines. National Employment Service, Philippines. Offices of Manpower Services  |author-link= |date=1959|title= Directory of Key Establishments in the Philippines in Selected Non-agricultural Industries Employing Five Or More Workers, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUHwyg4pcrMC&q=tuchay+tan&dq=tuchay+tan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwje7Onw-_n4AhUJilwKHeJdBXMQ6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher=Department of Labor, Republic of the Philippines. |page=671 |isbn=|quote=TRANQUILINO GO , STORE Balicaca , Zamboanga City TUCHAY . TAN STORE Market Sito Zamboanga City YAP KUAT Molavc Zamboanga del Sur ZEN HONG TRADING I Claudio St. , Zamboanga City : ' 6122 PHARMACIES AND DRUG STONE pl .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first= |author=Philippines. Elections Commission |author-link= |date=1960 |title= Report to the President of the Philippines and the Congress on the Manner the Election was Held on November 10, 1959|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wu2ZbNu2p5AC&q=tuchay+tan&dq=tuchay+tan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwje7Onw-_n4AhUJilwKHeJdBXMQ6AF6BAgLEAI |location= |publisher= Bureau of Print. |page=456 |isbn=|quote=Tuchay Tan LP 6. Oswalda A. Cabel IND 7. Pacifico Yanga IND 8. Lee Yong Beng NP Mayor : Husing Lao LP Vice - Mayor : Abdulmajid H. Kadir LP Councilors : 1. Abddulhamid Pahal LP 2. Jalil Ebnu IND 3. Tati H. Jaafar .. LP ( IND . ) 4.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author=Philippines. Commission on Elections|author-link= |date=1965 |title=Report of the Commission on Elections to the President of the Philippines and the Congress|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mQSAAAAMAAJ&q=tuchay+tan&dq=tuchay+tan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwje7Onw-_n4AhUJilwKHeJdBXMQ6AF6BAgKEAI |location= |publisher= Bureau of Print. |page=361 |isbn=|quote=Tuchay Tan LP 3. Sheik Hadji Jamil LP SURIGAO DEL NORTE : Governor : Constantino C. Navarro LP Vice - Governor : Jose C. Sering LP Members of Provincial Board : 1. Marcos D. Cortes 2. Diomedes M. Eviota LP 3. Macario Diaz LP SURIGAO DEL ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author-link= |date=1973|title=Examiner, Issues 534-536 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U0U_AAAAMAAJ&q=tuchay+tan&dq=tuchay+tan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwje7Onw-_n4AhUJilwKHeJdBXMQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher= L.O. Ty. |page=31 |isbn=|quote=Tuchay Tan is Muslim . His mother is Tausug , his father Chinese . Besides being a successful businessman and landowner , he is probably the first Chinese mestizo to make it to big - time local politics having been once a provincial ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Arce|first= Wilfredo F. |others=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|issue= 73 of ISEAS occasional paper| issn=0073-9731|volume=73 of Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Singapore: ISEAS occasional paper |author-link= |date=1983 |title= Before the Secessionist Storm: Muslim-Christian Politics in Jolo, Sulu, Philippines, 1961-62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMBxAAAAMAAJ&q=tuchay+tan&dq=tuchay+tan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwje7Onw-_n4AhUJilwKHeJdBXMQ6AF6BAgFEAI |location= |publisher= Maruzen Asia |page=55 |isbn=9971954079|quote=... Sangki Singayao Yusop Tan Raymundo Aure + Oswalda Alcantara - Cabel + Segundo Canizares + Benjamin Gonzales Manuel Obsequio + Martin Paulate + Francisco Terol + Asclepeiades Valbuena + Pacifico Yanga + Rodrigo Zuluaga + Tuchay Tan ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first= |others=José Rizal National Centennial Commission |author-link= |date=1961|title= Rizal Centennial Bulletin, Volume 1, Issues 1-11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qvgnAAAAMAAJ&q=tuchay+tan&dq=tuchay+tan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwje7Onw-_n4AhUJilwKHeJdBXMQ6AF6BAgEEAI |location= |publisher=  |page=27 |isbn=|quote=Nanquel , Chief of Police Aminkadra " Abubakar , Councilor Segundo Cañizares , Councilor Anton Tan , Councilor Hassan Hasmian , Tuchay Tan , Vice - Mayor . Artemio B. Cueves , and Mrs. Rahma " Abas . 32.90 Sagay , Neg .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author-link= |date=1966 |title=Philippine Government Elective Officials: Semi-pictorial Directory |url=https://books.google.ie/books?id=26seAAAAMAAJ&q=tuchay+tan&dq=tuchay+tan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwje7Onw-_n4AhUJilwKHeJdBXMQ6AF6BAgIEAI |location= |publisher= Urera. |page= 93 |isbn=|quote=TUCHAY TAN Hon . SHEIK HADJI AMIL VICE - GOVERNOR : Hon . VIRGINIO B. LACAYA SURIGAO DEL NORTE BOARD MEMBERS : Hon . GUARDSON R. LOOD Hon . DOMINADOR M. CANASTRA Hon . LAURENCIO LEGADOS GOVERNOR : Hon . CONSTANTINO G. NAVARRO VICE ...}}</ref>

 

<ref>{{cite book |last=|first= |others=José Rizal National Centennial Commission |author-link= |date=1961|title=Rizal Centennial Bulletin, Volume 1, Issues 1-11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qvgnAAAAMAAJ&q=tuchay+tan&dq=tuchay+tan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-_rf18vz4AhWbEGIAHYcoAMs4ChDoAXoECAkQAg |location= |publisher=  |page=27 |isbn=|quote=Nanquel , Chief of Police Aminkadra " Abubakar , Councilor Segundo Cañizares , Councilor Anton Tan , Councilor Hassan Hasmian , Tuchay Tan , Vice - Mayor . Artemio B. Cueves , and Mrs. Rahma " Abas . 32.90 Sagay , Neg .}}</ref>

 

<ref>{{cite book |last=|first=  |author-link= |date=1966  |title= Philippine Government Elective Officials: Semi-pictorial Directory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=26seAAAAMAAJ&q=tuchay+tan&dq=tuchay+tan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-_rf18vz4AhWbEGIAHYcoAMs4ChDoAXoECAUQAg |location= |publisher=Urera. |page=93 |isbn=|quote=TUCHAY TAN Hon . SHEIK HADJI AMIL VICE - GOVERNOR : Hon . VIRGINIO B. LACAYA SURIGAO DEL NORTE BOARD MEMBERS : Hon . GUARDSON R. LOOD Hon . DOMINADOR M. CANASTRA Hon . LAURENCIO LEGADOS GOVERNOR : Hon . CONSTANTINO G. NAVARRO VICE ...}}</ref>

 

<ref>{{cite book |last=|first= |author=Philippines |author-link= |date=1963|title= Official Gazette, Volume 59, Issues 13-17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQ5RAQAAMAAJ&q=tuchay+tan&dq=tuchay+tan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-_rf18vz4AhWbEGIAHYcoAMs4ChDoAXoECAMQAg |location= |publisher=  |page=2231, 2416, 2550 |isbn=|quote=Tuchay Tan . Area : 197 square meters . Appraised value of land : P4.00 per square meter . Value of existing improvements : None . Reference : T.S.A. No. V - 7417 — Nuwang Lim . No bid shall be accepted that does not equal at least two ...}}</ref>

 

<ref>{{cite book |last=Kane |first= Solomon |others=Felice Noelle Rodriguez|author-link= |series=Collection Focus|date=2006 |title=La croix et le kriss: violences et rancoeurs entre chrétiens et musulmans dans le sud des Philippines |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LhwAAAAMAAJ&q=tuchay+tan&dq=tuchay+tan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-_rf18vz4AhWbEGIAHYcoAMs4ChDoAXoECAgQAg |location= |publisher= IRASEC. Institut de recherche sur l'Asie du sud-est contemporaine|page=58, 222 |isbn=2846541272|quote=De son côté , Nur Misuari , maître de conférence à Jolo , ( ab ) use de la notoriété de son beau - père , le respecté Tuchay Tan , pour approcher le sénateur Rashid Lucman dont la Bangsa Moro Liberation Organisation ( BMLO ...}}</ref>

 

<ref>{{cite book |last=Hsiao蕭 |first=Shi-ching 曦清  |author-link= |date=1995  |title=中菲外交關係史 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p7pTigPeyNcC&pg=PA35-IA35&dq=tuchay+tan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-_rf18vz4AhWbEGIAHYcoAMs4ChDoAXoECAYQAg |location= |publisher=正中書局．流傳文化．墨文堂文化|page=35 |isbn=9570909994|quote=... 適應能力強的華僑與雙方均相處和諧,原因為回教徒與中國人觀念接近:保守、守舊,重家族關係;商業交往誠實無欺;華僑平等對待回教徒與回教徒通婚,如回教國家解放陣線主席蘇亞里( Nux Misuari )之妻即為知名僑商陳豬屎( Tan Tuchay )的女兒,戈沓描多市長 ...}}</ref>

 

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Many Peranakan in [[Java]], Indonesia are descendants of non-Muslim Chinese men who married abangan Javanese Muslim women. Most of the Chinese men did not convert to Islam since their Javanese wives did not ask them to, but a minority of Javanese women asked them to convert so a Chinese Muslim community made out of converts appeared among the Javanese. In the late half of the 19th century, Javanese Muslims became more adherent to Islamic rules due to going on hajj and more Arabs arriving in Java, ordering  circumcision for converts. The Batavian Muslims in the 19th century completely absorbed the converted Chinese Muslims who originally had their own separate kapitan and community in the late 18th century. The remaining commoner non-Muslim Chinese Peranakans descended from Chinese men and Javanese Muslim women generally stopped marrying Javanese and the elite Peranakans stopped marrying Javanese completely and instead started only marrying fellow Chinese Peranakans in the 19th century, as they realized they might get absorbed by the Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |last= Skinner|first= G. William |editor-last=Reid  |editor-first=Anthony |author-link= |date= 2001|series=Diaspora studies / Southeast Asian History|title=Sojourners and Settlers: Histories of Southeast Asia and the Chinese |edition=illustrated, reprint|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YFIGVqZ9ZKsC&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=%22consented+to+nominal+conversion+in+old+age+to+please+their+wives%22&source=bl&ots=gStx5Y7pmF&sig=ACfU3U101PE5AV9CjaV_E0GMGw7dMWylIg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjog92O_Pb4AhUYMVkFHY4aBA0Q6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepage&q=%22consented%20to%20nominal%20conversion%20in%20old%20age%20to%20please%20their%20wives%22&f=false|location= |publisher= University of Hawaii Press|page=75 |isbn=0824824466|chapter=3 Creolized Chinese Societies in Southeast Asia }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wijaya  |first=Yahya |author-link= |date=2002 |title=Business, Family, and Religion: Public Theology in the Context of the Chinese-Indonesian Business Community |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShYQAQAAIAAJ&q=%22In+this+period+,+conversion+to+Islam+for+the+ethnic+Chinese+was+likely+a+part+of+their+attempt+to+assimilate+themselves+into+Javanese+society+,+since+the+converted+ethnic+Chinese+were+usually+those+who+had+been+married+to+local+people%22&dq=%22In+this+period+,+conversion+to+Islam+for+the+ethnic+Chinese+was+likely+a+part+of+their+attempt+to+assimilate+themselves+into+Javanese+society+,+since+the+converted+ethnic+Chinese+were+usually+those+who+had+been+married+to+local+people%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjK5ey8_Pb4AhWpGFkFHdI3CTQQ6AF6BAgCEAI |location= |publisher= P. Lang|page=71 |isbn=390676849X}}</ref> DNA tests done on Chinese Peranakan in [[Singapore]] showed that those Peranakan who are mixed with Malays are mostly of paternal Han Chinese descent and of maternal Malay descent.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Wu|first1=Degang  |last2=Li |first2=Peter Yiqing  |last3=Pan |first3=Bangfen |last4=Tiang|first4=Zenia|last5=Dou|first5=Jinzhuang |last6=Williantarra|first6=Ivanna |last7=Pribowo|first7= Amadeus Yeremia  |last8=Nurdiansyah|first8=Rizky |last9=Foo|first9=Roger S Y|last10=Wang|first10=Chaolong |date= October 2021|title= Genetic Admixture in the Culturally Unique Peranakan Chinese Population in Southeast Asia  |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/38/10/4463/6307269 |journal= Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=38 |issue=10 |pages= 4463–4474 |doi=https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab187 |access-date=}}</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352574186_Genetic_Admixture_in_the_Culturally_Unique_Peranakan_Chinese_Population_in_Southeast_Asia https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34152401/</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= August 6, 2021  |title= Genomic analysis of Peranakan Chinese reveals insight into ancestry|url= https://phys.org/news/2021-08-genomic-analysis-peranakan-chinese-reveals.html|work= Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore|location= |access-date=}} </ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.peranakan.org.sg/2021/07/the-singapore-peranakan-genome-project/|title=THE SINGAPORE PERANAKAN GENOME PROJECT |last=Chee  |first=Colin |date= 30 June 2021 |website=The Peranakan Association Singapore |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> <ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867419310700 https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2018/08/11/390070.full.pdf</ref> Peranakans in Malaysia and Singapore formed when non-Muslim Chinese men were able to marry Malay Muslim women a long time ago without converting to Islam. This is no longer the case in modern times where anyone who marries Malay women is required to convert to Islam.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chua |first=  Beng Huat|author-link= |date=2013 |title=Life Is Not Complete Without Shopping |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxpqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT165&dq=non-muslim+men+malay+marry&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih4oiEovr4AhUHIsAKHYLYCnMQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=non-muslim%20men%20malay%20marry&f=false |location= |publisher= Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. |page= |isbn=9971697270}}</ref>

 

Among the Straits Chinese (Peranakan) descendants in [[Sulu]], the Philippines is Abdusakur Tan II, the governor.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Antolihao |first1=Lou |last2=Mesenas |first2=Clement |editor1-last=Mathew |editor1-first=Mathews |title=Singapore Ethnic Mosaic, The: Many Cultures, One People |date=2017 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=981323475X |page=409 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4RIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA409&dq=abdusakur+straits+chinese+tan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjk09Dtxvf4AhU2EGIAHUhKDRUQ6AF6BAgLEAI |chapter=Chapter 13 Filipino Community and Culture in Singapore}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=See |first=T. Ang |editor-last=Suryadinata  |editor-first=Leo |author-link= |date=2011  |title=Migration, Indigenization And Interaction: Chinese Overseas And Globalization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TA-7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA237&dq=abdusakur+straits+chinese+tan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjk09Dtxvf4AhU2EGIAHUhKDRUQ6AF6BAgJEAI |location= |publisher=World Scientific|page=237 |isbn=9814458260|chapter=Part 3 South and Southeast Asia 3. Localization of the Chinese in the Philippines}}</ref>

 

Many Straits Chinese (Peranakans) migrated from Singapore to Jolo, Sulu and Mindanao to live and trade among the Moro Muslims like the Tausug people and Maguindanaons and sell weapons, rifles, cannon and opium to them in exchange for gutta-percha.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Warren |first1=James Francis |title=The Sulu Zone, 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State |date=2007 |publisher=NUS Press |isbn=9971693860 |page=128-131 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUZq93ydrrwC&pg=PA128#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> Tausug and Chinese married each other and Chinese also converted to Islam.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Warren |first1=James Francis |title=The Sulu Zone, 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State |date=2007 |publisher=NUS Press |isbn=9971693860 |page=127 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUZq93ydrrwC&pg=PA127#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=Contributors      Jesuits. Philippine Province, Ateneo de Manila University |date= 1977|title=Philippine Studies, Volumes 25-26 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3YNuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22had+intermarried+with+Taosug+commoners+or+slaves+and+accepted+Islam%22&dq=%22had+intermarried+with+Taosug+commoners+or+slaves+and+accepted+Islam%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwitkMbStej5AhXQEmIAHSxQByUQ6AF6BAgGEAI|location= |publisher= Ateneo de Manila|page=69 |quote=Often , these Chinese had intermarried with Taosug commoners or slaves and accepted Islam to improve their status . In this period it was not at all unusual for powerful Taosug to provide Chinese with the wherewithal to trade – the ...}}</ref> Moros carried out suicide juramentado attacks against the Japanese.<ref>{{cite book |last= Federspiel|first=Howard M.  |edition=illustrated |date=2007 |title=Sultans, Shamans, and Saints: Islam and Muslims in Southeast Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vY4BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA125&dq=suicide+commandos+revived+japanese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiB5bv6yOj5AhWRGFkFHczFCCEQ6AF6BAgIEAI |location= |publisher= University of Hawaii Press|page= 125|isbn=0824864522|quote=Retaliation against local populations for guerrilla actions led to a revival of the suicide commando (juramentado), who attackedsmall groups of Japanese anddied in the fighting.Also, there were guerrilla units dominated by Muslim ...}}</ref> Moro juramentados used opium in their attacks against US soldiers.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=Contributors      Walter Hines Page, Arthur Wilson Page |date=1924 |title=The World's Work, Volume 47 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gLgPAAAAIAAJ&q=%22of+the+same+gold+cup+with+him+.+Death+%22&dq=%22of+the+same+gold+cup+with+him+.+Death+%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjr0-ye4Oj5AhWqFVkFHV4PC20Q6AF6BAgCEAI|location= |publisher= Doubleday, Page & Company|page=183 |quote=... he had a repu- of the same gold cup with him . Death was tation for power just short of the Almighty . meat and drink , the Juramentados went to it It was said that in the days of Arolas , Sulu like you and I would go to dinner .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Archer |first= Herman |last2= Platt|first2= Rutherford Hayes|author-link= |date= 1924|title= Mr. Archer, U. S. A.: As Told to R. H. Platt, Jr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6ZQAQAAMAAJ&q=%22of+the+same+gold+cup+with+him+.+Death+%22&dq=%22of+the+same+gold+cup+with+him+.+Death+%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjr0-ye4Oj5AhWqFVkFHV4PC20Q6AF6BAgDEAI |location= |publisher= Doubleday, Page|page=178  |quote=they were killed by a Christian they sat on the right hand of Mahomet and drank out of the same gold cup with him . Death was meat and drink ; the Juramentados went to it like you and I would go to dinner .}}</ref>

 

A non-Muslim Chinese man named Kong Bu Wa came from Amoy in China to Siasi and married a Tausug Moro Muslim woman named Latia Jaham from the native landowning elite and fathered 10 sons and a daughter with her, who married a member of the Tan family, forming the Kong Tan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Francisco |first1=Juan R. |editor1-last=Palongpalong |editor1-first=Artemio |editor2-last=Mahiwo |editor2-first=Sylvano |title=Society and Culture: The Asian Heritage : Festschrift for Juan R. Francisco, Ph.D., Professor of Indology |date=1999 |publisher=Asian Center, University of the Philippines |isbn=9718992073 |page=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rRuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22latia+jaham%22&dq=%22latia+jaham%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6m4LE3_n4AhXCQcAKHQCBB9wQ6AF6BAgDEAI|quote=Any political aspiration cannot be realized without strong ties with the native components , which are ... In 1907 , the appeal of Frank de Witt , the American officer assigned to the Siasi District , helped the American effort to ...           13 The information on Chinese families in Bongao, etc. was provided by Paquito Tan of Sitangkai during the visits of the author to Bongao in late 1988 and especially on August 1989. 14. Based on interviews with Apoh Latia Jaham Kong in 1962-1963 before she died . The interviewee is the author's maternal grandmother . Hereafter , " The Latia Interview . " 12 . 13 14 . 15 . The open letter of Captain Frank DeWitt in The ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Baviera |editor1-first=Aileen San Pablo |editor2-last=See |editor2-first=Teresita Ang |title=China, Across the Seas. The Chinese as Filipinos |date=1992 |publisher=Philippine Association for Chinese Studies |isbn=9719133309 |page=87 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yn9wAAAAMAAJ&q=%22latia+jaham%22&dq=%22latia+jaham%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6m4LE3_n4AhXCQcAKHQCBB9wQ6AF6BAgEEAI |volumes=2-3 of Chinese studies|quote=According to the Kong matriarch , Latia Jaham , a woman from the local elite of Malanta , her ancestry has claims to ancient origin and even to the earliest contact with Islam . She married Kong Bu Wa , an intrepid Chinese trader from Amoy who, like many Chinese adventur-ers, dares the fabled perils of the Moro world. He came to Siasi during the first decade of American rule and decided to start a retail business. After marrying Latia, he acquired lands in Malanta thru the home-stead system encouraged by American land poicies. Before long, the Kongs had become one of the landed interests not only in Malanta but also in some other areas of Siasi. In this economic growth, the role of his native wife was vital, her being a member of the local elite with ancestral support from the Tapul-Lugus Tausug kin groups. From their union several sons were born and, later, a daughter; thru this daughter the Kongs' link with the Tans would be established. Through the sons' marriages to native women and Chinese mestizas the Kongs developed a network of kindship with Tausug, Sama, and Christian families, thus gradually eroding the Chinese character of the family. Except for the second son, Kong Kim Hin, the most astute in the family, the Kongs adopted more of the Tausug and Sama, and, subsequently, Christian elements, owing to the early demise of the patriarch, Kong Bu Wa. This left the matriach, Latia, a native, the central figure of the clan. Latia was more a symbol than a power in the clan. Being educated and astute, Kim Hin came to dominate the family. He kept the Chinese}}</ref> Latia Jaham was a pure Tausug Moro and she could marry a non-Muslim Chinese man because all the Moros except the Maranao allowed their people to marry non-Muslims like the Chinese regardless of gender for hundreds of years despite it being against Islamic rules.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mindanao Journal, Volume 5, Issue 1 - Volume 6, Issue 4 |date=1978 |publisher=University Research Center, Mindanao State University. |page=107 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnNyAAAAMAAJ&q=%22latia+jaham%22&dq=%22latia+jaham%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6m4LE3_n4AhXCQcAKHQCBB9wQ6AF6BAgFEAI|quote=Islamic world or to Maranao society where he does research at present and where a Maranao women is prohibited from contracting marriage outside her own culture. But it does not apply elsewhere, par-ticularly in Sulu where intermarriages between Muslims and non-Muslims of both sexes have been going on for centuries. I would not have been born had my grandmother , Latia Jaham ( a pure bred native ) , not married a Chinese trader . Or , the Schucks of Jolo , who have become a part of the Sulu leading elite , would not have risen to such a position if ...}}</ref> Kong Bu Wa had three other daughters from his first Chinese wife who lived in China<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=See |editor1-first=Teresita Ang |editor2-last=Go |editor2-first=Bon Juan |title=華人 |date=1994 |publisher=Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran, Incorporated |isbn=9718857052 |page=132, 137 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlVuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22latia+jaham%22&dq=%22latia+jaham%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6m4LE3_n4AhXCQcAKHQCBB9wQ6AF6BAgCEAI|quote=In 1907 , the appeal of Frank De Witt , the American officer assigned to the Siasi District , captures the American effort to induce the economic development of the Muslim South by encouraging private and foreign participation . .16 Like most Chinese men, Kong Bu Wa married a native, Latia Jaham, daughter of a land-owning family of Malanta with ancestral roots in Tapul and Lugus islands as well as in South Ubian, Tawi-Tawi. From this union came several children: ten sons and three daughters. From the sons came the generations of Kongs and from the only living daughter in Siasi the generations of Kong-Tan families. Unlike the other Chinese familes, the Kongs had clear ties to Amoy where Kong Bu Wa left a thirteen-room house and a family.17 Later, three of his daughters came to Siasi to visit him: Diang Ki, Dian Ding, and Dian Sing.18 Eventually, they returned to China leaving Bu Wa with his native family. In one of his sentimental visits to China, Bu Wa brought his Tausug wife who quickly picked up a little of the Chinese language which she later on used occasionally back in Siasi.19 After establishing his base in Siasi, Bu Wa moved to South Ubian where he established. ...3. Dr. Wang thinks that the Sama people in Chinese texts could be the seafaring Sama of the Sulu Archipelago . A growing number of native researchers and scholars are inclined to accept this view in the light of corroborative data from more recent researches. 4. The 'Sulu Kings', more accurately datus or rajahs, before the Sultanate era began about 1450 A.D., sent tribute embassies to China beginning from 1417 A.D. This continued regularly until the last embassy in 1762 A.D. The ancient Chinese records show the increasing importance of the China visits to the Sulu leaders. At one time, a group of 340 people visited China and stayed in Peking 77 days. ... of Senator Santanina T. Rasul to Bongao in 1988. The author was part of the Senator's party . 15. Based on interviews of Apoh Latia Jaham Kong in 1962 , 1963 before she died . The interviewee is the author's maternal grandmother .}}</ref> Chinese women almost never came to the Philippines so Chinese men like Kong Bu Wa married local native women like Moro Tausug Muslims and the children of the non-Muslim Chinese men and Tausug-Sama Muslim Moro women assimialted to various degrees, some maintaning Chinese cultural aspects while others practicing Tausug-Sama culture only.<ref>{{cite book |title=PDRC Currents: Bi-monthly Magazine of the PDRC., Volume 2 |date=1991 |publisher=Philippine-China Development Resource Center |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBFxAAAAMAAJ&q=%22latia+jaham%22&dq=%22latia+jaham%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6m4LE3_n4AhXCQcAKHQCBB9wQ6AF6BAgGEAI|quote="latia jaham" functions was reinforced by inter-marriage between Spanish men and natives as also between the latter and the Chinese, to be expected since Spanish and Chinese women seldom were found in colonial ventures or in Chinese trading activities...  Chinese names. His contact with all the local Chinese was constantly maintained and strengthened and, consequently, he emerged as one of the richest men in Siasi. His Chinese connection provided him insurance to commercial success in an economic system where the Chinese role was... Contrary to popular perception, their oragniza-tions facilitate upward mobility not only within the Chinese community, but outward with the larger Filipino community. This spurred some debate on whether the organizations     developed for the Chinese by the politically conscious Tausugs. The Tausugs being famers and inland dwellers, conveniently confined their economic role to the cultivation of abundant lands. They did not com-pete with the commercial and trading role of the Chinese...Remarkably, Kim Hin succeeded in creating this role for  himself among the Chinese until he became a lead-ing figure in the Kungsi, and associa-tion of local Chinese residents. In short, he became a tauke himself. But unlike the other taukes, Kim Hin did not overlook the importance... longer considered distinct from the larger community. This seemed to be the consensus among historians Dr. Samuel Tan, Dr. Luis Dery, ad Mr. Modesto Saonoy who presented their findings about the Chinese in        first four are numerically dominant and earlier in origin; of the four, the Kongs will be the main focus here becasue of its network of alliances. According to the Kong Matriarch , Latia Jaham , a woman from the local elite of Malanta , her ancestry has claims to ancient origin and even to the earliest contacts with Islam . She married Kong Bu Wa , an intrepid Chinese trader from ...   they zealously maintained, have be-come completly absorbed into Tausug-Sama society and culture and many have become Muslims. The rest of the Chinese kinship groups have shown clear and gradual gravitation to this type of... rela-tions between Chinese and natives was harmonious, with some mixed families practising elements of both cultures syncretically. This was be-cause the Muslims did not }}</ref>

 

Kong Bu Wa was skilled in fighting with a Chinese bladed sword like the Angkun or barung used by the Tausug. There are also multiple mixed Chinese Tan families in Tausug society.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Francisco |first1=Juan R. |editor1-last=Palongpalong |editor1-first=Artemio |editor2-last=Mahiwo |editor2-first=Sylvano |title=Society and Culture: The Asian Heritage : Festschrift for Juan R. Francisco, Ph.D., Professor of Indology |date=1999 |publisher=Asian Center, University of the Philippines |isbn=9718992073 |page=56, 64, 65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rRuAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22latia+jaham%22&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22latia+%22|quote=(1) The Tan network consists of loose lines of integration of various Tan families, not descended from one common nuclear family unit. The sense of community and shared identity is derived from the general belief in some kind of common origin in China, geographic or otherwise. (2) Although direct kindship connections between Tan families are

 

Any political aspiration cannot be realized without strong ties with the native components , which are ... In 1907 , the appeal of Frank de Witt , the American officer assigned to the Siasi District , helped the American effort to ...           13 The information on Chinese families in Bongao, etc. was provided by Paquito Tan of Sitangkai during the visits of the author to Bongao in late 1988 and especially on August 1989. 14. Based on interviews with Apoh Latia Jaham Kong in 1962-1963 before she died . The interviewee is the author's maternal grandmother . Hereafter , " The Latia Interview . " 12 . 13 14 . 15 . The open letter of Captain Frank DeWitt in The ...

 

19. From the interview with Apoh Latia, Kong Bu Wa must have been a martial arts expert before coming to the Philippines. He brought with him a kind of Chinese bladed weapon similar to, but smaller than, the typical Tausug barung more popularly known as Angkun. 20. Ibid}}</ref> One of Kong Bu Wa's sons, Kim Hin took charge of the family when Latia Jaham had dementia. He could name his relative's children and achieved the rank of tauke due to the vast amount of lands and wealthy he held including his inherited farm in Malanta.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=See |editor1-first=Teresita Ang |editor2-last=Go |editor2-first=Bon Juan |title=華人 |date=1994 |publisher=Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran, Incorporated |isbn=9718857052 |page=132, 133, 138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlVuAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22latia+jaham%22&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22latia+%22|quote=In 1907 , the appeal of Frank De Witt , the American officer assigned to the Siasi District , captures the American effort to induce the economic development of the Muslim South by encouraging private and foreign participation . .16 Like most Chinese men, Kong Bu Wa married a native, Latia Jaham, daughter of a land-owning family of Malanta with ancestral roots in Tapul and Lugus islands as well as in South Ubian, Tawi-Tawi. From this union came several children: ten sons and three daughters. From the sons came the generations of Kongs and from the only living daughter in Siasi the generations of Kong-Tan families. Unlike the other Chinese familes, the Kongs had clear ties to Amoy where Kong Bu Wa left a thirteen-room house and a family.17 Later, three of his daughters came to Siasi to visit him: Diang Ki, Dian Ding, and Dian Sing.18 Eventually, they returned to China leaving Bu Wa with his native family. In one of his sentimental visists to China, Bu Wa brought his Tausug wife who quickly picked up a little of the Chinese language which she later on used occasionally back in Siasi.19 After establishing his base in Siasi, Bu Wa moved to South Ubian where he established.

 

 

his position as the overall administrator of the family Malanta farm. Subsequently, Kim Him emerged as the Kong patriarch, especially after the matriarch Latia had become virtually senile and mentally incapacitated after her 90th birthday. Kim Hin enjoyed such trivial right of naming newly born sons or daughters of the Kongs, an index of his status and influence in the clan. With his increasing wealth from addition land acquisitions as well as from other businesses, his place in the Chinese community was also established. He became a tauke, a distinction reserved only for those who had great economic resources and business connections.26

 

 

17. Interview of Kong Su Wat during visits to him in his daughter's apartment in Ermita, Manila in October 1989. He stayed with his daughter for several weeks. 18. Ibid. 19. Ibid; also, "The Latia Interview." 20. From the interview of Apoh Latia, Kong Bu Wa must have been a martial expert before coming to the Philippines. He brought with him a kind of Chinese claded weapon similar to but smaller than the typical Tausug barung and was popularly known as angkun.}}</ref>

 

The Chinese families among the Tausug include the Kho, Lim, Teo, Kong and multiple families with the surname Tan, including the family of Tuchay Tan and Hadji Suug Tan. These families maintain the Chinese practice of not permitting marriages in the same paternal families with the same surname, and even though the Tans are multiple families, they still adhere to the rule of avoiding marriage to each other believing they were related far in the past. Eleonora or Leonora (Chinese Hokkien name: So Guat) and Desdemona were among the daughters of Tuchay Tan. The Abubakar family of Jolo are part Arab part Tausug and the woman Maimona Abubakar married the Chinese Tuchay Tan of the Kia Tan family of Siasi.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=See |editor1-first=Teresita Ang |editor2-last=Go |editor2-first=Bon Juan |title=華人 |date=1994 |publisher=Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran, Incorporated |isbn=9718857052 |page=129, 130|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlVuAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22latia+jaham%22&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=hadji+suug|quote=of the province for a long time. One of the younger generations, Abdusakur Tan, is the present congressman from the second district of Sulu. His uncle, Hadji Suug Tan, is the vice and acting Mayor of Jolo after the incapacitation of Mayor Murphy Sangkula. Rising to the top of Tausug political leadership in the two ancient centers of Tausug history requires deep and strong roots in Sulu history and its kinship system. The kinship and political alliances the Tans have established are evidences of the extent and nature of their integration. In addition to their strong cultural roots in Tausug society, the Tans of Maimbung are politically linked

 

network of family alliances, including the more recent radical elements. The mayor's son, Nizam, is a leader in the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) movement with base in Sabah. The marriage of Hadji Suug Tan to Giok Eng Oue strengthened the Tans' connection to a prominent Chinese family in Jolo with substantial investment in the commerce and trade of the town and the island. Other Tan family connections came by way of Siasi to Jolo. Significant was the tie-up between the Tans of Siasi and certain Jolo families. This began with the movement of the Kia Tan children, particularly, Tuchay to Jolo where he established not only his own business but also his poitical ties with the native elite. He married Maimona Abubakar whose network extends to Siasi where two Abubakar brothers, Amman and Alling, served in executive capacity in the municipal government. From their physical features, the Abubakars unmistakably reveal half Arab descent, Subsequently, Desdemona, one of Tuchay's highly educated daughters, with degrees from the University of the Philippines, married Nur Misuari, chairman of the MNLF. After her death in 1989, Misuari married Desdemona's elder sister, Leonora (So Guat in Chinese). Then, from the other less politically prominent Tan families of Jolo, the lines are drawn to various Chinese and native families whose interrelationships are complex. Two figures are known in local history: Yusop Tan who served in various capacities in the civil service and Anton Tan who became a member of the Ruma Bichara of Sultan Mahakutta Kiram.11... the Jolo elite through Tuchary, continued to maintain their roots in Siasi, and, again though intermarriages with other Chinese families in the area, were able to keep an influential role in the local Chinese community. The Chinese families loosely tied to the line are the Teos, the Lims and the Khos who have their own kindship lines. The other Tan families, not directly linked to the Kia Tan nuclear unit, generally assumed distant kinship, an assumption that seems to be generally adopted by those who carry the Chinese surnames. In fact, there are not intermarriages between people of the same family name.

}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Francisco |first1=Juan R. |editor1-last=Palongpalong |editor1-first=Artemio |editor2-last=Mahiwo |editor2-first=Sylvano |title=Society and Culture: The Asian Heritage : Festschrift for Juan R. Francisco, Ph.D., Professor of Indology |date=1999 |publisher=Asian Center, University of the Philippines |isbn=9718992073 |page=55 |url=hhttps://books.google.ie/books?id=-rRuAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22latia+jaham%22&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22loosely+tied%22|quote=maintain its roots in Siasi. Again, through intermarriages with other Chinese families in the area, the Kia Tan family was able to keep an influential role in the local Chinese community. The Chinese families loosely tied to the line are the Teos, the Lims and the Khos who have their own kinship lines. The other Tan families not directly linked to the Kia Tan nuclear unit generally}}</ref> The Chinese mestizo businessman and politician Tuchay Tan had a Chinese father and Tausug mother and he practiced Islam. His wife, Maimona Abubakar was a "pure Muslim".<ref>{{cite book |last= Sindayen |first= Nelly |author-link= |date=1973  |title= Examiner, Issues 534-536|page=31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U0U_AAAAMAAJ&q=tuchay+tan&dq=tuchay+tan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwje7Onw-_n4AhUJilwKHeJdBXMQ6AF6BAgGEAI |location= |publisher=L.O. Ty.|page= |isbn=|quote=

The Chinese in Sulu

By Nelly Sindayen

They are to be found in nearly every island of the Sulu archipelago.

 

They run stores, own and manage plantations, man restaurants and shops, oversee factories, operate shipping (mostly kumpits) lines.

 

They are involved in practically all kinds of endeavor, doing their task silent-ly and without much fanfare.

 

They are, in short, where the money is.

 

Indeed, the Chinese of Sulu, the south-westernmost province of the Philippines, are an integral part of Morolandia.

 

When it comes to integration and as-similation, they have shown the way for other Chinese communities in the coun-try.

 

Tuchay Tan is Muslim. His mother is Tausug, his father Chinese. Besides being a successful businessman and landowner, he is probably the first Chinese mestizo to make it to big-time local politics- having been once a provincial board member and later governor.

 

His assimilation became complete when he married a pure Muslim, the former Maimona Abubakar. The Tuchay Tans are residents of Jolo.

 

Sulu's current vice governor is also of Chinese origin. Until he became the provinces's No. 2 man, Cauti S. Lim was municipal judge of Siasi.

 

College, respectively. As her name su-gests, she's half Chinese half Tausug.

 

Sulu civic groups also have a lot of Chinese members, most of them holding key positions. Mrs. Kim Hong Lim-Tee, a busineswoman, is currently president of the Siasi Jayceerettes.

 

There is also Dr. Kong Teo Lim, one-time president of the Sulu Dental Society.

 

Dr Basil Jajurje and Dr. Nurhasan "Utoh" Isahac, well-known civic leaders, are also partly Chinese.

 

Even the local press in Jolo has wel-comed the Chinese into its fold. For instance, there are Kenneth Lee and Gerry Law.}}</ref> Tuchay Tan also had a son, Ping Hong.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kho  |first=Madge |author-link= |date=2000  |title=A Tribute to Desdemona Tan, a Daughter of Jolo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWtxAAAAMAAJ&q=tuchay+tan&dq=tuchay+tan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwje7Onw-_n4AhUJilwKHeJdBXMQ6AF6BAgHEAI |location= |publisher=Jolo Culture and Historical Society |page=2 |isbn=|quote=that she was stubborn as a mule when it came to resting. She spent her " resting " days giving interviews to the media , calling people , arranging meetings , etc. Renowned Muslim sculptor , Addulmari Imao , in his " Remembering Desdemona Misuari " ( Manila Times , 7/11/87 ) said that during the 2nd Bangsamoro National Congress in Bualoh, Maimbung, Sulu in September 1986, Des told him "we have a lot of children and I would like to return to Jolo when there is peace . " In planning for a duwaa ( prayer - memorial ) for Des , Farouk Carpizo , administrator of Mahardika Village , a Muslim housing project in Taguig , Rizal , told us that Des had inquired if she could apply for housing there . Farouk , who's Des ' first cousin , jokingly asked her , " What on earth is happening ? Are you forsaking your jungle life already ? " She said , " Dih ba . Para ha mga anak ku ba , Farouk . " ( No , it's really for my children . ) Yes, Des certainly sacrificed a lot for the Moro cause. Born to a wealthy and prominent family in Jolo, she gave up a promising teaching career and comfortable life to join a fight not just against the Marcos dictatorship but also for Moro independence. Des, joined the underground shortly after her detention in September 1972 when martial law was declared .

 

late father Tuchay Tan, a prominent politician and businessman: mother, Maimona Abubakar and brother, Ping Hong, were not spared the abuses of the Philippine military. Pah Tuchay, partially paralyzed from Parkinson's disease, was almost thrown off the rooftop of Notre Dame College by Philippine military forces after they retook Jolo following the MNLF takeover of Jolo for a few days in February 1974.

 

Des and I grew up in what we Tausug now call the peak of Jolo City's life -- from mid- to the late 60s -- when Jolo was at its most peaceful state. The succession of juramentados (Spanish for wearing as the Moro would swear by Allah before committing this act) or what Tausug call parang-sabil (martyrdom) a sort of personal jihad (holy war), that terrified northerners, had almost ended by the time the first Muslim mayor and governor were elected in the late 50s. Kamlon, the Philippine government's Public Enemy Number One but a Robin Hood to many locals, became the target of a massive military campaign because he defied Manila's authority. I remember armored tanks patrolling Jolo in te mid-50s. We grew up living the reality of a parang - sabil every other Sunday or so . Our Sunday evening walks would be cut short because someone had thrown a hand grenade in one of the 2 movie houses . Jolo was a prospering city , enriched by the tax - free barter trade with neighboring Borneo . Food was never a problem for residents --- the sea was as generous as ever as a source of food and the land gave more than what locals could consume . But key administrative jobs were still controlled by the bisayah ( Christian Filipinos ) . Mindanao and Sulu , though contributing about 50 % of the country's wealth , were receiving less than 10 % in social services and provincial funding . This , together with a gripe list of hundreds and thousands , formed the basis of the unity of the MNLF , that Des and thousands of Joloanos eventually joined .When the MNLF first surfaced in 1972 , Filipinos found it unbelievable that the Moros would seek independence or autonomy . Many Filipinos are unaware that Mindanao and Sulu only became part of the Philippines in 1946 when the U.S. gave independence to what is now the Philippine Republic . The Americans broke the 1899 Bates Treaty it signed with the Sulu Sultanate in 1899 ( Bate Treaty ) , promising to respect Moro sovereignty and not to sell or give Sulu to any other powers . From 1902 to 1915 , the Moros fought the onslaught of American firepower. And, in 1915, Sultan Jamalul Kiram II relinquished his sovereignty. But even before the Moros were subdued, the U.S. implemented the "Policy of Attraction," with the intent of relieving social unrest in he north and Fiipinizing the south. Northern settlers were given larger tracts of lands than Moros by this new system. Moros who held land were disadvantaged by the new land title}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

tausug chinese marriage

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Tausug of the Philippines

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Thomas M. Kiefer · 1972 · ‎Snippet view

 

Tausug Armed Conflict: The Social Organization of Military ... - Page 1

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Thomas M. Kiefer · 1969 · ‎Snippet view

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A number of Chinese cultural patterns have permeated Tausug culture , including marriage ritual insofar as it is not specifically Islamii , styles of dress , and culinary habits . Relationships between the sultanate and the Chinese ...

The Chinese Question: Ethnicity, Nation, and Region in and ... - Page 57

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Caroline S. Hau · 2014

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The novel speaks to the concerns of the postwar generation of ethnic Chinese in the Philippines, increasing numbers ... leader of the Chinese community in Davao, and son of a Chinese trader who married a Tausug princess, is assassinated ...

 

 

The Muslim Filipinos - Page 94

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Peter G. Gowing, ‎Robert Day McAmis · 1974 · ‎Snippet view

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In the south , the Chinese have intermarried with Samal ; in the north , with Tausug . In both areas , the dominant cultural pattern in cases of intermarriage seems to be pretty well split - some retaining the Chinese , some retaining ...

U.S. Army Special Forces Language Visual Training Materials ...

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The marriage ceremony, consisting of prayers and rituals in both Arabic and Tausug, takes place later in the afternoon. ... Dishes are a combination of influences from Malay, Spain, Mexico, China, American, and Indonesian cooking.

 

The Ethnic Chinese as Filipinos, Part III - Part 3 - Page 10

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Teresita Ang See · 1999 · ‎Snippet view

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In more ways than one , the intrusion of government in business diminished the dominant position of Chinese trade and ... Many contemporary Tausug leaders bear Chinese surnames , due to mixed marriages , such as the Tans of Jolo .

Racial Representations in Asia - Page 76

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Yasuko I. Takezawa · 2011

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Devaluing ' Chinese ' mestizoness The main events in The Sultanate unfold in the immediate aftermath of World War II . ... leader of the Chinese community in Davao , and son of a Chinese trader who married a Tausug princess ...

 

 

Beauty and Power: Transgendering and Cultural Transformation ...

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Mark Johnson · 2020

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who show no desire to be married, such as older bachelors (the subulliyaunan), may also be suspected to be bantut. ... A Tausug-Chinese (lannang) from Basilan, Edward was a graduate of the Zamboanga Chinese High School, having completed ...

 

 

Pirates of Empire

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Stefan Eklöf Amirell · 2019

This comparative study of piracy and maritime violence provides a fresh understanding of European overseas expansion and colonisation in Asia. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

 

 

Examiner - Issues 534-536 - Page 31

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1973 · ‎Snippet view

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As her name suggests , she's half Chinese half Tausug . ... The single man does not have anything over the married man , even when it comes to a happy sex life . ... She is followed on the contentment scale by the married woman .

 

 

 

 

 

tausug Chinese

 

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Beauty and Power: Transgendering and Cultural Transformation ...

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Mark Johnson · 2020

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A Tausug-Chinese (lannang) from Basilan, Edward was a graduate of the Zamboanga Chinese High School, having completed a B.A. at WMSU in teaching. While assisting me with language-learning and tape-transcribing, s/he was also finishing a ...

 

 

PDRC Currents: Bi-monthly Magazine of the PDRC. - Volume 2 - Page 7

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1991 · ‎Snippet view

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The Sama , Chinese and colonial elements that constituted the Siasi social milieu were later affected by the establishment of a Tausug presence in the settlement following the use of the island by the Sulu sultan as a " secondary ...

Global Piracy: A Documentary History of Seaborne Banditry

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James E. Wadsworth · 2019

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See also the Balangingi; the Iranun; Southeast Asian piracy; the Tausug China, trade with here pirate crew here slavery here, here, here, here, here state-sanctioned banditry here, here, here–here Sumatra here, here, here, here, here, ...

 

 

The Muslim Filipinos - Page 94

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Peter G. Gowing, ‎Robert Day McAmis · 1974 · ‎Snippet view

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Should intermarriage occur between Chinese - Samal and Chinese - Tausug , the Samal element would be allowed a channel into the Tausug - Chinese area and hence into a position of marriage eligibility with Tausug elite .

Terrorism in the Philippines: The Bloody Trail of Abu ... - Page 81

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Dirk J. Barreveld · 2001

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The cities, Isabela on Basilan, and Iolo on Iolo Island, have mixed populations of Tausug, Samals, Malays, Chinese, Tagalogs (mainly government officials, including military) and very few Caucasians. The hinterland of Iolo Island is ...

 

 

Magosaha: An Ethnology of the Tawi-Tawi Sama Dilaut - Page 41

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Harry Nimmo · 2001 · ‎Snippet view

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The Tausug regard themselves as the superior people of Sulu ; they regard the Sama as lowly , but at least they are Muslims ... Chinese Sama Dilaut interaction with the Chinese in Bongao is strictly economic , being limited to retail ...

The Handbook of Cross-Border Ethnic and Religious Affinities

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Charity Butcher · 2019

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Chinese folk religion is commonly practiced in both countries. ... PHILIPPINES–INDONESIA (840–850) There are only a few ethnic groups in common between the Philippines and Indonesia: the Batak, Chinese, Sama Bajau, and Tausug.

 

 

Celebrations with the Sun: An Overview of Religious ... - Page 11

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Bruno Bottignolo · 1995

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Many got sick . Finally , the Christian missionaries of Bongao who came to know of their situation invited them to moor offshore their land . Those Badjaos still live here today . Tausug , Chinese , and Christian people , though not ...

 

 

Tausug of the Philippines

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Mountains of Blame: Climate and Culpability in the ... - Page 64

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Will Smith · 2021

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... (destined ultimately for Chinese markets) but also allowed a yearlong supply of tribute rice from upland swiddens to flow to Jolo island (Warren, 1985, p. 95). While Tausug leaders forcibly elicited much of these goods as tribute, ...

 

 

tausug chinese wedding

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U.S. Army Special Forces Language Visual Training Materials ...

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The marriage ceremony, consisting of prayers and rituals in both Arabic and Tausug, takes place later in the afternoon. ... Dishes are a combination of influences from Malay, Spain, Mexico, China, American, and Indonesian cooking.

 

Tausug of the Philippines

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Thomas M. Kiefer · 1972 · ‎Snippet view

 

Tausug-English Dictionary: Kabtangan Iban Maana - Page 535

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Irene Hassan · 1975 · ‎No preview

 

The Social World of the Tausug: A Study in Philippine ... - Page 25

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women and even young girls wear gold bands that look like wedding rings on the fourth finger of the left hand and another ring ... Some of it is used as a collateral when getting from Chinese stores goods to be retailed or peddled .

 

Muslim Peoples: Maba - Page 766

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Richard V. Weekes · 1984 · ‎Snippet view

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The population consists of Tausug , Sama , Bajau , Chinese , Christian Filipinos and some Americans and Europeans . ... festivities ) and other wedding expenses are requested by the girl's family and agreed upon by the boy's family .

 

The Filipino Moving Onward 4' 2007 Ed. - Page 215

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Let's Discover Arab Influence When contacts with other Asian countries started the Arabs were probably the first to trade in the islands . ... Some dances from the south have Arabic influences , like the Kandigan , a Tausug wedding ...

 

Encyclopedia of Philippine Folk Beliefs and Customs

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Francisco R. Demetrio · 1991 · ‎Snippet view

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among Ibanag , 6266 Gifts among Kalinga g . consist of Chinese beads , 6267 ; " gala " given , 6277 , 6278 , 6281 ; among ... 6287 ; among Tausug , 6288 ; younger pay “ linakaran " to elders , 6290 Day of wedding announced among Tiruray ...

 

Filipino Heritage: The age of trade and contacts - Page 610

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The first one is believed to dance . be an Indian influence while the last two are Chinese in origin . Colorful Cultural Trappings The presence of non - Islamic traIslamic elements in a Tausug mar- ditions in marriage among the Tauriage ...

 

Tausug Armed Conflict: The Social Organization of Military ...

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Philippine Jewelry and Ornaments: A Survey - Page 68

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16 “ The lobes of the women's ears are pierced with wide holes , " wrote Dr. Sixto Y. Orosa of the Tausug of Sulu ... ( 1963 ) reported that although Chinese merchants were said to control the supply of gold in Sulu and produce much fine ...

 

 

 

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The marriage ceremony, consisting of prayers and rituals in both Arabic and Tausug, takes place later in the afternoon. ... Dishes are a combination of influences from Malay, Spain, Mexico, China, American, and Indonesian cooking.

 

Tausug of the Philippines

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Thomas M. Kiefer · 1972 · ‎Tampilan cuplikan

 

Tausug-English Dictionary: Kabtangan Iban Maana - Halaman 535

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women and even young girls wear gold bands that look like wedding rings on the fourth finger of the left hand and another ring ... Some of it is used as a collateral when getting from Chinese stores goods to be retailed or peddled .

 

Muslim Peoples: Maba - Halaman 766

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Ditemukan dalam buku – Halaman 766

The population consists of Tausug , Sama , Bajau , Chinese , Christian Filipinos and some Americans and Europeans . ... festivities ) and other wedding expenses are requested by the girl's family and agreed upon by the boy's family .

 

The Filipino Moving Onward 4' 2007 Ed. - Halaman 215

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Ditemukan dalam buku – Halaman 215

Let's Discover Arab Influence When contacts with other Asian countries started the Arabs were probably the first to trade in the islands . ... Some dances from the south have Arabic influences , like the Kandigan , a Tausug wedding ...

 

Encyclopedia of Philippine Folk Beliefs and Customs

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Francisco R. Demetrio · 1991 · ‎Tampilan cuplikan

Ditemukan dalam buku – Halaman 620

among Ibanag , 6266 Gifts among Kalinga g . consist of Chinese beads , 6267 ; " gala " given , 6277 , 6278 , 6281 ; among ... 6287 ; among Tausug , 6288 ; younger pay “ linakaran " to elders , 6290 Day of wedding announced among Tiruray ...

 

Filipino Heritage: The age of trade and contacts - Halaman 610

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1977 · ‎Tampilan cuplikan

Ditemukan dalam buku – Halaman 610

The first one is believed to dance . be an Indian influence while the last two are Chinese in origin . Colorful Cultural Trappings The presence of non - Islamic traIslamic elements in a Tausug mar- ditions in marriage among the Tauriage ...

 

Philippine Jewelry and Ornaments: A Survey - Halaman 68

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Ditemukan dalam buku – Halaman 68

16 “ The lobes of the women's ears are pierced with wide holes , " wrote Dr. Sixto Y. Orosa of the Tausug of Sulu ... ( 1963 ) reported that although Chinese merchants were said to control the supply of gold in Sulu and produce much fine ...

Sexuality in Southeast Asia and China: Emerging Issues - Halaman 72

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Thomas E. Blair · 2007 · ‎Tampilan cuplikan

Ditemukan dalam buku – Halaman 72

The Moro a'dat of the Sulu ethnic groups prescribes ways of acquiring a spouse ; some are conventional ways such as , for the Tausug , the pagpangasawa or pagpaniyaun ( i.e. , protocols in proposing marriage and the wedding rites ) or ...

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

tan family origin china sulu

 

華人: - Trang 129

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Teresita Ang See, ‎Bon Juan Go · 1994 · ‎Xem một số câu liên quan

TÌM THẤY TRONG SÁCH – TRANG 129

One of the Chinese families that have become prominent in Sulu affairs , especially political , is the Tan family of Jolo . The Tans of Jolo There are several families in the Sulu archipelago that carry the Tan surname although direct ...

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Society and Culture: The Asian Heritage : Festschrift for ... - Trang 53

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Artemio Palongpalong, ‎Juan R. Francisco, ‎Sylvano Mahiwo · 1999 · ‎Xem một số câu liên quan

TÌM THẤY TRONG SÁCH – TRANG 53

One of the Chinese families that have become prominent in Sulu affairs , especially political , is the Tan family of Jolo . The Tans of Jolo There are several families in the Sulu archipelago that carry the Tan surname , although direct ...

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The Self-determination of Minorities in International Politics - Trang 169

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Alexis Heraclides, ‎Professor of International Relations and Conflict Resolution at the Department of Political Science and History Alexis Heraclides · 1991

TÌM THẤY TRONG SÁCH – TRANG 169

This measure was no doubt the last straw that convinced any Moro militants who still needed convincing. ... Misuari is a Suluano who has links with the Chinese of the Sulu archipelago through his wife Desdemona Tan, ...

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Examiner - Số phát hành 534-536 - Trang 31

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1973 · ‎Xem một số câu liên quan

TÌM THẤY TRONG SÁCH – TRANG 31

The Chinese in Sulu By Nelly Sindayen Rein NAKI TANER Prodeo BORISDOT PO ass CHUAN berser SUN ... As her name suggests , she's half Chinese half Tausug . Sulu civic groups ... Sulu's current vice governor is also of Chinese origin .

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Singapore Ethnic Mosaic, The: Many Cultures, One People - Trang 409

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Mathews Mathew · 2017

TÌM THẤY TRONG SÁCH – TRANG 409

Its current governor, Abdusakur Tan II is a scion of a family whose members were elected to several political positions in the province, and can trace their origins to the Straits Chinese. During the Philippine Revolution against ...

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Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Review

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1959 · ‎Xem một số câu liên quan

TÌM THẤY TRONG SÁCH – TRANG 69

in the Sulu Islands and “ Dva - pa - tan , 254. " in Mindanao : A “ Ka - ling " mentioned in the old Chinese history of the Tang dynasty ( 618-906 ) has been ... wrongly identified by ... Groeneveldt ... as Java on the assumption that ...

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Golden Dragon And Purple Phoenix: The Chinese And Their ...

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Khoon Choy Lee · 2013

TÌM THẤY TRONG SÁCH – TRANG 57

Chapter Two The Mestizos of the Philippines (混血儿米斯蒂佐) In order to understand the history of the Philippines ... Early Intermarriage and the Sulu (苏禄) Royal Family The earliest contact point for the Chinese migrants was Sulu and ...

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Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Reviews

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1959 · ‎Xem một số câu liên quan

TÌM THẤY TRONG SÁCH – TRANG 69

( 1 ) Craig's assumption of " Ka - ling , 253. ” in the Sulu Islands and “ Dva - pa - tan , 254. " in Mindanao : A “ Ka - ling " mentioned in the old Chinese history of the Tang dynasty ( 618-906 ) has been ... wrongly identified by .

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After Migration And Religious Affiliation: Religions, ... - Trang 106

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Chee-beng Tan · 2014

TÌM THẤY TRONG SÁCH – TRANG 106

Chee-beng Tan. In his classic work, The Chinese in Philippine Life 1850–1898, Edgar Wickberg (1965: 193–194) noted ... with different origin stories.5 Oral tradition claims that Pun Thao Kong founded the Chinese community in Jolo, Sulu, ...

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Chinese Merchant Families in Iloilo - Trang 205

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John T. Omohundro · 1981 · ‎Xem một số câu liên quan

TÌM THẤY TRONG SÁCH – TRANG 205

See also Citizenship , Chinese schools Provincial agent system of Chinese commercial distribution , 55 Public ... 16 , 20 , 28 , 29 Tan Family Association , or Yu Uy Tong , 20 , 26 , 39 , 100 , 101 Tantoco family , history of in Iloilo ...

 

 

 

tan family origin china sulu

華人: - Page 129

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Teresita Ang See, ‎Bon Juan Go · 1994 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 129

One of the Chinese families that have become prominent in Sulu affairs , especially political , is the Tan family of Jolo . The Tans of Jolo There are several families in the Sulu archipelago that carry the Tan surname although direct ...

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Society and Culture: The Asian Heritage : Festschrift for ... - Page 53

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Artemio Palongpalong, ‎Juan R. Francisco, ‎Sylvano Mahiwo · 1999 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 53

One of the Chinese families that have become prominent in Sulu affairs , especially political , is the Tan family of Jolo . The Tans of Jolo There are several families in the Sulu archipelago that carry the Tan surname , although direct ...

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The Self-determination of Minorities in International Politics - Page 169

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Alexis Heraclides, ‎Professor of International Relations and Conflict Resolution at the Department of Political Science and History Alexis Heraclides · 1991

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 169

This measure was no doubt the last straw that convinced any Moro militants who still needed convincing. ... Misuari is a Suluano who has links with the Chinese of the Sulu archipelago through his wife Desdemona Tan, ...

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Singapore Ethnic Mosaic, The: Many Cultures, One People - Page 409

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Mathews Mathew · 2017

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 409

Its current governor, Abdusakur Tan II is a scion of a family whose members were elected to several political positions in the province, and can trace their origins to the Straits Chinese. During the Philippine Revolution against ...

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Migration, Indigenization And Interaction: Chinese Overseas ...

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Leo Suryadinata · 2011

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 237

Chinese descent and ancestry.12 The term is now widely accepted and used extensively by the media to refer to the localized ethnic Chinese in ... Noted Filipino historian Samuel Tan () belongs to a renowned Muslim family in Tawitawi.

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Chinese Merchant Families in Iloilo - Page 205

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John T. Omohundro · 1981 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 205

See also Citizenship , Chinese schools Provincial agent system of Chinese commercial distribution , 55 Public ... 16 , 20 , 28 , 29 Tan Family Association , or Yu Uy Tong , 20 , 26 , 39 , 100 , 101 Tantoco family , history of in Iloilo ...

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Golden Dragon And Purple Phoenix: The Chinese And Their ...

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Khoon Choy Lee · 2013

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 57

Chapter Two The Mestizos of the Philippines (混血儿米斯蒂佐) In order to understand the history of the Philippines ... Early Intermarriage and the Sulu (苏禄) Royal Family The earliest contact point for the Chinese migrants was Sulu and ...

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A Dictionary of the Chinese Language - Page 415

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Robert Morrison · 1815

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 415

單 TAN . X Y 常單字 3 a mies blant , abrupt . The old definitions write it DJE I Pwan - yen , | K'hae che ch'hang müh tan , To make ... Read 乃文祖德 Th , 1 * The police Nae tan wàn tsoo třh , But exhaust ( or , Than , as a surname .

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Chinese Business in the Making of a Malay State, 1882-1941: ...

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Wu Xiao An · 2003

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 238

... Chinese revenue farmers 114; Che Ariffin 119–20; Chinese capital 181; Choong Cheng Kean 45, 48–9; Choong family 85–7, ... Wan Ahmad 121–3 Sulu 3, 18 Sumatra: anti-tax rebellion 107; brief history 26–8; British colonial state 112; ...

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Sulu and Sabah: A Study of British Policy Towards the ... - Page 372

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Nicholas Tarling, ‎Professor of History Nicholas Tarling · 1978 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 372

Tan , Samuel K. , Sulu under American Military Rule , 1899–1913 . Quezon City , 1968 . ... Studies in the Social History of China und Southeast Asia , Cambridge , 1970 , 355–75 . Britain , the Brookes and Brunei .

 

 

 

"kong bu wa"

 

華人: - Page 132

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Teresita Ang See, ‎Bon Juan Go · 1994 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 132

The history of the Kongs dates back to the arrival of Kong Bu Wa in Siasi , possibly during the first decade of American rule , which encouraged the active participation and , hence , immigration of more Chinese into the Sulu ...

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The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898T1934: An ... - Page 241

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Benjamin R. Beede · 1994

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 241

Kong Bu Wa engaged Jikiri in hand-to-hand combat forcing him to abandon his intention. In Jolo, he spent some time on Cabingaan Island, where he had kept some of his booty and the women he had taken for wives or concubines.

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The War of 1898, and U.S. Interventions, 1898-1934: An ... - Page 241

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Benjamin R. Beede · 1994

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 241

His target Jikiri's birthplace , but he spent much time in was the store of Kong Bu Wa , a Chinese trader . Parang , Maimbung , and islands south of Jolo . Kong Bu Wa engaged Jikiri in hand - to - hand He and his ragtag band of rebels ...

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Society and Culture: The Asian Heritage : Festschrift for ... - Page 57

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Artemio Palongpalong, ‎Juan R. Francisco, ‎Sylvano Mahiwo · 1999 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 57

Unlike the other Chinese families , the Kongs had clear ties with Amoy where Kong Bu Wa left a thirteenroom house and a family . 16 Later , three of his daughters came to Siasi to visit him : Dian Ki , Dian Ding , and Dian Sing .

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China, Across the Seas. The Chinese as Filipinos - Page 87

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Aileen San Pablo Baviera, ‎Teresita Ang See · 1992 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 87

She married Kong Bu Wa , an intrepid Chinese trader from Amoy who , like many Chinese adventurers , dares the fabled perils of the Moro world . He came to Siasi during the first decade of American rule and decided to start a retail ...

PDRC Currents: Bi-monthly Magazine of the PDRC. - Volume 2 - Page 8

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1991 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 8

After Kim Kong Bu Wa . This left the Hin's death , expectedly , the Matriarch , Latia , a native , the Tausug - Sama part of the Kong central figure of the clan . and influence of liberal process took a decisive influence in the social ...

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蓬头安妮奇遇记

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格鲁埃尔约翰尼 · 2018 · ‎No preview

Ben shu jiang shu le yi ge bei chen feng er shi duo nian de bu wa wa peng tou an ni,Bei bang zai le feng zheng shang fei shang tian kong,Bu liao,Feng zheng xian duan.Yi ge ou ran de ji hui,Peng tou an ni bei yi ge shang ren dai zou.Shang ...

 

 

tuchay tan

Diary of a Colonized Native: (Years of Hidden Colonial Slavery)

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Ibrahim S. Omar · 2018

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... most affluent family clans of Sulu and could have chosen a care-free and high society life. She was the second daughter of the prominent Chinese businessman and Tausug leader Hajji Thaiser 'Tuchay' Tan and Hajja Maimona Abubakar.

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A Tribute to Desdemona Tan, a Daughter of Jolo - Page 2

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Madge Kho · 2000 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 2

Having joined the MNLF took a heavy toll on the Tan family . Her late father Tuchay Tan , a prominent politician and businessman ; mother , Maimona Abubakar and brother , Ping Hong , were not spared the abuses of the Philippine military ...

Society and Culture: The Asian Heritage : Festschrift for ... - Page 54

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Artemio Palongpalong, ‎Juan R. Francisco, ‎Sylvano Mahiwo · 1999 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 54

His uncle Hadji Suug Tan is the Vice and Acting Mayor of Jolo after the incapacitation of Mayor Murphy Sangkula . Rising to the top of Tausug ... This began with the movement of the Kia Tan children , particularly Tuchay , to Jolo .

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Philippine Directory of Financial Institutions - Page 252

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1981 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 252

Manager : Apolonio Elasigue TAN KEE & COMPANY Mercado Ext . , Suter Bldg . Zamboanga City Manager : Tuchay Tan UNIFARM PAWNSHOP Guimba , Nueva Ecija Proprietor : Ma . Luisa Bautista TIFFANY PAWNSHOP , INC .

Report to the President of the Philippines and the Congress ...

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Philippines. Elections Commission · 1960 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 456

Tuchay Tan LP 6. Oswalda A. Cabel IND 7. Pacifico Yanga IND 8. Lee Yong Beng NP Mayor : Husing Lao LP Vice - Mayor : Abdulmajid H. Kadir LP Councilors : 1. Abddulhamid Pahal LP 2. Jalil Ebnu IND 3. Tati H. Jaafar .. LP ( IND . ) 4.

Report of the Commission on Elections to the President of ... - Page 361

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Philippines. Commission on Elections · 1965 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 361

Tuchay Tan LP 3. Sheik Hadji Jamil LP SURIGAO DEL NORTE : Governor : Constantino C. Navarro LP Vice - Governor : Jose C. Sering LP Members of Provincial Board : 1. Marcos D. Cortes 2. Diomedes M. Eviota LP 3. Macario Diaz LP SURIGAO DEL ...

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華人: - Page 130

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Teresita Ang See, ‎Bon Juan Go · 1994 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 130

The marriage of Hadji Suug Tan to Giok Eng Oue strengthened the Tans ' connection to a prominent Chinese family in Jolo ... This began with the movement of the Kia Tan children , particularly , Tuchay , to Jolo where he established not ...

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Examiner - Issues 534-536 - Page 31

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1973 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 31

Tuchay Tan is Muslim . His mother is Tausug , his father Chinese . Besides being a successful businessman and landowner , he is probably the first Chinese mestizo to make it to big - time local politics having been once a provincial ...

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Directory of Key Establishments in the Philippines in ...

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1959 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 671

Zamboanga del Sur TRANQUILINO GO STORE Balicaca Zamboanga City TUCHAY TAN STORE Mark ct site Zamboanga City YAP KUAT Molave Zamboanga del Sur ZEN HONG TRADING T Claudio St. , Zamboanga City I 1 • I 1 x 6119 OTHER WHOLESALERS , N. E.C. I ...

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Before the Secessionist Storm: Muslim-Christian Politics in ... - Page 55

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Wilfredo F. Arce · 1983 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 55

... Sangki Singayao Yusop Tan Raymundo Aure + Oswalda Alcantara - Cabel + Segundo Canizares + Benjamin Gonzales Manuel Obsequio + Martin Paulate + Francisco Terol + Asclepeiades Valbuena + Pacifico Yanga + Rodrigo Zuluaga + Tuchay Tan ...

 

 

tuchay tan

 

Rizal Centennial Bulletin - Volume 1, Issues 1-11 - Page 27

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1961 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 27

Nanquel , Chief of Police Aminkadra " Abubakar , Councilor Segundo Cañizares , Councilor Anton Tan , Councilor Hassan Hasmian , Tuchay Tan , Vice - Mayor . Artemio B. Cueves , and Mrs. Rahma " Abas . 32.90 Sagay , Neg .

Philippine Government Elective Officials: Semi-pictorial ... - Page 93

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1966 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 93

TUCHAY TAN Hon . SHEIK HADJI AMIL VICE - GOVERNOR : Hon . VIRGINIO B. LACAYA SURIGAO DEL NORTE BOARD MEMBERS : Hon . GUARDSON R. LOOD Hon . DOMINADOR M. CANASTRA Hon . LAURENCIO LEGADOS GOVERNOR : Hon . CONSTANTINO G. NAVARRO VICE ...

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Official Gazette - Volume 59, Issues 13-17 - Page 2416

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Philippines · 1963 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 2416

Tuchay Tan . Area : 197 square meters . Appraised value of land : P4.00 per square meter . Value of existing improvements : None . Reference : T.S.A. No. V - 7417 — Nuwang Lim . No bid shall be accepted that does not equal at least two ...

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La croix et le kriss: violences et rancoeurs entre chrétiens ... - Page 58

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Solomon Kane · 2006 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 58

De son côté , Nur Misuari , maître de conférence à Jolo , ( ab ) use de la notoriété de son beau - père , le respecté Tuchay Tan , pour approcher le sénateur Rashid Lucman dont la Bangsa Moro Liberation Organisation ( BMLO ...

中菲外交關係史 - Page 35

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Shi-ching Hsiao, ‎蕭曦清 · 1995

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 35

... 適應能力強的華僑與雙方均相處和諧,原因為回教徒與中國人觀念接近:保守、守舊,重家族關係;商業交往誠實無欺;華僑平等對待回教徒與回教徒通婚,如回教國家解放陣線主席蘇亞里( Nux Misuari )之妻即為知名僑商陳豬屎( Tan Tuchay )的女兒,戈沓描多市長 ...

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Phong trào Duy Tân ở Bắc, Trung, Nam: Miền Nam đầu thế kỷ ...

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Sơn Nam · 2003 · ‎Snippet view

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Tục hay tin chuyện bá xàm , VÀ CUỘC MINH TÂN Mấy thầy tướng ứng nói thàm nói vơ . Tục hay thù vặt thừa cơ , Phao thuốc phao súng , rơi thơ rơi tờ . Thận , Long năm trước đề cờ , Hiệp cùng Đức , Rộng phinh phờ dậy binh .

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Tuttle Compact Vietnamese Dictionary: Vietnamese-English ...

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Phan Van Giuong · 2016

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 624

... ảnh) vì dâm tục hay bạo hành X-ray 1 n. tia x, quang tuyến x 2 v. chụp tia x, chụp hình (phổi, vv.) ... within the next ten -s trong Vòng 10 năm tới, New -'s Day ngày Tết (Nguyên đán); the new - năm mới, tân niên; Happy New -! Chúc ...

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Tuttle Concise Vietnamese Dictionary: Vietnamese-English ...

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Phan Van Giuong · 2014

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 744

... lễ Nô-en X-rated adj. được liệt kệ vào hạng không tốt (phim, ảnh) vì dâm tục hay bạo hành X-ray 1 n. tia x, ... tuổi: leap - năm nhuận; in the - 1924 năm 1924; New -'s Day ngày Tết (Nguyên đán); the new - năm mới, tân niên; ...

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Minh tân - Issues 106-113 - Page 19

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FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 19

151 17 : al , ai trứng China Trong đời vua Lê Thánh Tông ( 1460-1497 ) , người Việt Nam còn có phong tục hay : khi con gái lạy cha mẹ để về nhà chồng , ngirời cha dặn con rằng : * Phải kính phải răn , phải vâng lời và phụng dưỡng cha mẹ ...

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Việt-su tân biên: Nhà Hôǹg Bàng - Nhà Lý - Page 215

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Phạm-văn-Són · 1956 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 215

Cuộc quấy rối của quân Lâm - Ấp.- Trên đây chúng ta thấy dưới đời nhà Tấn dân Giao - châu có phần cơ - cực hơn bao ... là Khu - Tuc hay Khu - Lật , phía Nam có con sông LưDung huyện Lư - Dung chảy qua Thành này ở vào huyện Tây - Quyền ...

 

 

desdemona abubakar tan

Diary of a Colonized Native: (Years of Hidden Colonial Slavery)

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Ibrahim S. Omar · 2018

FOUND INSIDE

The well-known matriarch of the Bangsamoro revolutionaries was also widely recognized by her maiden name Desdemona Abubakar Tan by her high school classmates and schoolmates in UPD.

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Give Peace a Chance: The Story of the GRP-MNLF Peace Talks

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Abraham Iribani · 2006 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 273

82 Sarang Bangun is the revolutionary name of Desdemona Abubakar Tan , the first wife of Chairman Misuari who died and is buried in Islamabad , Pakistan in July 1987. A charitable foundation , Sarang Bangun Foundation is named after her ...

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Philippine Bibliography - Page 583

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1968 · ‎No preview

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The Philippines and Security of the South China Sea Region: ...

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1986 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 126

Misuari is married to Desdemona Abubakar Tan , a Tausog Muslim and active student leader of her time , and a member of one of the prominent families in Sulu . 12. Lela Garner Noble “ Muslim Separatism in the Philippines , 1972-1981 ...

A Tribute to Desdemona Tan, a Daughter of Jolo - Page 2

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Madge Kho · 2000 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 2

Renowned Muslim sculptor , Addulmari Imao , in his " Remembering Desdemona Misuari " ( Manila Times , 7/11/87 ) said that ... Her late father Tuchay Tan , a prominent politician and businessman ; mother , Maimona Abubakar and brother ...

Region, Nation and Homeland: Valorization and Adaptation in ...

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Miriam Coronel Ferrer · 2020

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 26

They included the sisters Desdemona and Eleonora Rohaida Tan, daughters of the Abubakar political clan,63 and Dr Farouk Hussein, then Jolo's municipal health officer.64 Misuari ran and lost in the 1970 elections for members of the ...

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Examiner - Issues 534-536 - Page 20

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1973 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 20

Or is it simply because Women's Lib has caught up with the Muslim girl this soon ? TAUSUG girls in a row , from top : Sharifa Pearlsia Ali , Marian Mumbing , Carmen Abubakar . Like Pearlsia , Desdemona Tan is all for divorce .

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The Quest for Mindanao Independence - Page 113

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Reuben R. Canoy · 1989 · ‎Snippet view

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Among them were Desdemona and Leonila Tan , whose mother was an Abubakar ; Nijam Abubakar , son of Jolo Mayor Amindraka " Barlie " Abubakar ; Dr. Farouk Hussein , municipal health officer of Jolo ; and Dr. Basil Jajourie , a well ...

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For instance , Representative Tan is married to the daughter of former Jolo mayor Barley Abubakar who comes from an old ... Subsequently , Desdemona , one of Tuchay's highly educated daughters , with degrees from the University of the ...

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Islam, Gender, & Social Change - Page 258

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Esposito Haddad, ‎Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, ‎John L. Esposito · 1998

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 258

... 110, 122n32, 122–123m32–53 Tamano, Mamintal, 220 Tamano, Zorayda Abbas, 220–221 al-Tamimi, Abdullah Bin Ibad al-Murri, 162 Tan, Desdemona, 222 Tandubas, Panglima Fatima, ... See modernization Ututalum, Maryam Abubakar, 220 veiling.

 

 

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華人: - Page 130

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Teresita Ang See, ‎Bon Juan Go · 1994 · ‎Snippet view

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of former Jolo Mayor Barley Abubakar who comes from an old political family with its own network of family alliances ... The marriage of Hadji Suug Tan to Giok Eng Oue strengthened the Tans ' connection to a prominent Chinese family in ...

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A Mindanao Story: Troubled Decades in the Eye of the Storm - Page 13

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Delfin Castro · 2005 · ‎Snippet view

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His information may be reliable as his son Nizam was one of the MNLF top commanders and his niece Desdemona Tan was married to Nur Misuari . Obviously Mayor Abubakar was trying to disuade the MNLF leaders from attacking Jolo town .

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Teodoro A. Agoncillo · 1990 · ‎No preview

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Bangsamoro, a Nation Under Endless Tyranny

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This thesis examines the ethnic Moro conflict in the southern Philippines.

Moro Archives: A History of Armed Conflicts in Mindanao and ...

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Norodin Alonto Lucman · 2000 · ‎Snippet view

100 Great Muslim Leaders of the 20th Century

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2005 · ‎Snippet view

Brief biography of world famous Muslim leaders.

Towards a History of the Basque Language

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José Ignacio Hualde, ‎Joseba A. Lakarra, ‎R.L. Trask · 1996

However, until now, there was no readily available source in English providing answers to these questions or giving an overview of past and current research in this area. This book is intended to partly fill this void.

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Sissy Dreams: From Boyfriend to Girlfriend

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Paul Zante

Receiving a text from Sasha, my girlfriend, at work was always risky. Especially when she wanted to know if her girlfriend was horny. A short and sweet (and filthy) story.

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The Public Life of Sissy Pike: New Girl in Town

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Girls... meet Sissy Pike.

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Islam, Gender, & Social Change - Page 258

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Esposito Haddad, ‎Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, ‎John L. Esposito · 1998

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 258

Society of Arab Women (Jordan), 122n32 Society of the Jordanian Women's Federation, 113 Society of the Women's ... Zorayda Abbas, 220–221 al-Tamimi, Abdullah Bin Ibad al-Murri, 162 Tan, Desdemona, 222 Tandubas, Panglima Fatima, ...

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Society and Culture: The Asian Heritage : Festschrift for ... - Page 54

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Artemio Palongpalong, ‎Juan R. Francisco, ‎Sylvano Mahiwo · 1999 · ‎Snippet view

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For instance , Representative Tan is married to the daughter of former Jolo mayor Barley Abubakar who comes from an old political family with its ... From their physical features , the Abubakars unmistakably reveal half - Arab descent .

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華人: - Page 130

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Teresita Ang See, ‎Bon Juan Go · 1994 · ‎Snippet view

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of former Jolo Mayor Barley Abubakar who comes from an old political family with its own network of family alliances ... The marriage of Hadji Suug Tan to Giok Eng Oue strengthened the Tans ' connection to a prominent Chinese family in ...

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Teodoro A. Agoncillo · 1990 · ‎No preview

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John D. Harber · 1998 · ‎No preview

This thesis examines the ethnic Moro conflict in the southern Philippines.

100 Great Muslim Leaders of the 20th Century

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2005 · ‎Snippet view

Brief biography of world famous Muslim leaders.

Moro Archives: A History of Armed Conflicts in Mindanao and ...

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Sissy Dreams: From Boyfriend to Girlfriend

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Paul Zante

Receiving a text from Sasha, my girlfriend, at work was always risky. Especially when she wanted to know if her girlfriend was horny. A short and sweet (and filthy) story.

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The Public Life of Sissy Pike: New Girl in Town

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Girls... meet Sissy Pike.

 

 

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Society and Culture: The Asian Heritage : Festschrift for ... - Page 54

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Artemio Palongpalong, ‎Juan R. Francisco, ‎Sylvano Mahiwo · 1999 · ‎Snippet view

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After her death in 1989 , Misuari married Desdemona's elder sister , Leonora ( So Guat in Chinese ) . Then , from the other less politically prominent Tan families of Jolo , the lines are drawn to various Chinese and native families ...

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華人: - Page 130

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... one of Tuchay's highly educated daughters , with degrees from the University of the Philippines , married Nur Misuari , chairman of the MNLF . After her death in 1989 , Misuari married Desdemona's elder sister , Leonora ( So Guat ...

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The Self-determination of Minorities in International Politics - Page 169

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Alexis Heraclides · 2012

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Misuari is a Suluano who has links with the Chinese of the Sulu archipelago through his wife Desdemona Tan, a member of a prominent Chinese family. Salamat is a Maguindanao, and Alonto a member of a distinguished Maranao family.

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The Chinese Question: Ethnicity, Nation, and Region in and ...

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Caroline S. Hau · 2014

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China's economic modernization and the ethnic Chinese in ASEAN: A preliminary study, in Southeast Asian Chinese and China: The Politico-economic ... The Tans and Kongs of Sulu: An analysis of Chinese integration in a Muslim society.

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Chinese Business in Southeast Asia: Contesting Cultural ... - Page 192

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Terence E. Gomez, ‎Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao · 2013

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Tan-Co, F.V. (1993) '1.17 B-Strong Consumer Market Provides Motivation to Invest in Mother China', Business World Sixth Anniversary Report (27 July), Manila. Tan, S. (1994) 'The Tans and Kongs of Sulu: An Analysis of Chinese Integration ...

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Society and Culture: The Asian Heritage : Festschrift for ... - Page 51

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Artemio Palongpalong, ‎Juan R. Francisco, ‎Sylvano Mahiwo · 1999 · ‎Snippet view

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THE TANS AND KONGS OF SULU : AN INQUIRY INTO THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF CHINESE INTEGRATION IN SULU SOCIETY Samuel K. Tan Three issues inspired this paper : ( 1 ) the renewed interest in the fundamental issues of Chinese integration in ...

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Racial Representations in Asia - Page 241

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Yasuko I. Takezawa · 2011

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Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press . Tan'guk Taehakkyo Tongyanghak Yön'guso / the Institute of Oriental Studies , Dankook University ed . ... The Tans and Kongs of Sulu : An analysis of Chinese integration in a Muslim society .

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After Migration And Religious Affiliation: Religions, ... - Page 106

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Chee-beng Tan · 2014

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Chee-beng Tan. In his classic work, The Chinese in Philippine Life 1850–1898, Edgar Wickberg (1965: 193–194) noted ... with different origin stories.5 Oral tradition claims that Pun Thao Kong founded the Chinese community in Jolo, Sulu, ...

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華人: - Page 131

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Teresita Ang See, ‎Bon Juan Go · 1994 · ‎Snippet view

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The Chinese families linked to the Lims are the Suns or Soons , the Gos , the Ques , and the Sys . ... The Kongs of Siasi Turning now to another Chinese family line -- that of 131 The Tans and Kongs of Sulu : An Analysis of Chinese ...

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Chinese Business in the Making of a Malay State, 1882-1941: ...

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Wu Xiao An · 2003

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Southeast Asian 'modernization' 1 Southeast Asian transformation 2, 4, 10, 16, 176, 185, 187 Southeast Asian ... 112 Tan Chong Keat 120 Tan Hong 105 Tan Jiak Kim 74 Tan Khean Hock 89, 108 Tan Kim Ching 58 Tan Kim Su 104–5 Tan Kong Puah ...

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Chinese Big Business in the Philippines: Political ... - Page 155

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Theresa C. Cariño · 1998 · ‎Snippet view

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Changing Identities of the Southeast Asian Chinese Since World War II . Hong Kong : Hong Kong Univesity Press . Tan , Samuel ( 1994 ) , “ The Tans and Kongs of Sulu : An analysis of Chinese integration in a Muslim society " .

The Chinese in the Philippines: Problems and Perspectives

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Teresita Ang See · 1997 · ‎Snippet view

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In Sulu, the Tan and Kong families not only have been well integrated into Muslim mainstream society, they are also quite influential leaders. The present governor of Sulu, Sacortan Tan, is a descendant of the old Tan clan who became ...

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PDRC Currents: Bi-monthly Magazine of the PDRC. - Volume 2 - Page 7

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1991 · ‎Snippet view

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Spaniards also had good relations , unlike in Luzon where anti - Chinese attitudes often led to exclusion ... case of the Chinese , the early decades of American rule saw the appearance of Chinese families such as the Kongs , the Tans ...

 

 

 

 

 

tans kongs chinese sulu

Philippine Fisheries Yearbook - Page 177

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1953 · ‎Snippet view

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... Sitangkai Sulu PHILIPPINE SHELLS Co , Sulu Br Jolo Sulu PISINGAN CHIONG & Co , Zamboanga City Pua Kuy Kong , Bongao Sulu San Go Bon , Bongao Sulu San Kee Trading , Zamboanga City Sana Borneo Sitangkai Sulu SIASI CHINESE CHAMBER OF ...

Examiner - Issues 534-536 - Page 31

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1973 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 31

The Chinese in Sulu By Nelly Sindayen Rein NAKI TANER Prodeo BORISDOT PO ass CHUAN berser SUN ... There is also Dr. Kong Teo Lim , onetime president of the Sulu Dental Society . Dr. Basil Jajurie and Dr. ... Tuchay Tan is Muslim .

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The Chinese in the Philippines, 1898-1935: A Study of Their ... - Page 17

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Antonio S. Tan · 1972 · ‎Snippet view

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A Study of Their National Awakening Antonio S. Tan ... In 1416 a tribute embassy from Sulu visited China . ... Java , Sumatra , and the other islands in Southeast Asia.16 In Jolo , Sulu , the tomb of Pun Tao Kong , a member of a Chinese ...

Journal - Page 4

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American Chamber of Commerce of the Philippines · 1928 · ‎Snippet view

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... prosperity in Sulu . In 1917 , Tan Dico , president of the Chinese chamber of commerce of Jolo , with the cooperation of his fellow merchants , reconstructed the tomb of Pon Tao Kong , and built a road connecting it with the city .

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Supplement to Commerce Reports: Daily consular and trade reports

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1920

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 7

29,000 Coconut 91,000 Tlides , tanned ; British India and Uritori Kingdom .. 176,000 33,000 Hurm 72,000 102,000 Hon kong and China . Hongkong and China . ... 215,000 French Indo - China . 24,000 Islands United States . and Sulu .

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Sino–Malay Trade and Diplomacy from the Tenth through the ...

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Derek Heng · 2009

FOUND INSIDE

Mark Elvin (Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, 1970); Peng Xinwei 彭信威, Zhongguo huobishi 中國貨幣史(Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, 1988); Song Lian, Economic Structure of the Yüan Dynasty, trans.

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Chinese and Chinese Mestizos of Manila: Family, Identity, ... - Page 420

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Richard Chu · 2010

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... Song Sulu Sun Yat-sen Suzhou Sy Pioco [Shi Biao] Tambunting (Ildefonso Tambunting) Tan Chun-tee [Chen Chunzhi Tan ... Tang Tang-Silo (Juan Pardo) thai-goa-kong [taiwagong thāi-góa-má [taiwaima] thai-kong [taigong thāi-má [taima.

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Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia - Page 221

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Tan Ta Sen · 2009

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Tan Ta Sen. Chinese community before clan associations were formed. For instance, the oldest and most important ... Like a mosque to Muslims, the Sam Po Kong temples were inevitably to become the focal point of community life for the ...

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Potassic Igneous Rocks and Associated Gold-Copper Mineralization

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Daniel Müller, ‎David I. Groves · 2018

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 302

... Kusky TM, Chen H, Tan J, Li Y, Kong L, Jiang Y (2012) Triassic shoshonitic dykes from the northern North China craton: ... the Sulu orogen in eastern China: implications for enrichment processes beneath continental collisional belt.

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Islam in Malaysia: An Entwined History - Page 291

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Khairudin Aljunied · 2019

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Pigafetta, Antonio, Magellan's Journey, trans. and ed. ... Pires, Tomé, The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires, trans. ... Ptak, Roderich, “The Northern Trade Route to the Spice Islands: South China–Sulu Zone–North Moluccas (14th–early 16th ...

 

 

tans kongs chinese sulu

Geology of the China Seas - Page 93

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Pinxian Wang, ‎Qianyu Li, ‎Chun-Feng Li · 2014

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 93

Transects from t1–t1' to t5–t5' are located offshore to the south of the Sulu orogen. ... this area due to persistent uplifting and erosion after the North China–Yangtze collision and the preferential uplifting east of the Tan-Lu fault.

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Singapore Ethnic Mosaic, The: Many Cultures, One People - Page 409

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Mathews Mathew · 2017

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 409

trading post between China and Southeast Asia that was ruled by a Muslim sultanate. The worsening relations between Manila and the Sultanate, as well as the Straits Chinese's knowledge of the Malay language (also spoken in Sulu) ...

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Mesozoic Sub-continental Lithospheric Thinning Under Eastern ...

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Mingguo Zhai, ‎B. F. Windley, ‎T. M. Kusky · 2007

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 171

Mesozoic tectonics in the Eastern Block of the North China Craton : implications for subduction of the Pacific plate beneath ... The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China * Institute of Geology and Geophysics , Chinese Academy of ...

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Maritime Issues in the South China Sea: Troubled Waters or A ...

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Nien-Tsu Alfred Hu, ‎Ted L. McDorman · 2013

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 37

the Karimata Strait—connecting with the Java Sea and thence to the Sunda and Lombok Straits; • the Balabac Strait—connecting with the southern part of the Sulu Sea (south of Palawan) and thence to the Pacific Ocean via the Surigao ...

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The Sarawak Chinese - Page 157

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John M. Chin, ‎Yuēhàn Chén · 1981 · ‎Snippet view

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wak via , 53-4,55,62-3 ; Japanese Ta - kong kongsi , 17 , 19 , 23 , 24-5 , occupation , 97 26 , 28 , 29 Singkawang airfield , 97 Tamerlane , Emperor , 4 Sin kehs ( new immigrants ) , 56 Tan , Sultan of Sulu , 4 Sino - Japanese War ...

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Polymetallic Metallogenic System - Page 399

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Liqiang Yang · 2019

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 399

Zhu, G.; Liu, G.S.; Niu, M.L.; Song, C.Z.; Wang, D.X. Transcurrent movement and genesis of the Tan–Lu Fault Zone. ... Schertl, H.P.; Feng, Q.D. Petrogenesis of early cretaceous andesite dykes in the Sulu orogenic belt, eastern China.

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China and Southeast Asia: Historical Interactions - Page 331

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Geoff Wade, ‎James K. Chin · 2018

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South China Sea-Sulu-Zone-North Moluccas (14th to 16th Century)”, Archipel 43 (1992): 27–56; and “Braudel et l'Asie”. ... (Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong, 1994); and Zhang Xiumin, “Mingdai Jiaozhiren zai Zhongguo neidi zhi gongxian” ...

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Merchant Vessels of the United States...: (including Yachts). - Page 1179

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United States. Coast Guard · 1936

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 1179

3 1.7 1.5 .9 1.2 1.4 1.1 .8 1.2 2.0 1928 | Hong Kong , China . ... S. Sulu . 26 Ga . S. Sumikat 9 Gs . S. Suntay II . 8 Ga , s . Suntay III . 27 Suntay VI . 39 Suntay VII . 21 Ga . ... Manila , P. I. 45 Cayetano Tan Jong Yu .

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Archipel - Issues 43-44 - Page 11

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· Translate this page

1992 · ‎Snippet view

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Tan Chee Beng ( Malaysia ) , Culture and Economic Performance with Special Reference to the Chinese in Southeast Asia . ... Samuel K. Tan ( Philippines ) , The Tans and Kongs of Sulu : An Inquiry into the Nature and Extent of Chinese ...

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Merchant Vessels of the United States - Page 1020

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1928

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 1020

Sulu . Sulu 5 Surigao Swift I .. Tacligan 6 Tacloban Taga Denhi . Tagbilaran . Tahiti . Talopez 7 Talomo . Tanon . ... Manila , P. I. 20 Tan Kem Kee . Davao , P. I. Yu Biao Sontua & Co. ... 3.4 1929 Horg Kong , China .

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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The Sulu Zone, 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, ...

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James Francis Warren · 2007

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 127

The Chinese quarter , which was joined to the Taosug community by a bridge and stretched further out into the ... Often , these Chinese had intermarried with Taosug commoners or slaves and accepted Islam to improve their social status .

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The Annals of Philippine Chinese Historical Association

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Philippine Chinese Historical Association · 1979 · ‎Snippet view

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The people who constituted the ruling class of Tausug society were called by various names or titles such as Sultan , datu , mantiri , sharif , tuan , and orangkayas . The religion which the people embraced was folk Islam which has ...

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In Asian Waters: Oceanic Worlds from Yemen to Yokohama - Page 266

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Eric Tagliacozzo · 2022

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 266

21–22; Thomas Kiefer, The Taosug: Violence and Law in a Philippine Muslim Society (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1972), 22; Clifford Sather, “Sulu's Political Jurisdiction over the Bajau Laut Traditional States of Borneo and ...

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Islamic Civilization in the Malay World - Page 100

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Mohd. Taib Osman · 1997 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 100

It had embraced Islam since the fifteenth century but only gained pre - eminence with the expansion of the China trade two ... was an Arab trader who married the daughter of the Tausug Jolo chief and elevated to the position of Sultan .

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Philippine Studies - Volume 38 - Page 5

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1990 · ‎Snippet view

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This article begins with a description of the physical setting and social organization of the Tawi - Tawi Bajau followed ... Accounts by early Chinese and European travelers reveal that boat - dwellers once inhabited the waters of the ...

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Tausug Armed Conflict: The Social Organization of Military ... - Page 1

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Thomas M. Kiefer · 1969 · ‎Snippet view

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The Social Organization of Military Activity in a Philippine Moslem Society Thomas M. Kiefer ... Islam was introduced into Jolo by three different groups : Arab traders and adventurers , Chinese Moslems , and Sufi missionaries from ...

The Muslim Filipinos - Page 94

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Peter G. Gowing, ‎Robert Day McAmis · 1974 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 94

There are two other areas of social mobility : the Chinese - mestizo communities , and the parochial schools . ... be allowed a channel into the Tausug - Chinese area and hence into a position of marriage eligibility with Tausug elite .

Asian & Pacific Quarterly of Cultural and Social Affairs

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1981 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 33

Like most Philippine groups , the Tausug are strikingly Malay in physical appearance and belong to Malayo ... shows that Islamic penetration of the Malay peninsula and the Philippines came from three important sources : Chinese Moslem ...

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Sexuality in Southeast Asia and China: Emerging Issues - Page 77

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Thomas E. Blair · 2007 · ‎Snippet view

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Ethnicity and social status Sulu historians have found the four dominant ethnic communities of Tausug , Sama , Sama Dilaut , and Yakan to be influenced by Islam in varying degrees , which appears to create a significant sociocultural ...

Muslim Politics - Page 106

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Dale F. Eickelman, ‎James Piscatori · 2018

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 106

The general population has remained divided by class, subgroup, language, and territory, such as the divisions between the Tausug and Sama in one area of the south. These divisions and rivalries complicate the search for an ...

 

 

 

 

Dr. Tan Siasi mixed Chinese Muslim

The Muslim South and Beyond - Page 186

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Samuel K. Tan · 2010

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 186

Dr. Tan is a native of Southern Philippines. He spent much of his life in Sulu where he was born on December 30, 1933 to a family of mixed Chinese-Muslim ancestry of Siasi. In his pursuit of a lifetime professional career and service, ...

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Pirates of Empire

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Stefan Eklöf Amirell · 2019

This comparative study of piracy and maritime violence provides a fresh understanding of European overseas expansion and colonisation in Asia. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

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PDRC Currents: Bi-monthly Magazine of the PDRC.

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1991 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 13

THE CONFERENCE CIRCUIT National Conference on " The Chinese in the Philippines " The Manila Chinese , in the main helped retard , or helped hether a merchant grumbling Whe Siasi ( Tawi - tawi ) , Bicol and Negros about unfair ...

Islam in Indonesia: Contrasting Images and Interpretations

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Jajat Burhanudin, ‎Kees van Dijk · 2013

In this volume, contributors explore the multifaceted role of Islam in Indonesia from a variety of different perspectives, drawing on carefully compiled case studies.

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The History of Sulu - Page 99

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Najeeb Mitry Saleeby · 1908

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Examiner - Issues 534-536 - Page 31

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1973 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 31

As her name suggests , she's half Chinese half Tausug . Sulu civic groups also have a lot of Chinese members , most of them holding key positions . Mrs. Kim Hong Lim - Tee , a businesswoman , is currently president of the Siasi ...

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A History of the Philippines

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David P. Barrows · 2021

First published in the year 1905, the present book 'A History of the Philippines' by David P. Barrows was written on the Philippinean government's recommendation with an aim to provide the history of their country to the students in schools ...

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The Shah, the Islamic Revolution and the United States - Page iii

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Darioush Bayandor · 2018

Beginning with the socioeconomic transformation of the 1960s, this book follows the Shah’s rule through the 1970s, tracing the emergence of opposition movements, the Shah’s blunders and miscalculations, the influence of the post-Vietnam ...

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Contemporary Domestic and Foreign Policies of Iran

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Pejman Abdolmohammadi, ‎Giampiero Cama · 2020

This book is a comprehensive analysis of the domestic and foreign politics of Iran, focusing on its complex nature from political, social and cultural perspectives.

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An Embarrassment of Riches

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華人: - Page 130

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Teresita Ang See, ‎Bon Juan Go · 1994 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 130

Other Tan family connections came by way of Siasi to Jolo . Significant was the tie - up between the Tans of Siasi and certain Jolo families . This began with the movement of the Kia Tan children , particularly , Tuchay , to Jolo where ...

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Society and Culture: The Asian Heritage : Festschrift for ... - Page 55

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Artemio Palongpalong, ‎Juan R. Francisco, ‎Sylvano Mahiwo · 1999 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 55

1 maintain its roots in Siasi . Again , through intermarriages with other Chinese families in the area , the Kia Tan family was able to keep an influential role in the local Chinese community . The Chinese families loosely tied to the ...

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The Muslim South and Beyond - Page 147

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Samuel K. Tan · 2010

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 147

I mentioned hearing this type of epic in Siasi several years back. One such reciter was Bapah Sayuman, a man of Tausug and Sama ancestry. He was a popular reciter of South Laud where the Tan family lived as a neighbor to the reciter.

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Boss: 5 Case Studies of Local Politics in the Philippines - Page 166

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Jose F. Lacaba · 1995 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 166

POLITICAL FAMILIES The following are the major political families of Sulu and their allies : Loong Family Tupay Loong is the provincial ... Tan Family Suod Tan is the mayor of Jolo . ... Anni Family The Annis are based in Siasi town ...

Rebels, Warlords, and Ulama: A Reader on Muslim Separatism ...

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Eric U. Gutierrez · 2000 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 82

Tan Family . Suod Tan is the mayor of Jolo . His nephew Nabil Tan is the ARMM vice - governor . Another nephew , former Rep . ... Anni Family . The Annis are based in Siasi town Chapter Three 82 Rebels , Warlords and Ulama.

Identity and Ethnic Relations in Southeast Asia: Racializing ...

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Chee Kiong Tong · 2010

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 232

One example given by Tan is the Chinese of Siasi, Sulu whose absorption in the local society and all its aspects of development demonstrates in ... They have also adopted many Filipino attitudes towards family, friendships and marriage.

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PDRC Currents: Bi-monthly Magazine of the PDRC. - Volume 2 - Page 6

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1991 · ‎Snippet view

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The Chinese of Siasi ( Tawi - Tawi ) : A case of successful integration by Dr. Samuel K. Tan ( This is a slightly ... one Chinese family , general observa- ment needs of the local areas , the pertions are derived from other families ...

Literary Criticism in the Philippines and Other Essays - Page 265

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Edilberto K. Tiempo · 1995 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 265

Anthony Tan is a Chinese mestizo Tausug from Siasi ; after a number of years teaching at Silliman , he finally settled ... Umawil returns to Siasi in spite of the possible annihilation of his family and himself at the hands of Tadji's ...

Mindanao Harvest: An Anthology of Contemporary Writing

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Jaime L. An Lim, ‎Christine Godinez-Ortega · 1995 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 3

Anthony Tan is a Chinese mestizo Tausug from Siasi ; after a number of years teaching at Silliman , he finally settled ... Asmawil returns to Siasi in spite of the possible annihilation of his family and himself at the hands of Tadji's ...

Internationalization of the Bangsamoro Struggle - Page 60

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Samuel K. Tan · 2003 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 60

Samuel K. Tan. a ) Hasino Tingkahan was a former Commander and Vice Chairman of the MNLF in Siasi , second only to the MNLF Chairman in the area , Hadji ... He has continued to develop his farm as the main source of his family support .

 

 

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China, Across the Seas. The Chinese as Filipinos - Page 87

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Aileen San Pablo Baviera, ‎Teresita Ang See · 1992 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 87

Before long , the Kongs had become one of the landed interests not only in Malanta but also in some other areas of Siasi . In this economic growth , the role of his native wife was vital , her being a member of the local elite with ...

A History of the Philippines

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Samuel K. Tan · 2008

Briefly describes the human history and culture of the Philippines, focusing on three Filipino cultural communities--the Moros, the Indios, and the Infieles--and examining how these groups reflect the country's history and development.

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Dictionary of Geography - Page 675

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sir Alexander Keith Johnston · 1855

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 675

32 ° and 36 ° in breadth , and the Siasi and Svir Canals , form a N. , lon . ... Old Ladoga is a vill . adjacent . tan , E. Great Tibet , and N.W. Baltee or Little LADA Isles , a cluster of high rugged islands Tibet .

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Dictionary of Geography, Descriptive, Physical, Statistical, ... - Page 675

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Alexander Keith Johnston · 1862

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32 ° and 36 ° in breadth , and the Siasi and Svir Canals , form a N. , lon . ... 3,000 . mountains , separating it from Chinese Turkes- Lada Isles , a cluster of high rugged islands tan , E. Great Tibet , and N.W. Baltee or Little off ...

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Asian & Pacific Quarterly of Cultural and Social Affairs

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1983 · ‎Snippet view

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Armando L. Tan The Tausug have been the subject of considerable anthropological research , especially among ... among the Tausug of Siasi , Sulu , the Philippines . family is characterized by strong and closely knit kinship ties .

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Pirates of Empire

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Stefan Eklöf Amirell · 2019

This comparative study of piracy and maritime violence provides a fresh understanding of European overseas expansion and colonisation in Asia. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

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A Guide to the Birds of the Philippines - Page 54

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Robert Kennedy, ‎Pedro C. Gonzales, ‎Edward Dickinson · 2000

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... Romblon , Samar , Sarangani , Semirara , Siargao , Siasi , Sibutu , Sibuyan , Simaluc , Siquijor , Tablas , Tawi - Tawi ... cere blue grey ; eye dark brown in ad , pale greyish brown in imm ; legs yellowish tan to chalky white .

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Philippine National Bibliography - Part 2 - Page 244

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1986 · ‎No preview

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The Guerrilla Resistance Movement in the Philippines: 1941-1945

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1972 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 544

A Lt. Anton TAN , school teacher and Reserve O : ficer in Jolo ... A guerrilla unit with few arms was organized on Siasi , attacked the Japanese garrison and captured 30 rifles on 25 December 1942 . Japanese forces attacked the Siasi ...

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Old Dirck's Book: A Brief Account of the Life and Times of ... - Page 216

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Raymond William Storm · 1949

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 216

A Brief Account of the Life and Times of Dirck Storm of Holland, His Antecedents, and the Family He Founded in America in 1662 Raymond William Storm. Lenin Cintip Siasi 12 Isané Lemes William Cairn Sosiap teny 42 hich hent beau Polen ...

 

kong family siasi

華人: - Page 132

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Teresita Ang See, ‎Bon Juan Go · 1994 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 132

Turning now to another Chinese family line -- that of the Kongs of Siasi -- we see a pattern similar to that of the ... To understand this deviation it is necessary to get into a broad background of the Kong family as it developed in ...

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Society and Culture: The Asian Heritage : Festschrift for ... - Page 56

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Artemio Palongpalong, ‎Juan R. Francisco, ‎Sylvano Mahiwo · 1999 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 56

( 1 ) The Tan network consists of loose lines of integration of various Tan families , not descended from one common ... 1 The Kongs of Siasi Turning now to another Chinese family line — that of the Kongs of Siasi , we see a pattern ...

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China, Across the Seas. The Chinese as Filipinos - Page 87

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Aileen San Pablo Baviera, ‎Teresita Ang See · 1992 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 87

He came to Siasi during the first decade of American rule and decided to start a retail business . ... Except for the second son , Kong Kim Hin , the most astute in the family , the Kongs adopted more of the Tausug and Sama ...

PDRC Currents: Bi-monthly Magazine of the PDRC. - Volume 2 - Page 8

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1991 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 8

With family , the Kongs adopted more of cy in the Chinese language and the death of Latia in the late sixties ... he emerged as one of ing figure in the Kungsi , an associa- many have become Muslims . the richest men in Siasi .

Reports of Cases Determined in the Supreme Court of the ...

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Philippines. Supreme Court · 1938 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 918

And that his purpose in coming back to the Philippines was his love and affection to his big family of seven children born to his wedlock with his wife named Kim Jan , a Filipino Chinese mestiza born in Siasi , Sulu ; and that after ...

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A History of the Philippines

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Samuel K. Tan · 2008

Briefly describes the human history and culture of the Philippines, focusing on three Filipino cultural communities--the Moros, the Indios, and the Infieles--and examining how these groups reflect the country's history and development.

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The History of Sulu - Page 99

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Najeeb Mitry Saleeby · 1908

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Reminiscences of the Agoncillo Family - Page 163

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Marcela M. Agoncillo · 1981 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 163

When the Philippine Revolution broke out , Mr. Agoncillo and his family were among the Filipino political refugees at Hong Kong . ... and an order for his deportation to the distant and isolated town of Siasi in Sulu was issued .

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Investorʾs Guide to the Philippines - Page 91

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1994 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 91

Among these ports are the Average Size of Zamboanga and Jolo ports of entry and the terminal ports Households 5.8 members in Basilan , Bongao and Sitangkai in Tawi - Tawi , Malanga , Average Annual Family Pagadian , and Siasi in Sulu .

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Systematics of the Family Nassariidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) - Page 59

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Walter O. Cernohorsky · 1984 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 59

McCausland ) ; PHILIPPINES : Cebu I ( AIM ; USNM ) ; St.Cruiz I , Zamboanga ( ZMC ) ; between Siasi and Bongao I , Sulu Sea ; Simonor 1 , Tawi Tawi group ; Puerto Princessa , Palawan ; near Dalman Bay , Mindoro ( all USNM ) ; Ligtang ...

 

 

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Origins, History and Social Structure in Brunei Darussalam

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Victor T. King, ‎Stephen C. Druce · 2020

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The main stories found concern Alak Betatar's visit to Johor and conversion to Islam as Sultan Muhammad; the Chinese Ong Sum Ping who helps steal the jewel from the dragon on Cina Balu, and then marries the daughter of Sultan Muhammad ...

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The Chinese Question: Ethnicity, Nation, and Region in and ... - Page 60

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Caroline S. Hau · 2014

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 60

Generoso Dy Angco is the son of a Chinese trader made good who converted to Islam and fell in love with a princess of the Sulu sultanate. As part of the dowry, the sultan awarded the Chinese trader the island of Siasi near Jolo in ...

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Islam in Malaysia: An Entwined History - Page 83

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Khairudin Aljunied · 2019

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 83

The rajas took on the title of “Sultan Maharaja, a fusion of Arabic and Indic designates for kings. Members of the Bruneian royalty married, among others, daughters of the nearby kerajaans of Johor and Aceh and, more markedly, Chinese ...

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Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania - Page 215

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Barbara A. West · 2010

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 215

Assured of peace, the hill tribes welcomed Abubakar and were soon converted to Islam as well. Abubakar married Paramisali, the daughter of Rajah Baguinda, and assumed sovereignty over Sulu, at which point he took the title of Sultan ...

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Islam in the World Today: A Handbook of Politics, Religion, ... - Page 383

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Werner Ende, ‎Udo Steinbach · 2011

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 383

When the prince of Brunei married one of the daughters of the “sultan of Johor” (who was likely the sultan of Malacca),47 he converted to Islam and imposed Malay adat and the Malay language on his court. His subjects, who had also ...

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Islam in Southeast Asia

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K S Nathan · 2003

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According to Pe Cheou-i writing on The History of Islam in China, the main process by which Islam became propagated in ... 3) the adoption of pagan children, the orphans; the conversion of adults in the employment or service of Muslims, ...

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The Pagan Tribes of Borneo: A Description of Their Physical, ...

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Charles Hose, ‎William McDougall · 1912

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 19

During his reign the Muruts were brought under Bruni rule by peaceful measures , and the Chinese colony was kept in ... Alak ber Tata is said to have gone to Johore , where he was converted to Islam , given the 3 , daughter of Sultan ...

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Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of ... - Page 392

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Laura L. Junker · 1999

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 392

... the almost certain conversion of Manila to Islam through its Bornean associations, and Bornean epic traditions ... the Brunei sultan's daughters in 1535, and shortly thereafter another Sulu sultan married the granddaughter of Sultan ...

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Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places - Page 403

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Trudy Ring, ‎Noelle Watson, ‎Paul Schellinger · 2012

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Description: Formerly the center of the Muslim sultanate of Sulu; currently part ofthe autonomous region of Muslim Mindanao. ... conversion during the late fourteenth century may have come from the Muslim colonies in the Chinese ports.

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Diary of a Colonized Native: (Years of Hidden Colonial Slavery)

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Ibrahim S. Omar · 2018

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The Muslim missionary also settled in the area and his grave in Jolo (present capital of Sulu) records a death date ... His comprehensive and eloquent teaching of Islam convinced and converted the Malay natives, including the Sultan of ...

 

 

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The Cultural Heritage of Sabah - Page 7

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1998 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 7

... fifteenth century either a Chinese princess from the Kinabatangan principality married the first Sultan of Brunei or a Chinese prince married the daughter of the Sultan of Brunei , converted to Islam and became the second Sultan .

International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania - Page 403

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Trudy Ring, ‎Robert M. Salkin, ‎Paul E. Schellinger · 1994

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 403

Description: Formerly the center of the Muslim sultanate of Sulu; currently part ofthe autonomous region of Muslim Mindanao. ... conversion during the late fourteenth century may have come from the Muslim colonies in the Chinese ports.

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Pirates of Empire

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Stefan Eklöf Amirell · 2019

This comparative study of piracy and maritime violence provides a fresh understanding of European overseas expansion and colonisation in Asia. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

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Malay Muslims: The History and Challenge of Resurgent Islam ...

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Robert Day McAmis · 2002

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 20

Saleeby believes that the Makhdum , who arrived in Sulu in 1380 , was a noted Arabian judge who had previously established Islam in Malacca around 1350 by converting Sultan Muhammad Shah . Makhdum died in Sulu and is buried on the ...

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Islamic Civilization in the Malay World - Page 19

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Mohd. Taib Osman · 1997 · ‎Snippet view

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Brunei and Sulu Sultanates ISLAMIC MALAY POUTY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA In the well - known stone - inscription by a ... Sultan Muhammad married a princess from Kinabatangan ( Johor or Old Singapore ) and they got a daughter who then was ...

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A Handbook of Philippine Folklore - Page xxv

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Mellie Leandicho Lopez · 2006

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE XXV

Sulu was hospitable and receptive of the Muslim Arabs , many of whom decided to settle with the Filipino natives and ... marriage of Baguinda's daughter to an Arab called Sharif - ul Hashim as Abou Bakr , known to historians as Sultan ...

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Sabah: Land of the Sacred Mountain - Page 17

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Albert C. K. Teo · 1992 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 17

It is known that as long ago as 700 A.D. trade and diplomatic links of some form existed between Borneo and China . ... Or , that a Chinese prince married the daughter of the Sultan of Brunei , converted to Islam and became the second ...

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Philippine Almanac & Handbook of Facts - Volume 3 - Page 59

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1977 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 59

1350 A.D. – Cambodia , Champa in Indo - China , and then a little later , Annam , Siam and Tonkin begin to trade with the ... Rise of Islam 1390 A.D. - Raja Baginda . a petty ruler Irom Sumatra arrives in Sulu and converts some of the ...

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The History of Sulu - Page 99

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Najeeb Mitry Saleeby · 1908

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The Ethnic Chinese as Filipinos, Part III - Part 3 - Page 70

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Teresita Ang See · 1999 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 70

The first one extended from China to Malacca , thence to Brunei and on to Ternate by way of the Sulu Sea . ... and Kota Kinabalu in Sabah — the latter was acquired thus : Akbar Mohammed , the Sultan of Brunei , converted to Islam c .

daughter sultan chinese sulu islam

Pirates of Empire

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Stefan Eklöf Amirell · 2019

This comparative study of piracy and maritime violence provides a fresh understanding of European overseas expansion and colonisation in Asia. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

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The History of Sulu - Page 99

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Najeeb Mitry Saleeby · 1908

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Golden Dragon And Purple Phoenix: The Chinese And Their ...

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Khoon Choy Lee · 2013

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 58

mentioned that some of the Arab missionaries were the ones who brought the Islamic faith to Sulu. ... in 1417, Sultan Paduka Batara, the Sultan of Sulu, together with other sultans, visited China with a retinue of 340 wives, ...

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State and Society in the Philippines - Page 44

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Patricio N. Abinales, ‎Donna J. Amoroso · 2017

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But Sulu did not have a Muslim ruler until about 1450, when Rajah Baginda (a Minangkabau prince) and Sayyid Abu Bakr (sayyid signifies descent from ... He allied with Baginda by marrying his daughter and became Sultan Sharif ul-Hashim.

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Islam in Southeast Asia

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K S Nathan · 2003

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According to Pe Cheou-i writing on The History of Islam in China, the main process by which Islam became propagated ... In the latter part of the sixteenth century, the influence of the Sulu sultan was already felt in Zamboanga and its ...

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Sojourners and Settlers: Histories of Southeast Asia and the ... - Page 25

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Anthony Reid · 2001

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 25

... origin of the Muslim rulers of Java to Raden Patah , son of the last Hindu ruler of Majapahit , Brawijaya , by a Chinese princess.26 The Malay Annals also contain a story of a daughter of the Chinese emperor , sent to marry Sultan ...

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Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed ... - Page 79

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Thomas M. McKenna · 1998

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 79

During the 1872 smallpox epidemic and famine in Cotabato, Jesuit missionaries bought for redemption children from Chinese middlemen, who had purchased them from their Muslim owners or parents with the intention of reselling them in Sulu ...

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Islam in Malaysia: An Entwined History - Page 83

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Khairudin Aljunied · 2019

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 83

The rajas took on the title of “Sultan Maharaja, a fusion of Arabic and Indic designates for kings. Members of the Bruneian royalty married, among others, daughters of the nearby kerajaans of Johor and Aceh and, more markedly, Chinese ...

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Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places - Page 403

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Trudy Ring, ‎Noelle Watson, ‎Paul Schellinger · 2012

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 403

Description: Formerly the center of the Muslim sultanate of Sulu; currently part ofthe autonomous region of Muslim ... In particular they acted as a focus for trade with China from the eastern parts of the Indonesian Archipelago.

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International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania - Page 403

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Trudy Ring, ‎Robert M. Salkin, ‎Paul E. Schellinger · 1994

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 403

Description: Formerly the center of the Muslim sultanate of Sulu; currently part ofthe autonomous region of Muslim ... In particular they acted as a focus for trade with China from the eastern parts of the Indonesian Archipelago.

 

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Examiner - Issues 534-536 - Page 31

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1973 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 31

Tuchay Tan is Muslim . ... His assimilation became complete when he married a pure Muslim , the former Maimona Abubakar , The Tuchay Tans are residents of Jolo . ... Sulu is the place where the Chinese thrive and prosper .

 

 

tuchay tan

Diary of a Colonized Native: (Years of Hidden Colonial Slavery)

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Ibrahim S. Omar · 2018

FOUND INSIDE

... most affluent family clans of Sulu and could have chosen a care-free and high society life. She was the second daughter of the prominent Chinese businessman and Tausug leader Hajji Thaiser 'Tuchay' Tan and Hajja Maimona Abubakar.

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A Tribute to Desdemona Tan, a Daughter of Jolo - Page 2

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Madge Kho · 2000 · ‎Snippet view

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Having joined the MNLF took a heavy toll on the Tan family . Her late father Tuchay Tan , a prominent politician and businessman ; mother , Maimona Abubakar and brother , Ping Hong , were not spared the abuses of the Philippine military ...

Society and Culture: The Asian Heritage : Festschrift for ... - Page 54

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Artemio Palongpalong, ‎Juan R. Francisco, ‎Sylvano Mahiwo · 1999 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 54

His uncle Hadji Suug Tan is the Vice and Acting Mayor of Jolo after the incapacitation of Mayor Murphy Sangkula . Rising to the top of Tausug ... This began with the movement of the Kia Tan children , particularly Tuchay , to Jolo .

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Philippine Directory of Financial Institutions - Page 252

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1981 · ‎Snippet view

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Manager : Apolonio Elasigue TAN KEE & COMPANY Mercado Ext . , Suter Bldg . Zamboanga City Manager : Tuchay Tan UNIFARM PAWNSHOP Guimba , Nueva Ecija Proprietor : Ma . Luisa Bautista TIFFANY PAWNSHOP , INC .

Report to the President of the Philippines and the Congress ...

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Philippines. Elections Commission · 1960 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 456

Tuchay Tan LP 6. Oswalda A. Cabel IND 7. Pacifico Yanga IND 8. Lee Yong Beng NP Mayor : Husing Lao LP Vice - Mayor : Abdulmajid H. Kadir LP Councilors : 1. Abddulhamid Pahal LP 2. Jalil Ebnu IND 3. Tati H. Jaafar .. LP ( IND . ) 4.

Report of the Commission on Elections to the President of ... - Page 361

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Philippines. Commission on Elections · 1965 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 361

Tuchay Tan LP 3. Sheik Hadji Jamil LP SURIGAO DEL NORTE : Governor : Constantino C. Navarro LP Vice - Governor : Jose C. Sering LP Members of Provincial Board : 1. Marcos D. Cortes 2. Diomedes M. Eviota LP 3. Macario Diaz LP SURIGAO DEL ...

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華人: - Page 130

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Teresita Ang See, ‎Bon Juan Go · 1994 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 130

The marriage of Hadji Suug Tan to Giok Eng Oue strengthened the Tans ' connection to a prominent Chinese family in Jolo ... This began with the movement of the Kia Tan children , particularly , Tuchay , to Jolo where he established not ...

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Examiner - Issues 534-536 - Page 31

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1973 · ‎Snippet view

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Tuchay Tan is Muslim . His mother is Tausug , his father Chinese . Besides being a successful businessman and landowner , he is probably the first Chinese mestizo to make it to big - time local politics having been once a provincial ...

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Directory of Key Establishments in the Philippines in ...

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1959 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 671

Zamboanga del Sur TRANQUILINO GO STORE Balicaca Zamboanga City TUCHAY TAN STORE Mark ct site Zamboanga City YAP KUAT Molave Zamboanga del Sur ZEN HONG TRADING T Claudio St. , Zamboanga City I 1 • I 1 x 6119 OTHER WHOLESALERS , N. E.C. I ...

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Before the Secessionist Storm: Muslim-Christian Politics in ... - Page 55

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Wilfredo F. Arce · 1983 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 55

... Sangki Singayao Yusop Tan Raymundo Aure + Oswalda Alcantara - Cabel + Segundo Canizares + Benjamin Gonzales Manuel Obsequio + Martin Paulate + Francisco Terol + Asclepeiades Valbuena + Pacifico Yanga + Rodrigo Zuluaga + Tuchay Tan ...

 

 

tan family jolo han

The Muslim South and Beyond - Page 159

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Samuel K. Tan · 2010

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 159

Samuel K. Tan. where it originated. It eventually spread to Tausug communities where it has found a comfortable patronage and, like the rest ... The modern versions are scattered, one of which is found in the Han Tuban family of Jolo.

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Billion Dollar Whale: The Man Who Fooled Wall Street, ...

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Tom Wright, ‎Bradley Hope · 2018

Billion Dollar Whale has joined the ranks of Liar's Poker, Den of Thieves, and Bad Blood as a classic harrowing parable of hubris and greed in the financial world.

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The History of Sulu - Page 99

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Najeeb Mitry Saleeby · 1908

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Ottoman-Southeast Asian Relations (2 vols.): Sources from ...

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Ismail Hakkı Kadı, ‎A.C.S. Peacock · 2019

Original source material from Ottoman archives and their English translations are made available to a wider public in Ottoman-Southeast Asian Relations.

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Look East, Cross Black Waters: India's Interest in Southeast ... - Page 1

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Jonah Blank, ‎Jennifer D. P. Moroney, ‎Angel Rabasa · 2015

India’s core goals for Southeast Asia are in basic harmony with those of the United States, including regional stability, peaceful settlement of territorial disputes, and containment of radicalism Still, America should not expect India to ...

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Fighting for Hope: African American Troops of the 93rd ...

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Robert F. Jefferson · 2008

Integrating social history and civil rights movement studies, Fighting for Hope examines the ways in which political meaning and identity were reflected in the aspirations of these black GIs and their role in transforming the face of ...

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Dictionary Catalog of the Research Libraries of the New York ...

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New York Public Library. Research Libraries · 1979 · ‎No preview

Environment, Trade and Society in Southeast Asia: A Longue ...

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David Henley, ‎Henk Schulte Nordholt · 2015 · ‎No preview

The book is inspired by, and dedicated to, Peter Boomgaard, a scholar whose work has embodied the Braudelian spirit in Southeast Asian historiography"--

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A Standard Dictionary of the English Language - Volume 2 - Page 2176

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Isaac Kaufman Funk, ‎Francis Andrew March · 1897

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 2176

Son of Sirach ; Jo - han'nes - burg , yo - ban'nes - borg , gold - min . town ; & fed . gen .; at Gettysburg ; fell at the ... See vo- Jhal'ra : Pa'tan , jál'rā - pā'tan , town ; Jhalawar ' state , sion retired to Braz ; recognized ...

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U.S. Army Counterinsurgency and Contingency Operations ...

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Andrew J. Birtle, ‎Center of Military History (U S Army) · 1998

Focusing on the suppression of insurgent or other irregular forces during overseas constabulary and contingency operations from the Civil War years up to America's entry into World War II, Andrew J. Birtle has filled an important omission ...

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The War of 1898, and U.S. Interventions, 1898-1934: An ... - Page 241

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Benjamin R. Beede · 1994

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 241

His target Jikiri's birthplace , but he spent much time in was the store of Kong Bu Wa , a Chinese trader . Parang , Maimbung , and islands south of Jolo . Kong Bu Wa engaged Jikiri in hand - to - hand He and his ragtag band of rebels ...

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The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898T1934: An ... - Page 241

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Benjamin R. Beede · 1994

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 241

There is no clear record of Jikiri's birthplace, but he spent much time in Parang, Maimbung, and islands south of Jolo. ... Kong Bu Wa engaged Jikiri in hand-to-hand combat forcing him to abandon his intention.

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A Tagalog English and English Tagalog Dictionary

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· Translate this page

Charles Nigg · 1904

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A Malay-English Dictionary: - Part 1

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Richard James Wilkinson · 1901

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Sa bayan ni Plaridel: awit na binubuo ñg labingtatlo at ... - Page 33

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· Translate this page

Julian Cruz Balmaseda · 1913

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 33

Parang nalinot kong may guhit ang aking dapat no lakaran , at hindi ang buwa't langit ny ligaya'y mangyayaring aking pay . samantalahan . ) Nang ako'y sawa na sa kinatitingin at silaw na halos ang mga mata ko sa kinatititig sa gandang ...

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Perfect Strangers

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Jahnna N. Malcolm · 2005

Enemies since freshman year, Madison and Jeremy run for class president and are paired in an anonymous "pen pal" program, but election day reveals more than the new class president.

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A Maranao dictionary

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· Translate this page

Howard McKaughan, ‎Batua Macaraya · 1996 · ‎No preview

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Korean For Dummies

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Jungwook Hong · 2011

Find out how to: Use basic phrases and words correctly Converse intelligently about Korean culture Do business with a Korean company Say task-specific expressions Pronounce Korean words Put material in a real-world context Make a good first ...

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Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection

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Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing · 2011

Challenging the widespread view that globalization invariably signifies a "clash" of cultures, anthropologist Anna Tsing here develops friction in its place as a metaphor for the diverse and conflicting social interactions that make up our ...

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Tao Teh Ching

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Laozi · 1990 · ‎No preview

Contains the same material as the 1961 printing published by St. John's University Press with the exception that the Chinese version of the text has been removed.

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jesuit ransom slaves datu Chinese

Magindanao, 1860-1888: The Career of Datu Utto of Buayan

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Reynaldo Clemeña Ileto · 2007

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The History of Sulu - Page 99

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Najeeb Mitry Saleeby · 1908

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A History of the Philippines

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David P. Barrows · 2021

First published in the year 1905, the present book 'A History of the Philippines' by David P. Barrows was written on the Philippinean government's recommendation with an aim to provide the history of their country to the students in schools ...

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The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898: Explorations by Early ... - Volume 23

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1973 · ‎No preview

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Iranun and Balangingi: globalization, maritime raiding and ...

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James Francis Warren · 2002

The aim of this book is to explore ethnic, cultural and material changes in the transformative history(s) of oceans and seas, commodities and populations, mariners and ships, and raiders and refugees in Southeast Asia, with particular ...

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Muslims in the Philippines

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Cesar Adib Majul · 1999 · ‎No preview

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Slavery and Bonded Labor in Asia, 1250–1900 - Page i

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2021

Slavery and Bonded Labor in Asia, 1250–1900 is the first collection of studies to examine slavery and related forms of labor across the whole of Asia in well-developed local, regional, pan-regional, and comparative contexts.

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Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed ...

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Thomas M. McKenna · 1998

A skillful meld of historical detail and ethnographic research, Muslim Rulers and Rebels makes a compelling contribution to the study of protest, rebellion, and revolution worldwide.

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Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society

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William Henry Scott · 1994

Barangay presents a sixteenth-century Philippine ethnography.

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The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos

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Primitivo Mijares · 2017 · ‎No preview

Despite Marcos's efforts to stop its publication, The Conjugal Dictatorship was published in 1976. A year after the publication of the book, Tibo was never heard from again and was declared legally dead years later.

 

 

 

gold livers japanese moro

Grassroots Fascism: The War Experience of the Japanese People

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Yoshimi Yoshiaki · 2015

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 196

Fujioka wrote that dead soldiers had their weapons, clothing, gold teeth, and raw livers plucked from them. Thus did he come to regard the Moro people as “a fiendish race” of “natives” ...

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Japanese-English and English-Japanese Dictionary

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James Curtis Hepburn · 1881

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Druggists' Circular - Volume 55 - Page 93

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1911

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 93

2.00 Little Liver ( 50'e ) , 25 1.60 Headache and Liver . .255 1.60 Regulator ... 1.25 10.00 Japanese Liver . See Pellets . ... 1.00 8.00 Moro's ( Dr. ) .. .50 .50 PILLS - Continded . Moroney's Kidney and Liver .

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The Japan Daily Mail - Volume 6 - Page 571

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1882

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 571

... lever , sidoms --- ding though the city , from which it is unturally in fernowhere moro ro thin on the Gold Coast ... and that in lut iis suppression can only be the liver - ponts , Canton , and several other pluces is spoken of ...

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Japanese-English Technical Terms Dictionary - Page 590

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United States. War Department · 1947

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 590

... a sewing SAMBON MORO Raw - gilk triple - twisted yarn machine SAMBON NEJI Triple - screw thread SAMPAKU Mikawa kuni ... gold thread to every three SAMPATSU filling threads Three - engined , thrce rounds 三發散發三分 SAMBUN SAMPATSU ...

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The Golden Rule - Volume 11 - Page 37

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1896

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 37

KIDNEY AND LIVER women as ORDERED KIONEYSANOLIVER ENDORSED BY THE BEST PHYSICIANS NOT ENVING 19 IN LADCE UNLESSCUT OF ... neighbor was practically as THE ADVANCE GOLDEN RULE MISSION CLUBS . foreign a country to us as China or Japan .

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Beverage Impacts on Health and Nutrition: Second Edition - Page 66

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Ted Wilson, ‎Norman J. Temple · 2016

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 66

Coffee and green tea consumption is associated with insulin resistance in Japanese adults. ... Isemura M. Green tea with a high catechin content suppresses inflammatory cytokine expression in the galactosamine-injured rat liver.

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Crockery and Glass Journal - Volume 85 - Page 34

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1917

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 34

41 WHEN coming to East Liver. .4 . pool don't fail to call and see what we have to offer you for 1917 Our new lines of ... Alfred Meakin's W. G. , Haviland White , Gold and Decorated china , and Staffordshire , German , Japanese and ...

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Practical Bacteriology, Blood Work and Animal Parasitology: ...

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Edward Rhodes Stitt · 1920

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 373

It is a parasite of Korea and Japan . The cercariæ which develop in the liver of Melania enter fish which when eaten raw cause the infection . ... Muto states that the cercariæ bore into the flesh of the gold fish and encyst .

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The Commercial and Financial Chronicle - Page 782

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1867

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 782

300,000 British Gold ... 9,931 Total for week $ 1,705,420 to 6s . 9d . , but the grades from medium to fine retain their old quota : Previously reported . ... 10 - St . Minnesota , Liver . 12 - St . Moro Castle , Ha .

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

sultan israel chinese datu spanish sulu

 

Captain Herman Leopold Schück: The Saga of a German Sea ...

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Michael Schück Montemayor · 2005 · ‎Snippet view

This work chronicles that friendship as it to seeks to better understand how a Prussian from Upper Silesia, steeped in Germanic culture and driven by a lucrative trading relationship with the sultan, developed a fascination with Tausug ...

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The Sulu Zone, 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, ...

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James Francis Warren · 2007

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 32

The founding of an English trade centre within the dominion of the Sulu Sultanate had been cause for great alarm among the Spaniards ... but the Manila authorities were less than convinced of Israel's posture towards the Spanish Crown .

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The History of Sulu - Page 99

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Najeeb Mitry Saleeby · 1908

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Society and Culture: The Asian Heritage : Festschrift for ... - Page 53

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Artemio Palongpalong, ‎Juan R. Francisco, ‎Sylvano Mahiwo · 1999 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 53

In the late 18th century , about 4,000 Chinese , according to Montero y Vidal , supported Sultan Israel of Sulu ( 1773-1778 ) against Spanish rule . ? In fact , the later part of the 18th century saw the rise of Chinese participation in ...

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華人: - Page 129

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Teresita Ang See, ‎Bon Juan Go · 1994 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 129

Sultan Israel of Sulu ( 1773-1778 ) against Spanish rule . In fact , the later part of the 18th century saw ... Two of the Chinese personalities worth mentioning were Ki Kuan and Datu Teteng . Ki Kuan served as the sole negotiator of ...

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Division of Ethnology Publications - Volume 4, Part 2 - Page 189

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Philippines. Division of Ethnology · 1908

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 189

Yet , the distance being so small from either Sulu or Slangan , ' to the Spanish settlement , I have wondered how any stay ... I have seen the Sultan Israel , who was educated in Manila , and his niece , dance a tolerable minuet .

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Publications - Volume 4 - Page 189

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Philippines. Bureau of Science. Division of Ethnology · 1905

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 189

Yet , the distance being so small from either Sulu or Slangan , ' to the Spanish settlement , I have wondered how any stay ... I have seen the Sultan Israel , who was educated in Manila , and his niece , dance a tolerable minuet .

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Sulu and Sabah: A Study of British Policy Towards the ... - Page 29

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Nicholas Tarling, ‎Professor of History Nicholas Tarling · 1978 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 29

Dalrymple foresaw the risk of further Spanish intervention and therefore arranged a sort of partition - one , however ... Indeed a new Spanish envoy , Cencelly , only created suspicion at Sulu and weakened the cause of Sultan Israel and ...

The Filipino-American War, 1899-1913

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Samuel K. Tan · 2002 · ‎Snippet view

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Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places - Page 404

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Trudy Ring, ‎Noelle Watson, ‎Paul Schellinger · 2012

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 404

The subsequent pressures on Spain from the Dutch loosened the Spaniards' grip on Sulu, and in 1646 the Spaniards withdrew. ... Jolo raiders—encouraged by Sultan Israel and the Spaniards—turned the British out.

 

 

chinese armenians enemies of the holy faith manila

From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade ...

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Sebouh David Aslanian · 2014

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 60

The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa Sebouh David Aslanian ... Armenians, Malabars, Chinese, and other enemies of the holy Faith” to reside in Manila's Parián ghetto; subsequently, it seems that the Armenians ...

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The Audiencia in the Spanish Colonies ... - Page 253

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Charles Henry Cunningham · 1919

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 253

... the tribunal , acting in a legislative capacity , decreed that within thirty days " all Moros , Armenians , Malabars , Chinese and other enemies of the Holy Faith " should be lodged in the Parián when visiting Manila , or when ...

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University of California Publications in History - Volume 9 - Page 253

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University of California, Berkeley · 1919

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 253

On July 27 , 1713 , the tribunal , acting in a legislative capacity , decreed that within thirty days " all Moros , Armenians , Malabars , Chinese and other enemies of the Holy Faith ” should be lodged in the Parián when visiting Manila ...

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University of California Publications in History - Volume 9 - Page 253

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California. University · 1919

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 253

... decreed that within thirty days “ all Moros ; Armenians , Malabars , Chinese and other enemies of the Holy Faith " should be lodged in the Parián when visiting Manila , or when living there temporarily for purposes of visit or trade ...

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The Audiencia in the Spanish Colonies as Illustrated by the ...

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Charles Henry Cunningham · 1919

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 253

... 1713 , the tribunal , acting in a legislative capacity , decreed that within thirty days “ all Moros , Armenians , Malabars , Chinese and other enemies of the Holy Faith " should be lodged in the Parián when visiting Manila ...

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English Country Trade with the Philippines, 1644-1765 - Page 93

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Serafin D. Quiason · 1966 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 93

168 The Armenians and " other enemies of the Holy Faith ” 164 while on a temporary visit or trade mission were required by law to stay at the Parian.155 The steady influx of the Chinese and other Asian traders into Manila compelled the ...

Armenia: Art, Religion, and Trade in the Middle Ages

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Helen C. Evans, ‎Constance Alchermes, ‎Ina Baghdiantz McCabe · 2018

This unprecedented volume, written by a team of international scholars and members of the Armenian religious community, contextualizes and celebrates the compelling works of art that define Armenian medieval culture.

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Investing in Cultural Diversity and Intercultural Dialogue

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Unesco, ‎François Rivière · 2009

This report analyses all aspects of cultural diversity, which has emerged as a key concern of the international community in recent decades, and maps out new approaches to monitoring and shaping the changes that are taking place.

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Christianity in Asia: Sacred Art and Visual Splendour

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Pedro de Moura Carvalho, ‎Alan Chong, ‎Clement Onn · 2016 · ‎No preview

"This book is published in conjunction with the exhibition, Christianity in Asia: sacred art and visual splendour, presented at the Asian Civilisations Museum, Singapore, from 27 May to 11 September 2016"--Title page verso.

The American Pacific: From the Old China Trade to the Present

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Arthur Power Dudden, ‎Fairbank Professor of Humanities and Professor of History Arthur P Dudden · 1992 · ‎Snippet view

Dudden brings the story up to date, reviewing the war in Vietnam, the aftermath of Tiananmen Square, the triumph of the Pacific rim economies, and the tremendous impact of Asian immigration on American society.

 

 

barley abubakar Desdemona

Society and Culture: The Asian Heritage : Festschrift for ... - Page 54

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Artemio Palongpalong, ‎Juan R. Francisco, ‎Sylvano Mahiwo · 1999 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 54

For instance , Representative Tan is married to the daughter of former Jolo mayor Barley Abubakar who comes from an old ... Subsequently , Desdemona , one of Tuchay's highly educated daughters , with degrees from the University of the ...

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華人: - Page 130

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Teresita Ang See, ‎Bon Juan Go · 1994 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 130

of former Jolo Mayor Barley Abubakar who comes from an old political family with its own network of family alliances ... Subsequently , Desdemona , one of Tuchay's highly educated daughters , with degrees from the University of the ...

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A Mindanao Story: Troubled Decades in the Eye of the Storm - Page 13

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Delfin Castro · 2005 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 13

... and from Mayor Aminkadra “ Barley ” Abubakar who was also worried about the possibility of an MNLF attack on the town . His information may be reliable as his son Nizam was one of the MNLF top commanders and his niece Desdemona Tan ...

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The Writer's Digest Character Naming Sourcebook

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Sherrilyn Kenyon · 2010 · ‎No preview

The Ultimate Guide to Choosing Character Names The Writer's Digest Character Naming Sourcebook is a one-of-a-kind resource specifically designed with the writer in mind.

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A Series of Plays: In which it is Attempted to Delineate the ... - Volume 1

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Joanna Baillie · 1798

Joanna Baillie was well known for her plays, though most of them were closet plays. This book includes a selection of her comedies and tragedies.?

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Affective Health and Masculinities in South Africa: An ...

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Hans Reihling · 2020

This book provides a rare perspective on young men’s vulnerability in everyday life that may affect the reader and spark discussion about how masculinities in relationships shape physical and psychological health.

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Sissy Dreams: From Boyfriend to Girlfriend

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Paul Zante

Receiving a text from Sasha, my girlfriend, at work was always risky. Especially when she wanted to know if her girlfriend was horny. A short and sweet (and filthy) story.

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Lord Demon

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Roger Zelazny, ‎Jane Lindskold · 2000

Seeking revenge for the murder of his devoted human servant, Kai Wren, the great demon warrior, is forced into a series of dangerous alliances in order to preserve the Demon Realms, but he has been weakened by years of peace and the threat ...

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UK Continental Shelf Well Records

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Stationery Office, The · 1982 · ‎No preview

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Dear Black Girls

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Shanice Nicole · 2021 · ‎No preview

Children's Picture Book. Poetry. African & African American Studies. Women's Studies. Dear Black girls all around the world, this one is for you--for us. DEAR BLACK GIRLS is a letter to all Black girls.

 

 

 

barley abubakar desdemona arab

Society and Culture: The Asian Heritage : Festschrift for ... - Page 54

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Artemio Palongpalong, ‎Juan R. Francisco, ‎Sylvano Mahiwo · 1999 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 54

For instance , Representative Tan is married to the daughter of former Jolo mayor Barley Abubakar who comes from an old political family with its ... From their physical features , the Abubakars unmistakably reveal half - Arab descent .

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華人: - Page 130

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Teresita Ang See, ‎Bon Juan Go · 1994 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 130

of former Jolo Mayor Barley Abubakar who comes from an old political family with its own network of family alliances , including the more recent ... From their physical features , the Abubakars unmistakably reveal half Arab descent .

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The Writer's Digest Character Naming Sourcebook

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Sherrilyn Kenyon · 2010 · ‎No preview

The Ultimate Guide to Choosing Character Names The Writer's Digest Character Naming Sourcebook is a one-of-a-kind resource specifically designed with the writer in mind.

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A Series of Plays: In which it is Attempted to Delineate the ... - Volume 1

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Joanna Baillie · 1798

Joanna Baillie was well known for her plays, though most of them were closet plays. This book includes a selection of her comedies and tragedies.?

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Affective Health and Masculinities in South Africa: An ...

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Hans Reihling · 2020

This book provides a rare perspective on young men’s vulnerability in everyday life that may affect the reader and spark discussion about how masculinities in relationships shape physical and psychological health.

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Sissy Dreams: From Boyfriend to Girlfriend

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Paul Zante

Receiving a text from Sasha, my girlfriend, at work was always risky. Especially when she wanted to know if her girlfriend was horny. A short and sweet (and filthy) story.

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Lord Demon

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Roger Zelazny, ‎Jane Lindskold · 2000

Seeking revenge for the murder of his devoted human servant, Kai Wren, the great demon warrior, is forced into a series of dangerous alliances in order to preserve the Demon Realms, but he has been weakened by years of peace and the threat ...

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UK Continental Shelf Well Records

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Stationery Office, The · 1982 · ‎No preview

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Dear Black Girls

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Shanice Nicole · 2021 · ‎No preview

Children's Picture Book. Poetry. African & African American Studies. Women's Studies. Dear Black girls all around the world, this one is for you--for us. DEAR BLACK GIRLS is a letter to all Black girls.

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Dentists

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Mary Meinking · 2020 · ‎No preview

"Open wide! Dentists care for people's teeth. Give readers the inside scoop on what it's like to be a dentist. Readers will learn what dentists do, the tools they use, and how people get this exciting job"--

 

nizam abubakar Desdemona

A Mindanao Story: Troubled Decades in the Eye of the Storm - Page 108

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Delfin Castro · 2005 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 108

The first Chairman of Region IX was Ulbert “ Ulama ” Tugong , and its first speaker was Nur Hussein Ututalum , a first cousin of MNLF leaders Desdemona Tan and Nizam Abubakar . Sali Wali , a member of the “ Top 90 ” was ...

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The Writer's Digest Character Naming Sourcebook

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Sherrilyn Kenyon · 2010 · ‎No preview

The Ultimate Guide to Choosing Character Names The Writer's Digest Character Naming Sourcebook is a one-of-a-kind resource specifically designed with the writer in mind.

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Society and Culture: The Asian Heritage : Festschrift for ... - Page 54

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Artemio Palongpalong, ‎Juan R. Francisco, ‎Sylvano Mahiwo · 1999 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 54

... mayor Barley Abubakar who comes from an old political family with its own network of family alliances including the more recent radical elements . The mayor's son , Nizam , is a leader in the MNLF movement which is based in Sabah .

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華人: - Page 130

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Teresita Ang See, ‎Bon Juan Go · 1994 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 130

of former Jolo Mayor Barley Abubakar who comes from an old political family with its own network of family alliances , including the more recent radical elements . The mayor's son , Nizam , is a leader in the Moro National Liberation ...

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A Series of Plays: In which it is Attempted to Delineate the ... - Volume 1

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Joanna Baillie · 1798

Joanna Baillie was well known for her plays, though most of them were closet plays. This book includes a selection of her comedies and tragedies.?

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Sissy Dreams: From Boyfriend to Girlfriend

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Paul Zante

Receiving a text from Sasha, my girlfriend, at work was always risky. Especially when she wanted to know if her girlfriend was horny. A short and sweet (and filthy) story.

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Unchained Mind: Powerful Life Changing Thoughts on Peace, ...

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Ricardo G. Williams · 2017

I took a three-year break from work to explore the topic of peace, love, and success.

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Yvain: The Knight of the Lion - Page i

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Chretien de Troyes · 1987

Yvain is a courtly romance with a moral tenor; it is ironic and sometimes bawdy; the poetry is crisp and vivid.

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Dentists

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Mary Meinking · 2020 · ‎No preview

"Open wide! Dentists care for people's teeth. Give readers the inside scoop on what it's like to be a dentist. Readers will learn what dentists do, the tools they use, and how people get this exciting job"--

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Dear Black Girls

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Shanice Nicole · 2021 · ‎No preview

Children's Picture Book. Poetry. African & African American Studies. Women's Studies. Dear Black girls all around the world, this one is for you--for us. DEAR BLACK GIRLS is a letter to all Black girls.

 

spencer enfields sulu

The Sulu Zone, 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, ...

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James Francis Warren · 2007

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 129

13 15 directly with them , especially after the Spanish blockade of 1871 increased Sulu's dependence on ... ( the de facto capital of the Sultanate ) but now the Enfield and Spencer rifles , assorted pistols , and gunpowder found their ...

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Arming the Periphery: The Arms Trade in the Indian Ocean ... - Page 177

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E. Chew · 2012

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 177

Small arms obtained from Singapore continued to appreciate in value, becoming Labuan's most valuable export in the light increasing Sulu resistance against Spanish colonial authority in the 1870s–80s: Enfield and Spencer rifles, ...

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Philippine Studies - Volumes 25-26 - Page 72

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1977 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 72

... exports went to Sulu . After 1876 Labuan still found its principal customers in the Taosug and Chinese of Maimbung ( the de facto capital of the Sultanate ) but now the Enfield and Spencer rifles , assorted pistols , and gunpowder ...

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Wunsch und Wirklichkeit: deutsch-philippinische Beziehungen ...

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· Translate this page

Volker Schult · 2008

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 64

Zwischen 1870 und 1886 verloren die Taosug ihre Rolle als Umschlaghändler im Sulu-Archipel Die Gründe lagen in der spanischen ... Von dort transportierten die Chinesen Enfield und Spencer Gewehre weiter zu den Maginda- nao von Buayan, ...

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The Parliamentary Debates (Authorized Edition) - Volume 256

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Great Britain. Parliament · 1880

FOUND INSIDE

... and Gordon ; Reply , Earl Spencer July 6 , ( 252 ) 1897 [ 253 ] 1733 Limitation of Costs ( Ireland ) , 2R . [ 252 ] 1545 Medical Acts , Re - appointment of Select Committee , [ 252 ] 518 ENFIELD , Viscount ( Under Secretary of Post ...

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American Military History, Volume II: The United States Army ... - Page i

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2010

From the Publisher: This latest edition of an official U.S. Government military history classic provides an authoritative historical survey of the organization and accomplishments of the United States Army.

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Hansard's Parliamentary Debates - Page 319

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Great Britain. Parliament, ‎Thomas Curson Hansard · 1880

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 319

... and Gordon ; Reply , Earl Spencer July 6 , ( 252 ) 1897 [ 253 ] 1733 Limitation of Costs ( Ireland ) , 2R . [ 252 ] 1545 Medical Acts , Re - appointment of Select Committee , [ 252 ] 518 ENFIELD , Viscount ( + Under Secretary of ...

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The History of Sulu - Page 99

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Najeeb Mitry Saleeby · 1908

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Arming the Periphery: The Arms Trade in the Indian Ocean ...

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E. Chew · 2012

A major historical study of the global arms trade, revolving around the transfer of small arms from metropolitan Europe to the turbulent frontiers of Indian Ocean societies during the 'long' nineteenth century (c.1780-1914).

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The Gardener's Magazine - Volume 44 - Page 796

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1901

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 796

I myself , in the Veitchian interest , went to Penang , Johore , Singapore , Borneo , and the Sulu Archipelago ... He found many fine Hill Park , Enfield , none is better known angræcums , such as A. Humbloti , X. arthan Mr. Wm . Boxall ...

 

 

serendipity jolo

 

Nur Misuari: An Authorized Biography

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Tom Stern · 2017

FOUND INSIDE

Roida, the elder fiery intellectual, had established a bookstore called “Serendipity” in Jolo, with a big picture of Chairman Mao Tse-Tung of China dominating one wall. The youngest sister, Zenaida, helped her father with his businesses ...

 

 

tan datu piang

The War of 1898, and U.S. Interventions, 1898-1934: An ... - Page 13

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Benjamin R. Beede · 1994

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 13

Datu Piang's reChinese trader , Datu Piang had risen by the late sources had already isolated him from the sup19th ... law of Datu Piang , who had assumed the line of resistance Datu Uttu Samuel K. Tan had begun against Spanish rule .

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Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed ... - Page 91

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Thomas M. McKenna · 1998

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 91

These three datus have been called the " triumvirate " of Cotabato ( Millan 1952 , 9 ) . ... Datu Adil relates the following story about the birth and boyhood of Datu Piang : " The trader Tan came to Dulawan [ the capital of the Buayan ...

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Migration, Indigenization And Interaction: Chinese Overseas ...

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Leo Suryadinata · 2011

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 237

The most famous Muslim of Chinese descent is probably Datu Piang whose, father's name is Tan Bieng Tun (). Datu Piang was the most influential Muslim leader during the World War II. Dulawan, a municipality in Cotabato City, ...

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Annual Report - Page 76

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Moro Province. Governor, ‎Moro Province. Treasurer · 1906

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 76

Datu Djimbangan Datu Piang ... Datu.sansaluna Datu Kuli . Datu Mantauil Datu Mamalin tan Datu Mopuk .. I ) atu Mamintal .. Datu Maguda .. Datu Matabalon Datu Kali Pandapatan , Datu l'ambutu , Sultan of Talik Datu Vatu Mama Timan .

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Civilizational Imperatives: Americans, Moros, and the ...

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Oliver Charbonneau · 2020

FOUND INSIDE

76 American colonials found a natural ally in Datu Piang, the multiracial leader of the Maguindanao Moros. Piang was born in 1846 to a Chinese father and a Maguindanao mother. His father, Tan Toy, was an Amoy trader who spent time in ...

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Official Gazette - Volume 14, Part 1 - Page 571

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Philippines · 1916

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 571

Governor , Vicente Jazmines ; lieutenTomas de Guzman , Primitivo Resurreccion ; treasurer , Pedro Tanchanco ; ant ... Ramon Tañedo ; treasurer , Victor Alfonso ; fiscal Mariano Rosauro ; Frank Klar ; third member , Datu Piang . Davao .

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The Chinese Question: Ethnicity, Nation, and Region in and ... - Page 60

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Caroline S. Hau · 2014

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 60

Chinese traders did convert to Islam and marry into royalty, accounting for surnames like Tan and Kong among ... The career of Maguindanao strongman Datu Piang—son of an Amoy trader, “minister of lands” and economic advisor to the ...

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Lives at the Biography of Filipinos Obscure, ... - Page 200

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Alfred W. McCoy · 2000 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 200

It is with this in mind that we can better understand Datu Piang's encounter with the Americans . From Parvenu to Magindanao Orang Besar Datu Piang was a mestizo - the youngest of six children born to Tan Toy , a trader from Amoy ...

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The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898T1934: An ... - Page 13

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Benjamin R. Beede · 1994

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 13

A shrewd Chinese trader, Datu Piang had risen by the late 19th century from obscurity into prominence through political ... one of the most famous uprisings in the first decade of U.S. rule in the Philippine Muslim South. Samuel K. Tan ...

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Religion and Nationalism in Southeast Asia - Page 92

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Joseph Chinyong Liow · 2016

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 92

Conflict between the sultans and datus of Sulu and Maguindanao were particularly pronounced during this period. ... while Datu Ali was fighting the Americans, Datu Piang was actively assisting them.86 Similarly in Sulu, the sultan of ...

 

 

tan datu piang

Muslim Secession Or Integration? - Page 46

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Alunan C. Glang · 1969 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 46

The ascendancy of Amai Mengka ( Datu Piang ) , a Chinese mestizo named Tuya Tan , retainer to Datu Otto ( Utu in Spanish accounts ) who was the last Rajah of Buayan , made Piang acknowledged leader of the Moros upon the death of Datu ...

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Capitalism, The American Empire, and Neoliberal ... - Page 128

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Kenneth E. Bauzon · 2019

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 128

Born in 1850 to a Chinese trader from Amoy named Tuya Tan and one of the unnamed concubines of Datu Uttu, the Sultan of Buayan, Piang nonetheless grew up as a protege of Datu Uttu who conferred on him the title “Minister of Lands.

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Publications of the International Agricultural Research and ... - Page 343

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1989

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 343

Ernesto Grande Mt. View College 8709 Valencia Bukidnon Datu Wali Simpal Tintuka Farmer's Samahang Nayon, Inc. Tintuka, 9607 Datu Piang Maguindanao Buntulay P. Angas ... Lorenzo Tan General Manager Bookmark, Inc. 264, Manila IRRI 343.

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American Datu: John J. Pershing and Counterinsurgency ... - Page 356

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Ronald K. Edgerton · 2020

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 356

Uto, Datu, 109–10, 113, 136, 291n59, 291n63, 292n68 Vicars, Camp, 28–29, 35, 37–39, 47, 51–53, 55–56, 58–59, ... 114, 122; and Cuba, 10, 99–100, 288n15, 288n17, 288n18; and Datu Ali, 112–13, 116; and Datu Piang, 113; and Finley, 237–40; ...

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Cotabato 1952 Guidebook: Reference and Guide to Its Past, ...

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Simeon F. Millan · 1952 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 291

Won WO6 man datus but our late father ( Datu Piang ) was the acknowledged leader of all the Mor :) datus in Cotabato . ... His father , Tuya Tan , came from Amoy , China , who married a Moro man , named Tiko . The boy Piang grew up to ...

A Handbook of Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia - Page 441

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Andrew T. H. Tan · 2009

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 441

Andrew T. H. Tan. With al-Qaeda having suffered significantly in its operational ... At the meeting of the majlis shura (consultative council) in Datu Piang, Mindanao, the constituent the leaders of Terrorism in Southeast Asia 441.

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Philippine Government Directory - Page 181

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1997 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 181

... TUCAO O. MASTURA DATU MAGUID K. MOKAMAD ( SULING ) SULTAN SA BARONGIS DATU ABDULKARIM KAUTIN D. MAMALO D. LITTO TALAYAN DATU UDZAG DATU MUSLIMIN L. KASIM E. MIDTIMBANG UPI DATU MICHAEL P. SINSUAT RAMON A. PIANG SULU ABDUSAKAR M. TAN ...

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Bangsamoro, a Nation Under Endless Tyranny - Page 82

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Salah Jubair · 1999 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 82

Datu Ali was supposed to succeed Sultan Anwaruddin Utto as chief of the Buayan sultanate , but for some reasons Datu Piang or Tuya Tan , his father - in - law , had become the most popular chieftain in Cotabato when the Americans ...

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Mindanao Journal - Volume 5, Issue 1 - Volume 6, Issue 4 - Page 138

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1978 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 138

Similar difficulties are evident in Tan's report of Datu Ali's revolt in Cotabato , 1904-5 . ... It does , however , mention the rivalry between Ali and Datu Piang , an “ inter - Muslim ” element in this " anti - American " disturbance ...

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Vestiges of War: The Philippine-American War and the ... - Page 114

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Angel Velasco Shaw, ‎Luis H. Francia, ‎New York University. Asian/Pacific/American Studies Program and Institute · 2002

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 114

... Ya Deco, who had controlled the gutta percha trade together with Datu Piang since the Spanish period; Chin Kai, ... Cua Consuy, Quipo, Ong Lee, Tan Cacao, Tan Opon, Te Liongco, Lim Peu, Ong Baco, Chu Yuqui, Dy Toco, and Tan Se Tun, ...

 

 

tan datu piang

The Mindanao Herald - Page 78

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1909

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 78

All who desire to work and accumulate property , datu or no datu , will be protected by able products , but when ... Planting here is a continual struggle to prevent the useless thing from overgrowing your marketDATU PIANG , CHIEF OF ...

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The Independence of the Filipines: Question: Resolved: That ...

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Joseph Whitefield Scroggs · 1923

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 54

Hadji was for a long time Prime Minister to the Suitan of Sulu . ... That man is Datu Piang of Cotabato . ... But the long - sighted ones , the men like Butu , Piang , and Benito , prefer to look to the good of the people at large ...

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The Journal of History - Volume 57 - Page 142

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2011 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 142

21 Nagbigay ng karagdagang liwanag tungkol sa papel ni Datu Piang at sa mga pangyayari noong umpisa si Mrs. Luz Initan Vda de Aguilar , isa pa ring anak ng mag - asawang kolono , sina Mr. at Mrs. Pablo S. Navarro . Si Datu Piang daw na ...

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Philippine Media Factbook, Other Facts and Figures: National ...

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1993 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 319

... GUIAB MAGUINDANAO GOVERNOR VICE GOVERNOR DATU NORODIN M. MATALAM / LININGDING PANGANDAMAN DATU MA'AROUPH B. CANDAO , NABIL TAN Ampatuan Barira Buldon Buluan Datu Paglas Datu piang Dinaig General Pendatun Kabuntalan Maganoy Matanog ...

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Philippine Media Factbook and Other Facts and Figures - Page 319

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1993 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 319

... PUKUNUM ABDUL GAFOUR KOTA AMPATUA REMEDIOS S. GUIAB MAGUINDANAO GOVERNOR VICE GOVERNOR DATU NORODIN M. MATALAM / LININGDING PANGANDAMAN DATU MA'AROUPH B. CANDAO / NABIL TAN Ampatuan Barira Buldon Buluan Datu Paglas Datu Piang Dinaig ...

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Directory of Key Establishments in the Philippines in ...

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1959 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 416

Santos , Cotabato LI YAN STORE Dulawan , Datu Piang , Cotabato LIM TU UY Mabini St. , Cotabato City LORETA LIM STORE ... Cotabato TAN BON TIO Tulun an , M'lang , Cotabato TAN CHOK BEN Paco , Kidapawan , Cotabato TAN CHUAN ENG Tacurong ...

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Revolt in Mindanao: The Rise of Islam in Philippine Politics - Page 24

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T. J. S. George · 1980 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 24

Datu Ali's rebellion beginning in 1903 , the most important anti - colonial uprising of the period , was crushed because Datu Ali was killed on information supplied by Datu Piang . The scholar , Samuel Tan , of the University of the ...

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The Commonwealth of the Philippines - Page 47

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George Arthur Malcolm · 1936 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 47

The most powerful chief in Mindanao . That was Datu Piang , the old man of Cotabato . In the early part of the nineteenth century Tan Toy ( Toya ) , an Amoy Chinese , wandered into Dulawan in Northern Mindanao .

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U.S. Imperialism and Revolution in the Philippines - Page 97

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E.San Juan, Jr. · 2007

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 97

The 1968 founding of the Mindanao Independence Movement by Datu Udtog Matalam was a prelude to the current secessionist and ... tied to coercive pacification accounts for the careers of Moro chieftains like Hadji Butu, Datu Piang, ...

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Islam, Elite Competition, and Ethnic Mobilization: Forms of ... - Page 196

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Thomas M. McKenna · 1990 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 196

Datu Piang The first and most influential of the colonial datus of . ... contained in the 1952 Cotabato Guidebook ( Millan 1952 ) , he was born circa 1850 , the son of a Chinese trader from Amoy named Tuya Tan and a Magindanaon mother .

 

 

tan datu piang

Asian Studies - Volume 43, Issue 1 - Page 96

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2007 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 96

Datu Piang , dictated , perhaps , more by practical realities than ritual kinship ties , supported American campaigns against Ali and subsequently against all “ insurrections ” in Cotabato . He provided American authorities with vital ...

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General [quezon] Education Journal - Issues 27-29 - Page 150

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1975 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 150

21 1 o ng relihiyoso sa mga bagay - bagay na may kinalaman sa relihiyon at pulitika at ang alitan ay pinalubha ng ... Ang saloobin ni Piang ay naimpluwensiyahan marahil ng matandang alitan nila ni Datu Uttu , ang ama o tiyo ni Ali at ...

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Budget Programs for Area Development, CY 1981: Including ...

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1980 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 20

... ( BLISS Site ) Buluan Crossing Manaok E / S , Datu Paglas Datu Paglas C / S , Datu Paglas Datu Gumbay C / S , Datu Piang Pagotia E / S , Datu Piang Baka E / S , Dinaig Tanuel E / S , Dinaig Labulabu E / S , Maganoy Libutan E / S ...

The Mindanao Herald Historical and Industrial Number: ... - Page 78

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1909 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 78

All who desire to work and accumulate property , datu or no datu , will be protected by able products , but when ... Planting here is a continual struggle to prevent the useless thing from overgrowing your marketDATU PIANG , CHIEF OF ...

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Colonial Crucible: Empire in the Making of the Modern ... - Page 621

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Alfred W. McCoy, ‎Francisco A. Scarano · 2009

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Patricio N. Abinales, “From Orang Besar to Colonial Big Men: Datu Piang of the Magindanaos and the American Colonial State,” in Alfred W. McCoy, ed., Lives at the Biographies of ... Tan, The Filipino Muslim Armed Struggle, pp.

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Empire and Neoliberalism in Asia

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Vedi R. Hadiz · 2006

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——(2000a) 'Fromorang besar tocolonialbigman: Datu Piang of Cotabato and the Americancolonial state',inAlfred W. ... Abuza,Zachary (2003)'Al Qaedain SoutheastAsia: exploringthelinkages', inKumar Ramakrishna and See Seng Tan (eds) After ...

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The Filipino-American War, 1899-1913 - Page 171

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Samuel K. Tan · 2002 · ‎Snippet view

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Samuel K. Tan. In June 1907 , the constabulary met the Moros near Taraca . Resistance was fierce and Captain Palmer ... In early 1903 , Datu Ali , son of Datu Uttu and son - in - law of Datu Piang , emerged as a new charismatic leader ...

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Supreme Court Reports, Annotated - Volume 122 - Page 485

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They were all born in Dulawan ( now Datu Piang ) , Cotabato , on September 11 ... In the case of private respondent Tan Ay Gho , to avoid Republic vs. Avila ridicule , inasmuch as such name in VOL . 122 , MAY 30 , 1983 485.

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Publications - Volume 4, Part 1 - Page 14

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Philippines. Ethnological Survey · 1905

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Fourteen miles above the fork lies Dulawan , the settlement at present occupied by Datu Piang . ... of Kudarangan and extending to the base of the Kulingtan Mountains , which separate the Rio Grande Valley from the Ranao region .

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Studies in Moro History, Law, and Religion - Page 14

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Najeeb Mitry Saleeby · 1905

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Fourteen miles above the fork lies Dulawan , the settlement at present occupied by Datu Piang . ... of Kudarangan and extending to the base of the Kulingtan Mountains , which separate the Rio Grande Valley from the Ranao region .

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Philippines. Ethnological Survey · 1905

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Fourteen miles above the fork lies Dulawan , the settlement at present occupied by Datu Piang . ... of Kudarangan and extending to the base of the Kulingtan Mountains , which separate the Rio Grande Valley from the Ranao region .

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Division of Ethnology Publications - Volume 4, Issue 1 - Page 14

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Philippines. Division of Ethnology · 1905

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Fourteen miles above the fork lies Dulawan , the settlement at present occupied by Datu Piang . ... of Kudarangan and extending to the base of the Kulingtan Mountains , which separate the Rio Grande Valley from the Ranao region .

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Publication - Volume 4, Issue 1 - Page 14

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1905

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Fourteen miles above the fork lies Dulawan , the settlement at present occupied by Datu Piang . ... of Kudarangan and extending to the base of the Kulingtan Mountains , which separate the Rio Grande Valley from the Ranao region .

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Publications - Volume 4 - Page 14

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Philippines. Bureau of Science. Division of Ethnology · 1905

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Fourteen miles above the fork lies Dulawan , the settlement at present occupied by Datu Piang . ... of Kudarangan and extending to the base of the Kulingtan Mountains , which separate the Rio Grande Valley from the Ranao region .

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Filipino Muslims: Their Social Institutions and Cultural ... - Page 85

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F. Landa Jocano · 1983 · ‎Snippet view

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On the death of Datu Uto , Datu Piang , together with cousins of the late ruler , Datus Ali and Djambangan , fell upon the retreating settlers of Cotabato and Tamontaka ... 36 Samuel K. Tan , The Filipino Muslim Armed Struggle .

Philippine Education Magazine - Volume 24 - Page 472

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1927 · ‎Snippet view

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After conferring with Datu Piang the senator and major Fletcher rode on navy hydroplanes from Dulawan to Zamboanga . ... Mr. Mamuyac of the division office has been relieved by Mr. Miguel L. Tan as division property clerk . Gumbay Piang ...

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Elihu Root Collection of United States Documents Relating to ...

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1904

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Fourteen miles above the fork lies Dulawan , the settlement , at present occupied by Datu Piang . ... of Kudarangan and extending to the base of the Kulingtan Mountains , which separate the Rio Grande Valley from the Ranao region .

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Report of the Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War ...

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United States. Philippine Commission (1900-1916) · 1915

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... where Datu Piang has not only provided land , a portion of the materials , and expense of construction of substantial buildings , but also for considerable periods supplied without charge the food for the boarding pupils . ine Tan ...

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Selected Essays on the Filipino Muslims - Page 67

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Samuel K. Tan · 1982 · ‎Snippet view

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Samuel K. Tan. and fought the forces of Sultan Kiram , Panglima Indanan , and Datu Bandahala . ... Datu Alamada continued Ali's anti - colonial movement.29 But Datu Inuk and Datu Piang opposed Alamada and offered to help American troops ...

History from the People: Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental, ... - Page 42

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1998 · ‎Snippet view

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A Mindanao datu and his entourage ( Library of Congress , Washington , D.C. ) In 1953 , Datu Kudanding was ... a fugitive from the law and long wanted for the murder of Datu Piang . ... Datu Kudanding's salary went to Mr. Hapitan .

 

 

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Population by Province, City/municipality & Barangay: ... - Page 39

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2001 · ‎Snippet view

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... City , Municipality and Barangay Total Population Household Population Number of Households Bintan ( Bentan ) Gadungan ... Municipal district of Maganui in 1918 ; part of Dulanan in 1939 , of Kiamba in 1948 and of Datu Piang in 1960 ...

Official Roster of Officers and Employees in the Civil ... - Page 136

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Philippines. Bureau of Civil Service · 1930 · ‎Snippet view

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Santos Ortiz , Sibon900 ga Severo Presbitero , So900 god Melchor O. Negapa1,080 tan Tabogon .... Pedro Heruela , Tali720 say Paterno Diez , Toledo . ... Third member of the provincial board : Datu Piang ... Fiscal : Lorenzo Y. Coloso .

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Moro Kurier - Page 5

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1991 · ‎Snippet view

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In Maganoy and Datu Piang , residents were caught in armed skirmishes between forces of Commander Gary , formerly of ... a couple who were hacked to death , there were the Kamad brothers , both students , and there was Unutan Matiman .

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Surat Maguindanaon - Page 48

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Samuel K. Tan · 1996 · ‎Snippet view

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... nini surat i Datu Piang makauma sa pagali nin anan Isilintisimu Senyor Marquez Peña - plata Gobernor Kapitan Heneral sa Manila , hipe kano langono balat kanu Pilipinas makatag sa pinasabutan ko salka igkalido i ginawa ko ka nawget ...

Philippine Studies - Volume 52 - Page 185

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2004 · ‎Snippet view

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While there is no doubt that rational calculation played a role in the datus ' decision to cooperate , their decisions were taken within a quite different political context ( Tan 1982 ) . In associating datu collaboration with " acts of ...

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The Ethnic Chinese as Filipinos, Part III - Part 3 - Page 10

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Teresita Ang See · 1999 · ‎Snippet view

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Datu Piang's " cooperation " also paved the way for the successful integration of the defiant Maguindanaoans into the ... Many contemporary Tausug leaders bear Chinese surnames , due to mixed marriages , such as the Tans of Jolo .

Annotated Bibliography of Jawi Materials of the Muslim South - Page 2

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Samuel K. Tan · 2002 · ‎No preview

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The Chinese in the Philippines: Problems and Perspectives

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Teresita Ang See · 1997 · ‎Snippet view

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In prewar times, renowned Maguindanao ruler of ethnic Chinese descent Datu Piang was quite well respected and powerful that an ... In Sulu, the Tan and Kong families not only have been well integrated into Muslim mainstream society, ...

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1991 Census of Agriculture: Final report (by location of the ... - Page xxiv

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GULF COTABATO 4000 - 6999 Parang 7000 - 9999 MORO Bongo I. 10000 and Over Sultan Kudapat Cotabato City Kabuntalan Dinaig Pagalungan Datu Piang Upi Talayan Gen.S.K.Pendatan S - Sa - Barongis Maganoy South Upi Ampatuan Datu Paglas Baluan ...

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Filipinos at War - Page 273

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Carlos Quirino · 1981 · ‎Snippet view

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Pedro , 121 , 127 Cornish , Rear Adm . Samuel , 64 , 66 , 72 Corps of Engineers , 235 Datu Dimasangkay , 40 Datu ... 236 Datu Maputi , 50 Datu Matalam Udtog , 236 Datu Naquib Amil , 187 Datu Pulwa , 41 Datu Piang , 41 , 185 Datu Pu ...

 

 

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Annotated Bibliography of Mindanao Studies: Directory of ... - Page 378

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2005 · ‎No preview

Pamana - Page 19

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1971 · ‎Snippet view

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Datu Piang MAGINDANAO “ Mapya a paskua ndu balilidseki a bagu a lagun . ” 131. Pikit MAGINDANAO “ Wasalam na paskua ... Manaoag PANGASINAN " Maliket ya inkianak tan masantus ya balon taon . " “ Maabig ya pascua tan maliket ya balon taon ...

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Images of State Power: Essays on Philippine Politics from ... - Page 53

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P. N. Abinales · 1998 · ‎Snippet view

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“ Chao Sua , Celestino Alonzo ( Christianized ) , Ty Kongco , Cua Consuy , Quipo , Ong Lee , Tan Cacao , Tan Opon ... and gutta percha ( with value totalling $ 150,000 Mexican ) in 1901 did business under the control of Datu Piang .

The Diliman Review

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1991 · ‎Snippet view

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Lessons from the Muslim Struggle , Vision of a Decolonized Nation by Samuel K. Tan Sa artikulong ito , nagharap si ... establish- Datu Piang , heir of the powerful Utu line major Muslim groups that confronted ing peace between Sulu and ...

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Islam, Gender, & Social Change - Page 214

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Esposito Haddad, ‎Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, ‎John L. Esposito · 1998

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 214

William Cameron Forbes, the Governor General of the Philippines from 1909 to 1913, noted the wife of Inok, a war leader of Datu Piang in the Cotabato valley, who became the leader of her people upon the death of her husband.

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Census of the Philippines, 1960 - Volume 1, Part 2 - Page 19-2

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Philippines. Bureau of the Census and Statistics · 1962 · ‎Snippet view

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... 17,092 Datu - Piang 257 , 36,464 55,329 38,803 -6,394 -14.9 Dinaig 44,164 156,439 14,196 6,565 -12,275 -21.7 Gen. ... 21 / Includes barrios Baracenon , Bulatukan , Indangan , Kisante , Laaltan , Nalapila , Manaboan , Tuangan and ...

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Regenten Der Nationen - Page 1349

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Peter Truhart · 2003 · ‎No preview

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The Muslim Filipinos - Volume 3 - Page 172

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1979 · ‎No preview

Philippine Media Factbook: Other Facts and Figures - Page 401

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2000 · ‎Snippet view

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REGION / PROVINCE / MUNICIPALITY MAYORS VICE - MAYORS Datu Piang Datu Odin Sinsuat ( Dinaig ) Gen. ... ELIAS HAYUDINI ARDEN S. ANNI SARATAN K. DATAN KUDARAT D. ABDURAJAK HATTA A. BERTO DADO L. ESTINO MUTCHAPUN I. HADANI GULAMURASUL BARA ...

Diario de sesiones de la Cámara de Representantes, ...

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The Embarrassment of Slavery: Controversies Over Bondage and ...

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Michael Salman · 2003

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 112

... where Piang's men initiated a battle to retaliate for Iranun raids on a village that had client ties to the powerful Magindanao datu.” Datu Ali provided the services of his son-in-law, the “Afghan” Sharif Mohammed Afdal, ...

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Hadhramaut and its Diaspora: Yemeni Politics, Identity and ...

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Noel Brehony · 2017

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Jamal al-Din, sultan of Sulu (1862–81) had an 'Afghan' chief qadi, of indeterminate ethnicity.26 Sharif Afdal of Bukhara, who spoke Hindustani (Urdu), was the chief adviser of Datu Piang of Mindanao in the 1890s, and a key figure in the ...

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Studies in Moro History, Law, and Religion

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Najeeb Mitry Saleeby · 1905

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Proceedings of the Third International Conference on ... - Page i

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Liew-Kee Kor, ‎Abd-Razak Ahmad, ‎Zanariah Idrus · 2019

This book is a product of the Third International Conference on Computing, Mathematics and Statistics (iCMS2017) to be held in Langkawi in November 2017.

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Mandate in Moroland: The American Government of Muslim ... - Page 84

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Peter G. Gowing · 1983 · ‎Snippet view

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sand of Piang's people could not satisfy me . ... At the end of March , Sharif Muhammed Afdal , an Afghan pandita who resided in the Cotabato River Valley ( where he was married to the daughter of Datu Ali ) and who had earlier lived in ...

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Filiation and the Protection of Parentless Children: Towards ... - Page i

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Nadjma Yassari, ‎Lena-Maria Möller, ‎Marie-Claude Najm · 2019

This book contains selected contributions presented during the workshop “Establishing Filiation: Towards a Social Definition of the Family in Islamic and Middle Eastern Law?”, which was convened in Beirut, Lebanon in November 2017.

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Directions for Travellers on the Mystic Path: Zakariyya ...

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Gerardus Willebrordus Joannes Drewes, ‎Shihabuddin · 1977 · ‎Snippet view

Includes text and translation of al-Ansari's Fath al-rahman in transliterated form, texts and translations of Kitab Patahulrahman and Kemas Fakhruddin's Kitab mukhtasar, and text and summary of a Risalah by Shihabuddin of Palembang.

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Bent Rib: A Journey Through Women's Issues in Islam

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Huda Khattab · 2007 · ‎No preview

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The History of Sulu - Page 99

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Najeeb Mitry Saleeby · 1908

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The Hajj: Collected Essays

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Venetia Porter, ‎Liana Saif · 2013 · ‎No preview

Following on the British Museum's critically acclaimed exhibition Hajj: journey to the heart of Islam, this volume provides over thirty papers on the history and significance of the Hajj, spanning history, politics, archaeology, pilgrims' ...

 

 

 

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Migration, Indigenization And Interaction: Chinese Overseas ...

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Leo Suryadinata · 2011

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The most famous Muslim of Chinese descent is probably Datu Piang whose, father's name is Tan Bieng Tun (). Datu Piang was the most influential Muslim leader during the World War II. Dulawan, a municipality in Cotabato City, ...

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Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed ... - Page 92

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Thomas M. McKenna · 1998

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Throughout his life Piang was unashamedly aware that he had little or no noble blood in his veins . The 1952 biography notes ... Equally important were Datu Piang's downriver ties in Cotabato town , particularly with Chinese traders .

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The Chinese Question: Ethnicity, Nation, and Region in and ... - Page 60

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Caroline S. Hau · 2014

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The terms, laid down by the Commonwealth and post-colonial state, by which “Chinese” inhabited (or were allowed to ... The career of Maguindanao strongman Datu Piang—son of an Amoy trader, “minister of lands” and economic advisor to the ...

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The Embarrassment of Slavery: Controversies Over Bondage and ...

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Michael Salman · 2003

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Datus and their slaves, each in a sense defining the other, survived the late-nineteenth-century incursions of Spanish colonialism. ... only to be overthrown by an alliance of Moros and Chinese under the Moro-Chinese mestizo Datu Piang.

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The Ethnic Chinese as Filipinos, Part III - Part 3 - Page 10

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Teresita Ang See · 1999 · ‎Snippet view

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One such case was Datu Piang of Kudarangan , Maguindanao . Datu Piang was half - Chinese with a Moro mother . He grew up in the royal circle of Datu Uto and later became the most powerful ruler in Cotabato valley during the American ...

Business and Peace: The Case of La Frutera Plantation in ... - Page 42

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Mark S. Williams · 2011

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 42

This created a leadership vacuum in the Buayan Sultanate that was filled by Datu Piang, Datu Ali and Datu Djimbangan (Ileto, 2007, p. 110). Datu Piang, who was a Chinese-Magindanawn mestizo, “...co-opted into the American establishment, ...

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History, Culture, and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives

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O. W. Wolters · 2018

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 134

Datu Piang, today denigrated for collaborating with the Americans, was a Chinese merchant's son with links with datu society. Both Ali and he built up local reputations from parvenu origins. Ali was reputed to be brave and Piang to have ...

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The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898T1934: An ... - Page 13

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Benjamin R. Beede · 1994

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Datu. mission to examine the conduct of the war. This resulted in the creation of the "Dodge Commission," which produced ... A shrewd Chinese trader, Datu Piang had risen by the late 19th century from obscurity into prominence through ...

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American Datu: John J. Pershing and Counterinsurgency ...

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Ronald K. Edgerton · 2020

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It required no great sagacity to curry favor with a Chinese Maguindanaoan named Datu Piang, who had succeeded in both securing Spanish protection and consolidating sa-ilud support in the 1890s.68 He had also managed to cross over into ...

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The Improbable Journeys of Billy Battles (Book 2 in the ... - Page 306

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Ronald Yates · 2016

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 306

That old bastard Datu Piang is nothing but a goddamned Chinese bandit. And now he's the governor. If that ain't a hell of a thing.” Captain Chunky smiled. “You seem to know your way around down here, Mr. Gower.

 

 

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Datu Piang - Wikipedia

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Piang Tan (1846–1933) a Chinese Maguindanaon ruler, popularly known as Datu Piang, is often referred to as the Grand Old Man of Cotabato. Datu Piang (fourth ...

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Datu Piang, Maguindanao - Wikipedia

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Datu Piang, officially the Municipality of Datu Piang is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Maguindanao, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, ...

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With the Spanish evacuation of Cotabato in 1899, the men of Piang and his allies sacked Cotabato town, and a number of Christian Filipinos were killed or forced ...

DATU PIANG DESCENDANT (Online Sales) - Facebook

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With the Spanish evacuation of Cotabato in 1899, the men of Piang and his allies sacked Cotabato town, and a number of Settler Filipinos were killed or forced ...

the datus of the rio grande de cot aba to under colonial rule

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di J Beckett · 1898 · Citato da 12 — When the Spaniards withdrew at the beginning of 1899 they left. Cotabato under a triumvirate, composed of Datu Piang, representing.

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Datu Piang, Maguindanao - Wikiwand

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Datu Piang (fourth from left) with American officers, 1899 ... It is among the first municipalities of the old Cotabato province. Republic Act No.

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20 set 2020 — Date, 1 January 1899 ... Datu Piang. Usage on en.wikipedia.org. Cotabato City · Datu Piang, Maguindanao · Datu Piang · Cotabato (historical ...

the libertos of tamontaka in the jesuit letters (1872-1899)

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24 giu 2022 — municipalities: Cotabato, Dulawan (later named Datu Piang, in honor of Amai. Mingka, the father of Governor Ugalingan Piang and Congressman ...

imperial interactivities in the islamic philippines, 1899–1930s

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Cotabato. Jolo. Davao. Sandakan. MINDANAO. Basilan ... officials relied heavi ly on a local leader of Chinese descent named Datu Piang.

 

 

datu piang cotabato 1899

The Embarrassment of Slavery: Controversies Over Bondage and ...

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Michael Salman · 2003

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 67

Datu Andong, the son of a datu who had allied himself with the Spaniards, began to threaten Tamontaka, urging the libertos to return ... When U.S. troops arrived at Cotabato in December 1899 Piang readily shifted allegiance yet again, ...

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Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed ... - Pagina 93

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Thomas M. McKenna · 1998

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 93

Datu Utu ( seated center ) with his wife , Rajah Putri , and retinue , circa 1890. ... With the Spanish evacuation of Cotabato in 1899 , the men of Piang and his allies sacked Cotabato town , and a number of Christian Filipinos were ...

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American Datu: John J. Pershing and Counterinsurgency ...

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Ronald K. Edgerton · 2020

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO

John J. Pershing and Counterinsurgency Warfare in the Muslim Philippines, 1899-1913 Ronald K. Edgerton. Datu Piang in bringing peace and order to Cotabato. As it happened, Gen. Wood had left Moro Province to undergo an operation in the ...

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The Philippine Revolution and Beyond: Papers from the ...

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Elmer A. Ordoñez · 1998 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 657

After the Spanish withdrawal from Cotabato , Datu Piang declared himself sultan of Mindanao . On 6 January 1899 , with a thousand warriors , he occupied Cotabato and later on Tamontaka . The churches and convents were badly damaged and ...

The Filipino-American War, 1899-1913 - Pagina 171

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Samuel K. Tan · 2002 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 171

While the American campaign was going on in Lanao the same was also true in Cotabato . 2. The Maguindanaon Resistance The Cotabato Muslims were becoming restless despite the earlier success of American diplomacy to get Datu Piang and ...

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First National Conference on the Philippine-American War, ... - Pagina 2

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1989 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 2

Datu Piang a few days aboard the dispatch named named Sabah . Their aim was to confer with Datu Piang on which tactics to employ SO as to capture the datu . ... Dato Djimbangan , who is in the Cotabato guardhouse waiting trial .

The War of 1898, and U.S. Interventions, 1898-1934: An ... - Pagina 13

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Benjamin R. Beede · 1994

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 13

Carl Reichmann , U.S. military govsion , ” which produced eight volumes of docu- ernor of Cotabato , tried to prevent the ... interview with McKinley on 19 July Datu Ali's fort , located between Kudarangan and 1899 , Alger resigned .

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Islam, Elite Competition, and Ethnic Mobilization: Forms of ...

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Thomas M. McKenna · 1990 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 198

Equally important were Datu Piang's downriver ties in Cotabato town , particularly with Chinese traders . ... Spanish evacuation of Cotabato in 1899 , the men of Piang and his . allies sacked Cotabato town , and a number of Christian ...

Filipino Heritage: The period of armed struggle (1896-1900)

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Alfredo R. Roces · 1978 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 2176

On January 6 , 1899 , Datu Piang of Dulawan with 1,000 of his warriors started to surround Spanish garrisons in Cotabato . In March they tried to take Pollok from the Christian Filipinos but were unable to , since the retreating ...

Filipino Heritage: The period of armed struggle (1896-1900): ...

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1978 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 2176

On January 6 , 1899 , Datu Piang of Dulawan with 1,000 of his warriors started to surround Spanish garrisons in Cotabato . In March they tried to take Pollok from the Christian Filipinos but were unable to , since the retreating ...

 

 

datu piang tuya

Bangsamoro, a Nation Under Endless Tyranny - Pagina 82

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Salah Jubair · 1999 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 82

Datu Ali was supposed to succeed Sultan Anwaruddin Utto as chief of the Buayan sultanate , but for some reasons Datu Piang or Tuya Tan , his father - in - law , had become the most popular chieftain in Cotabato when the Americans ...

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Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed ... - Pagina 91

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Thomas M. McKenna · 1998

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 91

According to the hagiographic biography of Piang contained in the 1952 Cotabato Guidebook ( Millan 1952 ) , he was born circa 1850 , the son of a Chinese trader from Amoy named Tuya Tan and a Magindanaon mother . Datu Adil relates the ...

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Cotabato 1952 Guidebook: Reference and Guide to Its Past, ...

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Simeon F. Millan · 1952 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 291

His father , Tuya Tan , came from Amoy , China , who married a Moro man , named Tiko . The boy Piang grew up to be a good trader like his father . In one of his trading trips up and down the Cotabato River , Piang Datu Ugalingan Piang ...

Muslim Secession Or Integration? - Pagina 46

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Alunan C. Glang · 1969 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 46

The ascendancy of Amai Mengka ( Datu Piang ) , a Chinese mestizo named Tuya Tan , retainer to Datu Otto ( Utu in Spanish accounts ) who was the last Rajah of Buayan , made Piang acknowledged leader of the Moros upon the death of Datu ...

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Capitalism, The American Empire, and Neoliberal ... - Pagina 128

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Kenneth E. Bauzon · 2019

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 128

Born in 1850 to a Chinese trader from Amoy named Tuya Tan and one of the unnamed concubines of Datu Uttu, the Sultan of Buayan, Piang nonetheless grew up as a protege of Datu Uttu who conferred on him the title “Minister of Lands.

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Islam, Elite Competition, and Ethnic Mobilization: Forms of ...

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Thomas M. McKenna · 1990 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 196

Datu Piang The first and most influential of the colonial datus of . ... contained in the 1952 Cotabato Guidebook ( Millan 1952 ) , he was born circa 1850 , the son of a Chinese trader from Amoy named Tuya Tan and a Magindanaon mother .

Regenten Der Nationen - Pagina 1349

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Peter Truhart · 2003 · ‎Nessuna recensione

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Dell'arte dei giardini inglesi

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Ercole Silva · 1801

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Annotated Bibliography of Mindanao Studies: Peace, gender ...

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2005 · ‎Nessuna recensione

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Annotated Bibliography: Maguindanaon, Tausug, Yakan Studies

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Samier M. Bakuludan, ‎Munap H. Hairulla, ‎Ermina K. Mariano · 1996 · ‎Nessuna recensione

 

 

taosug slaves chinese married islam

American Datu: John J. Pershing and Counterinsurgency ...

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Ronald K. Edgerton · 2020

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO

John J. Pershing and Counterinsurgency Warfare in the Muslim Philippines, 1899-1913 Ronald K. Edgerton ... Thus did slave raiding become central to the spectacular rise of the Tausug people and their sultanate in the late eighteenth and ...

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Mindanao Statecraft and Ecology: Moros, Lumads, and Settlers ...

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Eric S. Casino · 2000 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 159

After one or two generations , many of these slaves - Visayans , Tagalogs , Minahasans , Moluccans , among others - converted to Islam , married into the local population , adopted Taosug ways , and eventually achieved Taosug identity ...

The Sulu Zone, 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, ...

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James Francis Warren · 1981

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State and Society in the Philippines - Pagina 45

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Patricio N. Abinales, ‎Donna J. Amoroso · 2017

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 45

members of each resident community, including the Chinese, Tausug, and Sama-Bajaw ethnic groups.5 The Tausug were the ... Ignorance of the Koran, arbitrary application of Islamic law, and marriage with nonbelievers frequently persisted.

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Bonded Labour and Debt in the Indian Ocean World - Pagina 88

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Gwyn Campbell, ‎Alessandro Stanziani · 2015

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 88

It must be noted that slavery and slave raiding were fundamental to the Sulu State, primarily as a consequence of the onset of trade with China, and never as a strictly Islamic enterprise. Links to the China Trade – Historical ...

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Islamic Civilization in the Malay World - Pagina 100

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Mohd. Taib Osman · 1997 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 100

... Islam since the fifteenth century but only gained pre - eminence with the expansion of the China trade two centuries later . The first ruler , Sherif - ul - Hashim was an Arab trader who married the daughter of the Tausug Jolo chief ...

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The Sulu Zone, 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, ...

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James Francis Warren · 2007

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 247

The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State James Francis Warren. 52 دو 53 54 Marriages were arranged for banyaga who were looked upon with favour by their masters .

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The Sulu Zone: The World Capitalist Economy and the ...

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James Francis Warren · 1998 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

This study focuses on a fascinating geographical, cultural and historical 'border zone', centered around the Sulu and Celebes seas between 1768 and 1898, and its complex interactions with China and the West.

Trade, Raid, Slave: The Socio-economic Patterns of the Sulu ...

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James Francis Warren · 1975 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 402

The marriage of the slave of one master to the slave of another involved 82 compensation and disputes about such arrangements were a cause of enmity . Indio men had to convert to marry Muslim women . Indio women could avoid conversion ...

Storia della schiavitù in Africa

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Paul E. Lovejoy, ‎Mariano Pavanello · 2019

Paul E. Lovejoy conduce il lettore dalle origini delle tratte della schiavitù in Africa nel XV secolo fino alle sue ultime forme globali nel XX secolo, all’epoca della decolonizzazione.Il libro segue le trasformazioni di un fenomeno ...

 

sharif mohammed afdal afghan sulu

Ka Rodrigo “Digong” Roa Duterte - Facebook

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The message was carried by Sherif Mohammed Afdal, an Afghanistan High Priest from Rio Grande, to persuade the recalcitrant datus to yield to the demands of ...

The Embarrassment of Slavery: Controversies Over Bondage and ...

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Michael Salman · 2003 · ‎History

... over slavery and indirect rule like those that increased tensions in Sulu. ... the “Afghan” Sharif Mohammed Afdal, to negotiate with Maranao datus for ...

Hadhramaut and its Diaspora: Yemeni Politics, Identity and ...

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Noel Brehony · 2017 · ‎History

Jamal al-Din, sultan of Sulu (1862–81) had an 'Afghan' chief qadi, of indeterminate ethnicity.26 Sharif Afdal of Bukhara, who spoke Hindustani (Urdu), ...

The Transnational Career of Dr. Najeeb Mitry Saleeby ...

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di T Marr · 2014 · Citato da 7 — ... Islamic doctrine, he befriended Magindanao Datu Kali Adam and Afghan Sharif Mohammad Afdal, from whom he gained deep access to Moro customs and

 

 

 

"The Moros then looted the town, although apparently the Chinese residents, with whom they were always friendly, were not molested"

United States Congressional Serial Set

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1902

The Moros then looted the town , although apparently the Chinese residents , with whom they were always friendly , were not molested - only the Filipinos .

Annual Reports .... - Volume 9 - Pagina 523 - Risultati da Google Libri

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United States. War Department · 1902

The Moros then looted the town , although apparently the Chinese residents , with whom they were always friendly , were not molested - only the Filipinos .

Elihu Root Collection of United States Documents Relating to ...

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1902 · ‎Philippines

The Moros then looted the town , although apparently the Chinese residents , with whom they were always friendly , were not molested - only the Filipinos .

 

 

“changing their religion, and enslaving their people.”

The Transnational Career of Dr. Najeeb Mitry Saleeby ...

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di T Marr · 2014 · Citato da 7 — However, they dismissed his overtures and accused him of allying with the enemy in “changing their religion, and enslaving their people.

United States Congressional Serial Set

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1902

... in contact regarded him as an enemy who sought to aid the Americans in overthrowing the Moros , changing their religion , and enslaving their people .

Annual Reports .... - Volume 9 - Pagina 484 - Risultati da Google Libri

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United States. War Department · 1902

... in contact regarded him as an enemy who sought to aid the Americans in overthrowing the Moros , changing their religion , and enslaving their people .

Elihu Root Collection of United States Documents Relating to ...

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1902 · ‎Philippines

... in contact regarded him as an enemy who sought to aid the Americans in overthrowing the Moros , changing their religion , and enslaving their people .

 

sharif afdal afghan saleeby

The Transnational Career of Dr. Najeeb Mitry Saleeby ...

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di T Marr · 2014 · Citato da 7 — ... he befriended Magindanao Datu Kali Adam and Afghan Sharif Mohammad Afdal, from whom he gained deep access to Moro customs and creeds. Although Saleeby ...

Browse subject: Muslims -- Saudi Arabia | The Online Books Page

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1913), by Najeeb M. Saleeby (page images at HathiTrust; US access only); [X-Info] ... Oxford University Press, 1921), by Jaʻfar Sharīf, William Crooke, ...

Hadhramaut and its Diaspora: Yemeni Politics, Identity and ...

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Noel Brehony · 2017 · ‎History

Thus, Sharif Afdal, who played a major role as a go-between in American campaigns in the Pulangui Valley in the early 1900s, hailed from Afghanistan or ...

The Oxford History Of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400–1800 [PDF ...

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Najeeb M. Saleeby, The History of Sulu (Manila, 1963). ... twelfth and the early thirteenth centuries saw the Turko-Afghan contingents move towards India, ...

 

 

Aṕid sa Guimba

Beyond the Sayyid and Sharī f kī rim reading of the salsila

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... the main resource, Sardar Muḥammad Afḍal Khān II al-Afghānī (Aṕid sa Guimba) [c.1865-1920] were ultimately lost in the war during the American regime.

 

 

afdal ali dato

Elihu Root Collection of United States Documents Relating to ...

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1902

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 484

About the end of March the Sherif Mohammed Afdal , an Afghan and Mohammedan priest , residing with Dato Ali in the Rio Grande Valley ( to whose daughter the sheriff is married ) , and who had , during the Spanish ...

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United States Congressional Serial Set - Volume 4451 - Pagina 484

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1902

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 484

About the end of March the Sherif Mohammed Afdal , an Afghan and Mohammedan priest , residing with Dato Ali in the Rio Grande Valley ( to whose daughter the sheriff is married ) , and who had , during the Spanish times , lived in the ...

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Annual Reports .... - Volume 9 - Pagina 484

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United States. War Department · 1902

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 484

About the end of March the Sherif Mohammed Afdal , an Afghan and Mohammedan priest , residing with Dato Ali in the Rio Grande Valley ( to whose daughter the sheriff is married ) , and who had , during the Spanish times , lived in the ...

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I mausolei della necropoli di Assuan. Materiali per ... - Pagina 87

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Amelia Blundo · 2020

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 87

Gli successe il figlio al-Afdal Shahinshah che fu, come il padre, un prolifico costruttore. ... e di riti cerimoniali ed è datato al 1122 l'ordine, dato dal visir Abu ʿAli bin Fatik, di “restaurare” diversi santuari della capitale.

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Studi magrebini - Edizioni 13-14 - Pagina 20

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1966 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 20

( al - Afdal ) ' Ali al - Malik al - Mu'ayyad ' Imād al - Din , principe siriano della famiglia ayyubide ... ma di notevole interesse : il Taqwim al - buldān , geografia descrittiva ampliata con dati fisici e matematici in forma di ...

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Annali musulmani di Gio. B. Rampoldi. Volume primo ...

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1824

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 44

1 Alì al Mansur , benchè soltanto in età , come leggesi nel Nighiaristan , di sei lune . A questo nuovo principe venne dato il soprannome di Amer Beamri ' llah , o , come dicono , Ebn Amid , ed Ebn Schohnah : Amer Beahkham Al'lah ...

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Annali Musulmani, Volume 7 - Pagina 44

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Giovanni Battista Rampoldi · 1824

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 44

1 1 Alì al Mansur , benchè soltanto in età , come leggesi nel Nighiaristan , di sei lune . A questo nuovo principe venne dato il soprannome di Amer Beamri ' llah , o , come dicono , Ebn Amid , ed Ebn Schohnah : Amer Beahkham Al ' lah ...

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Scritti di storia giuridica: Comunità e diritto internazionale - Pagina 214

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Giulio Vismara · 1989 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 214

... quando re Baldovino fu sconfitto dall'esercito egiziano al comando di Sharaf al - Ma'āli figlio del vizir al - Afdal da lui temerariamente affrontato . Il nome ' Auepluvhs dato da Anna COMNENA , XI , 7 , 2 = III , 32 , l .

Serial set (no.4001-4500) - Pagina 484

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1902 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 484

About the end of March the Sherif Mohammed Afdal , an Afghan and Mohammedan priest , residing with Dato Ali in the Rio Grande Valley ( to whose daughter the sheriff is married ) , and who had , during the Spanish times , lived in the ...

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Storia universale dal principio del mondo sino al presente ...

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1786

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 70

... detto Afdal ; questo Vifir era irritato contro Nezar , primogenito del Califo , a cagione d'un piccolo affronto , che gli ... o per parlare più esattamente dopo aver regnato ferte anni e due mesi . mer Abu Ali Al Mansur , suo figlio ...

 

United States Congressional Serial "half moro"

United States Congressional Serial Set - Volume 4274 - Pagina 386

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1901

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 386

Said inclosure contains statements of Lim Ah Seng , Yap Khan , Yap Ghee , Koh Kee Chian , Yap Kim Chooi , Chong Khoan , Yap Tiong Yong , Lim Pook , and Lim Kok , all Chinamen , and Sah Bee , a woman who is half Chinese and half Moro ...

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Perdersi a Londra

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Charles Dickens, ‎A. Vescovi · 2021 · ‎Nessuna recensione

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The New York Times Saturday Review of Books and Art - Pagina 8

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1968 · ‎Nessuna recensione

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New York Times Book Review and Magazine - Pagina 8

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1968 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 8

standing of the financial conditions of the United States , or of any other counConstable of Zenda follows try . “ The Monetary Systems of ... Two vols . , 8vo , half moro . , 0. uncut , by R. W. Smith , Boston , 18 .-- $ 17 . Wither .

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Sharif Mohammad Afdal

Waqf in Central Asia: Four Hundred Years in the History of a ...

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R. D. McChesney · 2014

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 265

According to Wheeler, Muhammad Afdal was faced with a rebellion by the governor of Aqchah as well. ... capturing both the governor of Mazar-i Sharif and the governor of Akcha, and put them to death, together with their sons.

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The Embarrassment of Slavery: Controversies Over Bondage and ...

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Michael Salman · 2003

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 112

Datu Ali provided the services of his son-in-law, the “Afghan” Sharif Mohammed Afdal, to negotiate with Maranao datus for the colonial state in March and April 1902.

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History of the Arabic Written Tradition Supplement Volume 2

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Carl Brockelmann · 2018

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 303

Muhammad Fawzi (mufti of Urfa), Istanbul n.d. (Cairo” I, 170).-y. Muhammad Håshim Jilăni (d. ... Abu'l-Hasan Muhammad Afdal, Râmpur I, 295,114.—dd. ... Tahrir al-'awā'id watafrid al-'awā'id by Muhammad Sharif al-Husayni ...

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A Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the Library of the ...

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1877

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 321

Muhammad b . Muhammad . Kutb al - dîn Shîrâzî , v . Mahmûd b . Mas'ûd . Luțf Allah b . ... Muḥammad b . Muhammad b . al - Nu'mân . Muhammad ( Abu Hamid ) , 699 II . Muhammad ( Afdal al - dîn ) , 1043 XI . Muhammad Abu'l - Hasan ) b .

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A Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the Library of the ...

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Great Britain. India Office. Library · 1877

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 321

Muḥammad b . Muḥammad . ķutb al - din Shîrâzî , v . Mahmûd b . Mas'ûd . Luțf Allah b . ... Muḥammad b . Muhammad b . al - Nu'mân . Muḥammad ( Abu Hâmid ) , 699 II . Muhammad ( Afdal al - din ) , 1043 XI . Muḥammad ( Abu'l - Hasan ) b .

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A Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the Library of the ...

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Otto Loth · 1877

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 321

Muhammad b . Muhammad . ķuțb al - din Shîrâzî , v . Mahmûd b . Mas'ûd . Lutf Allah b . Ahmad , the geometrician , 761 . ... Muhammad b . Muhammad b . al - Nu'mân . Muḥammad ( Abu Ưâmid ) , 699 II . Muhammad Afdal al - din ) , 1043 XI .

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Catalogue of the Persian, Turkish, Hindustani, and Pushtu ...

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Bodleian Library, ‎Hermann Ethé, ‎Alfred Felix Landon Beeston · 1889

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 245

Muhammad Afdal Sarkhwush ' Alamgiri , khân Kokultash ( CLUST , one of Akbar's Amirs , on on fol . 934. 318. ... Maulânâ Sharif of Tabriz , a pupil of and companion of Najm - aldîn Kubrâ , on fol . 876. 280 . Lisânî of Shîrâz , on fol .

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Catalogue of the Persian, Turkish, Hind̂ust̂an̂i and Pusht̂u ...

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Bodleian Library · 1889

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 245

Muhammad Afdal Sarkhwush Alamgirî , khân Kokultash ( CLASST , one of Akbar's Amîrs , on on fol . 93a . 318. ... Maulânâ Sharif of Tabriz , a pupil of and companion of Najm - aldîn Kubrâ , on fol . 87b . 280 .

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Indian National Bibliography - Pagina 749

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B. S. Kesavan · 1962 · ‎Nessuna recensione

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Moroland, 1899-1906: America's First Attempt to Transform an ...

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Robert A. Fulton · 2007 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 125

a Baldwin arranged for a Muslim cleric , Sharif Muhammad Afdal ( an Afghan who had lived in the lake country but moved to the Rio Grande to marry a daughter of Datu Ali ) , to carry a message from him to the datus of the southern end of ...

 

 

datu piang datu ali 1899 cotabato

The War of 1898, and U.S. Interventions, 1898-1934: An ... - Pagina 13

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Benjamin R. Beede · 1994

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 13

In an encounter on 3 March 1904 monious interview with McKinley on 19 July Datu Ali's fort , located between Kudarangan and 1899 , Alger resigned . Serenaya , was shelled , and several of the defendAlger still retained political power ...

Anteprima

 

The Embarrassment of Slavery: Controversies Over Bondage and ...

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Michael Salman · 2003

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 67

Datu Andong, the son of a datu who had allied himself with the Spaniards, began to threaten Tamontaka, urging the libertos to return ... When U.S. troops arrived at Cotabato in December 1899 Piang readily shifted allegiance yet again, ...

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American Datu: John J. Pershing and Counterinsurgency ...

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Ronald K. Edgerton · 2020

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 292

According to Richard Barry, “Piang made the money and [Datu] Ali spent it” on gambling and women (“The End of Datto ... Piang bore at least partial responsibility for Cotabato's descent into disorder between September and December 1899, ...

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The Filipino-American War, 1899-1913 - Pagina 171

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Samuel K. Tan · 2002 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 171

The Maguindanaon Resistance The Cotabato Muslims were becoming restless despite the earlier success of American diplomacy to get Datu Piang and other datus to collaborate with American rule . In early 1903 , Datu Ali , son of Datu Uttu ...

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The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898T1934: An ... - Pagina 13

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Benjamin R. Beede · 1994

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 13

When U.S. sovereignty was established in the islands in 1899, he was the logical choice of U.S. authorities to help ... The remaining obstacle in the Rio Grande was Datu Ali, son-in-law of Datu Piang, who had assumed the line of ...

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First National Conference on the Philippine-American War, ... - Pagina 8

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1989 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 8

Ali's two wives , captured during the fight were turned over to Datu Piang at Reina Eegente because Bai Minca wee Piang's dzughter and Sanduvugan was ... another gore spot in Cotabato was renoved . witl : the extermination of Datu Ali .

A Story of Mindanao and Sulu in Question and Answer - Pagina 46

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B. R. Rodil · 2003 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 46

Ali was also the son - in - law of Datu Piang who took over from Datu Uto . As soon as the Spaniards departed from Cotabato in 1899 , Datu Ali , along with Datu Diambangan immediately filled in the power vacuum . Datu Ali did not only ...

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Two Hills of the Same Land: Truth Behind the Mindanao Problem

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Rad D. Silva · 1979 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 19

He was also the son - in - law of Datu Piang who took over from Datu Uto . As soon as the Spaniards evacuated Cotabato in 1899 , Datu Ali , along with Datu Diambangan took over immediately . At the start of the American colonial regime ...

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Philippine Social Sciences Review - Volumi 56-61

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1999 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO

THE MAGUINDANAO ARMED STRUGGLE : THE CASE OF DATU ALI OF KUDARANGAN , COTABATO ( 1899-1905 ) The most outstanding armed ... Ali was also a son - in - law of Datu Piang , a Maguindanao chieftain , who took over the Maguindanao leadership ...

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Capitalism, The American Empire, and Neoliberal ... - Pagina 127

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Kenneth E. Bauzon · 2019

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 127

The US military had successfully sought to coopt Datu Piang, Datu Ali's father-in-law, thereby weakening Datu Ali's base of support. At that time, Datu Piang was reputed to be the most influential among colonial datus of Cotabato even ...

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

"latia jaham" islam Chinese

China, Across the Seas. The Chinese as Filipinos - Pagina 87

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Aileen San Pablo Baviera, ‎Teresita Ang See · 1992 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 87

According to the Kong matriarch , Latia Jaham , a woman from the local elite of Malanta , her ancestry has claims to ancient origin and even to the earliest contact with Islam . She married Kong Bu Wa , an intrepid Chinese trader from ...

華人: - Pagina 132

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Teresita Ang See, ‎Bon Juan Go · 1994 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 132

... captures the American effort to induce the economic development of the Muslim South by encouraging private and foreign participation . " Like most Chinese men , Kong Bu Wa married a native , Latia Jaham , daughter of a land - owning ...

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Mindanao Journal

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1978 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 107

Bentley is correct in pointing out the confusion because of the use of “ Muslim population " instead of " population ... I would not have been born had my grandmother , Latia Jaham ( a pure bred native ) , not married a Chinese trader .

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PDRC Currents: Bi-monthly Magazine of the PDRC.

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1991 · ‎Visualizzazione brani

CONTENUTO TROVATO ALL'INTERNO – PAGINA 7

According to the Kong Matriarch , Latia Jaham , a woman from the local elite of Malanta , her ancestry has claims to ancient origin and even to the earliest contacts with Islam . She married Kong Bu Wa , an intrepid Chinese trader from ...

 

 

", Latia Jaham ( a pure bred native ) , not married a Chinese""

Mindanao Journal

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· Vertaal deze pagina

1978 · ‎Fragmentweergave

GEVONDEN IN HET BOEK – PAGINA 107

I would not have been born had my grandmother , Latia Jaham ( a pure bred native ) , not married a Chinese trader . Or , the Schucks of Jolo , who have become a part of the Sulu leading elite , would not have risen to such a position if ...

 

 

"the Sulu leading elite , would not have risen to such a position if"

Mindanao Journal

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1978 · ‎Fragmentweergave

GEVONDEN IN HET BOEK – PAGINA 107

Or , the Schucks of Jolo , who have become a part of the Sulu leading elite , would not have risen to such a position if a native royal lineage had not married a German , a non - Muslim . Clearly , Bentley's misperception is ...

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"latia jaham"

Society and Culture: The Asian Heritage : Festschrift for ... - Pagina 64

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Artemio Palongpalong, ‎Juan R. Francisco, ‎Sylvano Mahiwo · 1999 · ‎Fragmentweergave

GEVONDEN IN HET BOEK – PAGINA 64

Based on interviews with Apoh Latia Jaham Kong in 1962-1963 before she died . The interviewee is the author's maternal grandmother . Hereafter , " The Latia Interview . " 12 . 13 14 . 15 . The open letter of Captain Frank DeWitt in The ...

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China, Across the Seas. The Chinese as Filipinos - Pagina 87

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Aileen San Pablo Baviera, ‎Teresita Ang See · 1992 · ‎Fragmentweergave

GEVONDEN IN HET BOEK – PAGINA 87

According to the Kong matriarch , Latia Jaham , a woman from the local elite of Malanta , her ancestry has claims to ancient origin and even to the earliest contact with Islam . She married Kong Bu Wa , an intrepid Chinese trader from ...

Mindanao Journal

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· Vertaal deze pagina

1978 · ‎Fragmentweergave

GEVONDEN IN HET BOEK – PAGINA 107

I would not have been born had my grandmother , Latia Jaham ( a pure bred native ) , not married a Chinese trader . Or , the Schucks of Jolo , who have become a part of the Sulu leading elite , would not have risen to such a position if ...

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華人: - Pagina 137

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Teresita Ang See, ‎Bon Juan Go · 1994 · ‎Fragmentweergave

GEVONDEN IN HET BOEK – PAGINA 137

... of Senator Santanina T. Rasul to Bongao in 1988. The author was part of the Senator's party . 15. Based on interviews of Apoh Latia Jaham Kong in 1962 , 1963 before she died . The interviewee is the author's maternal grandmother .

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PDRC Currents: Bi-monthly Magazine of the PDRC.

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1991 · ‎Fragmentweergave

GEVONDEN IN HET BOEK – PAGINA 7

According to the Kong Matriarch , Latia Jaham , a woman from the local elite of Malanta , her ancestry has claims to ancient origin and even to the earliest contacts with Islam . She married Kong Bu Wa , an intrepid Chinese trader from ...

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

fujioka moros Japanese

Japanese Pan-Asianism and the Philippines from the Late ... - Page 172

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Sven Matthiessen · 2015

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 172

Fujioka described the utmost brutality of the Moros, who had killed about 1,000 Japanese soldiers within less than one month after the Japanese landing. They would not only take the weapons and clothes from the dead soldiers, ...

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Grassroots Fascism: The War Experience of the Japanese People

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Yoshiaki Yoshimi · 2015

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 198

The War Experience of the Japanese People Yoshiaki Yoshimi. 15 as the day of the Obon festival, but they had no way of knowing this was also the day of the surrender. A week later, Fujioka's new best friend joined the dead. a surrender ...

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Jungleer - Volume 48 - Page 2

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1992 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 2

As was his Japanese soldier's right , Gen Suzuki chose to command . It was his final position of honor . 2. ... Being against the war , Fujioka had refused his opportunity to become an officer . ) Jap arms were superior to Moro carbines ...

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Japan Trade Directory - Page 558

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1992 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 558

( A. Tominaga , W. Fujioka & M. Moro E , Tel : 078-857-0305 ) Tokyo Branch ( T. Fukuyama & H. Yoshitomi E. Tel : 03-3669-7341 ) : Fresh fruits & vegetables ; Osaka Branch ( M. Furuta , M. Kageyama , T. Fukunaga , & K. Sato E ...

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Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology

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1985 · ‎No preview

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Diary of a Colonized Native: (Years of Hidden Colonial Slavery)

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Ibrahim S. Omar · 2018

FOUND INSIDE

end of Japanese colonial conquest, the Moro freedom fighters relentlessly fought the Japanese occupation forces. ... In his book, 'A Diary of Defeat,' Akiyoshi Fujioka, a Japanese soldier lucky enough to make it back to Japan after the ...

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Japan Report - Page 6

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1955

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 6

Dr. Yoshio Fujioka , professor of physics , Tokyo University of Education , Dr. Hiromi Arisawa , professor of economics , Tokyo University . ... tube . Hitachi Trial manufacture of neutron counter . ( Moro ) -6-7(

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Library of Congress Subject Headings - Page 2179

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Library of Congress. Cataloging Policy and Support Office · 1998

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 2179

F8593 ) UF Fujidō Kōshinko Fujikokyo BT Sects - Japan Fujido Koshinko USE Fujido Fujigawa ( Japan ) USE Fuji ... Nara - ken , Japan ) BT Japan - Antiquities Tombs - Japan Fujioka family ( Not Subd Geog ) Fujishima family ( Not Subd Geog ) ...

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Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXXI - Page xxi

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Eiji Takahashi, ‎Duane F. Bruley · 2010

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE XXI

... OH 44106, USA Valeria Fanelli Institute of Cardiology, DETO, Università degli studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Policlinico, ... 606-8507, Japan Masako Fujioka Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, ...

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Deep Brain Stimulation Think Tank: Updates in ...

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Michael S. Okun, ‎James J. Giordano, ‎Adolfo Ramirez-Zamora · 2021

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"kim hin came to dominate"

 

PDRC Currents: Bi-monthly Magazine of the PDRC. - Volume 2 - Page 8

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1991 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 8

... the most effective means also altered the economic base Kim Hin came to dominate of the clan from commerce and the family . He kept the of neutralizing traditional trade to agriculture and Chinese tradition vibrant by politics .

China, Across the Seas. The Chinese as Filipinos - Page 87

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Aileen San Pablo Baviera, ‎Teresita Ang See · 1992 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 87

Being educated and astute , Kim Hin came to dominate the family . He kept the Chinese tradition vibrant by imposing on his children the use of the Chinese language in addition to the local Tausug and Sama .

 

 

fujioka moros carbines krises

 

Jungleer - Volume 48 - Page 2

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1992 · ‎Snippet view

FOUND INSIDE – PAGE 2

Being against the war , Fujioka had refused his opportunity to become an officer . ) Jap arms were superior to Moro carbines and krises despite their mortar Pln . Japs had about 10 LMGs , a few HMGs , and 100 rifles and bayonets .

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

abdusakur tan chinese arabs

 

Abdusakur Mahail Tan - Net Worth, Age, Height, Bio, Birthday ...

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Tan is of Chinese-Tausug descent and was born on July 13, 1950, in Maimbung, Sulu, the eldest child of Hadji Abubakar Tan (former mayor of Maimbung) and Hadja ...

INVESTIGATIVE REPORT: Sultan Muedzul-Lail Tan Kiram ...

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Jun 11, 2021 — DARUL JAMBANGAN, Maimbung, Lupah Sug: The legitimate 35th Sultan in the Sultanate of Sulu and North Borneo (Sabah) has issued stern warning ...

Migration, Indigenization And Interaction: Chinese Overseas ...

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Leo Suryadinata · 2011 · ‎Social Science

Chinese descent and ancestry.12 The term is now widely accepted and used extensively by the media to ... The incumbent Sulu Mayor is Abdusakur M. Tan ().

 

 

 

 

Sulu Gov. Tan, 3 children seek reelection unopposed

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Oct 15, 2021 — Sulu Governor Sakur Tan and his three children will need just one vote each to get reelected, so with 2nd District Rep. Munir Arbison.

 

 

Fight in Philippine Town Leaves Rubble and Death

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Feb 23, 1974 — JOLO, the Philippines, Feb., 21—Scanning a scene of devastation and ruin unlike any this country has seen since World War II, ...

 

 

 

https://web.archive.org/web/20150930185637/http://mnlfnet.com/Articles/BYC_29July2012_Reclaiming%20Bangsamoro%20Humanity%20from%20Foreign%20Colonizers.htm   

https://web.archive.org/web/20170527094721/http://mnlfnet.com/Articles/Editorial_07Feb2013_Revisiting%20the%20Feb%207%20Burning%20of%20Jolo.htm

https://web.archive.org/web/20150514060042/http://www.mnlfnet.com:80/Articles/Editorial_11August2012_Impact%20of%20Possible%20China-Phil%20War%20Within%20Filipino-Moro%20War%20in%20Mindanao.htm

https://web.archive.org/web/20151002225907/http://mnlfnet.com/Articles/BYC_17July2012_Open%20Letter%20to%20President%20Barrack%20Obama.htm

 

 

 

javanese circumcise Chinese

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The Seen and Unseen Worlds in Java, 1726-1749: History, ...

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Merle Calvin Ricklefs · 1998

Found inside – Page 179

farmers.58 So some Chinese assimilated to a considerable degree within , or at least coexisted peacefully with , Javanese society . The degree of ethnic ambiguity which could result is exemplified by a man of whom Natakusuma said that ...

 

 

The Chinese War and the Collapse of the Javanese State, ...

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Willem G. J. Remmelink · 1994 · ‎Snippet view

Found inside – Page 136

58 Chinese background of the Jayaningrat clan ( Pekalongan , Batang , Sidayu ) , and that of the Adipati of Semarang . ... or shaven Chinese , which in older Company texts usually means a circumcised Chinese , but in later texts also ...

Documenta Neerlandica Et Indonesica de Morbis Tropicis

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1951 · ‎Snippet view

Found inside – Page 364

TABLE IX Chinese and Javanese men Javanese women and Bataks Mouth and lips 17 61 13 = 5.5 % " } = 11.9 % Tongue . 18 Total number of tumours examined 639 563 Cancer of the penis . In the circumcised Javanese 13 cases of penile cancer ...

 

Javanese Literature in Surakarta Manuscripts: Introduction ... - Page 348

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Nancy K. Florida · 2018

Found inside – Page 348

Java, passim Chinese literature. See Chinese romance Chinese ... Java - [Dates] — Chronology, chronograms; and Literary Studies. Chronograms Chronology. ... Ceremony - Circumcision Classical literary tales Classical literary tales.

 

 

Javanese Lives: Women and Men in Modern Indonesian Society

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Walter L. Williams · 1991

Found inside – Page 234

Chinese in Indonesia , Javanese atti- 104 , 113 , 118 , 168–170 , 172 , 174– tudes toward , 42 , 62 , 82 , 99 , 113– 178 ... See also television 62-63 , 77 , 85 , 88 , 104 , 116 , 117 , circumcision , 104 , 123 143 , 146 , 163 , 173 ...

 

 

The Islamic Traditions of Cirebon: Ibadat and Adat Among ... - Page 142

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A.G. Muhaimin · 2006

Found inside – Page 142

Almost everyone in Cirebon, as is the case in Java, considers circumcision (sunat) as a requirement since in this way ... of circumcision age will be deeply embarrassed when his playmates tease him for being a Chinese because he has not ...

 

 

Social Status and Power in Java

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Leslie H. Palmier · 2021

Found inside

The few Javanese shops were all far poorer than the Chinese; they were hairdressers, watch-repairers, and tailors. ... except where a shadow-play was in progress, or a wedding, circumcision, or funeral reception was being held.

 

 

Sojourners and Settlers: Histories of Southeast Asia and the ... - Page 75

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Anthony Reid · 2001

Found inside – Page 75

and business arrangements with the Javanese elite may not have been contingent on conversion , but the Chinese who ... the Java War in 1825 , when Dipanegara ordered that Chinese who wished to become Muslims should be circumcised and ...

 

 

Java and Modern Europe: Ambiguous Encounters - Page 466

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Ann Kumar · 2013

Found inside – Page 466

... Semarang 225 Malang (Supit Urang) 207, 212-13 Malays: artillery 11; Banten 260; Chinese account 380; Javanese account 385-6; piracy 380, 382; Semarang 224, 225 Malaysia: circumcision 183; Javanese influence 27-8 mancanagara 69-71, ...

 

 

Journal of the National Cancer Institute - Volume 11, Issue 3 - Page 643

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1950

Found inside – Page 643

In Chinese the incidence of ulcers is about the same as in other countries , but in Javanese they are very rare . ... KHANOLKAR : There are variations both in the efficiency of the circumcision and in the age at which it is performed .

 

 

Cakraningrat IV chinese islam

Concise History of Islam - Page 343

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Muzaffar Husain Syed, ‎Syed Saud Akhtar, ‎B D Usmani · 2011

Found inside – Page 343

At the end of November, Cakraningrat IV had controlled the stretch of east coast from Tuban to Sedayu and the Dutch relieved Tegal of Chinese rebels. This caused Pakubuwana II to change sides and open negotiations with the Dutch.

 

 

Islamic States in Java 1500–1700: Eight Dutch Books and ... - Page 151

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Theodore Gauthier Th. Pigeaud · 2013

Found inside – Page 151

Imagiri (pg.), pg. Cakra Ningrat I, IV-2 47. imam of the mosque of Demak, I 47-50; IX 7,8. Ima Reksa, son of Wangsa Dipa, IV-1 193; IV-2 130. “Imbassadana”, Chinese harbour master, Japara, IV-1 21, 175, 196, 199-201, 204.

 

 

Indonesia: Peoples and Histories - Page 414

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Jean Gelman Taylor · 2003

Found inside – Page 414

... Sutomo Butung : becomes Islamic state , 66 ; links to Majapahit , 102 , 116 Cakraningrat IV , 181 , 190 Calendars ... Asian brides of Dutch men , 204 Converts : to Islam , 65 , 130 ; Chinese , 130 , 171 , 186 ; European , 171-172 ...

 

 

The Seen and Unseen Worlds in Java, 1726-1749: History, ...

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Merle Calvin Ricklefs · 1998

Found inside – Page 262

History, Literature, and Islam in the Court of Pakubuwana II Merle Calvin Ricklefs. imagined . Babad Kraton tells of the fighting in the ... In a furious battle Cakraningrat IV's army broke through the Kartasura and Chinese forces .

 

 

Soul Catcher: Java’s Fiery Prince Mangkunagara I, 1726-95 - Page 36

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Merle Ricklefs · 2018

Found inside – Page 36

Furthermore, Cakraningrat IV's Muslim forces of Madura were supporting the Company and, therefore, were now enemies of Pakubuwana II. It seems that some, perhaps many, of the Chinese whom the King had now opted to join were also Muslims ...

 

 

Fragile Nation, A: The Indonesian Crisis - Page 412

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Khoon Choy Lee · 1999

Found inside – Page 412

... 175-177 Byzantine 34 Cairo 70 Museum 271 Cakra Donya 287 Cakrabuana 149 Cakraningrat 40, 188 Cakraningrat IV 188 ... 286 Chinese massacre 188 Chinese merchants 372 Chinese minority 225 Chinese-Muslim 150 Chinese nationalism 244, ...

 

 

Islam - Essays in Scripture, Thought and Society: A ... - Page 246

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Peter G. Riddell, ‎Tony Street, ‎Anthony Hearle Johns · 1997

Found inside – Page 246

The number of besiegers around Sěmarang grew to an estimated 40–50,000 Javanese and 3,500 Chinese with over fifty ... them.35 Meanwhile , forces of the Company's ally Cakraningrat IV of West Madura were sweeping through East Java .

 

A History of Modern Indonesia, C. 1300 to the Present - Page 88

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Merle Calvin Ricklefs · 1981 · ‎Snippet view

Found inside – Page 88

By November 1741 , the VOC post at Semarang was surrounded by an estimated 20 000 Javanese and 3500 Chinese with thirty cannon . Cakraningrat IV was now convinced that Pakubuwana II was heading for disaster and that alliance with the ...

 

Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore Handbook - Page 629

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1994 · ‎Snippet view

Found inside – Page 629

The VOC , with the help of Cakraningrat IV of Madura , defeated the Chinese and . slaughtered all those they could lay ... Islamic , Chinese and European influences are still in evidence and there are numerous beautiful buildings dotted ...

 

Networks of Empire: Forced Migration in the Dutch East India ...

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Kerry Ward, ‎Associate Professor of World History Kerry Ward · 2009

Found inside – Page 332

... 160, 164 Chakaraningrat IV (King of Madura), 298-9 chattel slavery, 3, 74 China, 62 Chinese, 73, zsnsa, 249, ... 264-9, 286 Cakraningrat IV (Raden Djoerit), 220, 222-3 Cape, see Cape of Good Hope Cape Cauldron, 127 Cape Court, ...

 

Cakraningrat IV chinese killed

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Fragile Nation, A: The Indonesian Crisis - Page 188

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Khoon Choy Lee · 1999

Found inside – Page 188

Thousands of Chinese were killed in Batavia in what was later called "the red river massacre". Cakraningrat IV tried to go against the Dutch but finally a treaty was signed in 1743 in which Pakubuwono II ceded full sovereignty of Madura ...

 

 

The Seen and Unseen Worlds in Java, 1726-1749: History, ...

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Merle Calvin Ricklefs · 1998

Found inside – Page 262

In a furious battle Cakraningrat IV's army broke through the Kartasura and Chinese forces . In the course of the fighting Tg . Mataun and his son were both killed , and the Kartasura side then collapsed . Cakraningrat IV himself ...

 

 

Java and Modern Europe: Ambiguous Encounters - Page 424

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Ann Kumar · 1997

Found inside – Page 424

... square with history : Cakraningrat IV was exiled in 1746 , after he had risen in rebellion in protest against the VOC's parsimonious reward for his services in the Chinese War . His predecessor Cakraningrat III was stabbed to death ...

 

 

Historical Sites of Jakarta - Page 95

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Adolf Heuken · 2007 · ‎Snippet view

Found inside – Page 95

They joined other Chinese from Semarang and surrounded the Dutch garrison of that city . They seized and burned Rembang . Several officials of the susuhunan sided with them , while Prince Cakraningrat IV from Madura killed many Chinese ...

Emperor Pakubuwana II, Priyayi & Company and the Chinese War:

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Willem Gerrit Jan Remmelink · 1990 · ‎Snippet view

Found inside – Page 272

Killed in action against the Madurese in November 1741. After the war the Company maintained the ... On November 13 , 1733 , demoted and replaced by : A cousin of Cakraningrat IV of Madura . Had together with his brother Suryawinata ...

The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729-1758 - Page 266

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M. O. Koshy · 1989

Found inside – Page 266

In this critical situation , Cakraningrat IV and his Madurese forces entered the field on the side of the Dutch East India Company . With his help the Dutch relieved Semarang and massacred all Chinese living in the area .

 

 

A History of Modern Indonesia, C. 1300 to the Present - Page 88

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Merle Calvin Ricklefs · 1981 · ‎Snippet view

Found inside – Page 88

By November 1741 , the VOC post at Semarang was surrounded by an estimated 20 000 Javanese and 3500 Chinese with thirty cannon . Cakraningrat IV was now convinced that Pakubuwana II was heading for disaster and that alliance with the ...

 

The Political Economy of Java's Northeast Coast, c. ... - Page 151

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Hui Kian Kwee · 2005

Found inside – Page 151

At the death of Suradimengala III, his three marriageable daughters were wedded to Surabaya second regent Jayadirana, ... II – Madura Madura Cakraningrat IV's military assistance to the Company was highly crucial during the Chinese War.

 

 

Soul Catcher: Java’s Fiery Prince Mangkunagara I, 1726-95 - Page 36

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Merle Ricklefs · 2018

Found inside – Page 36

Furthermore, Cakraningrat IV's Muslim forces of Madura were supporting the Company and, therefore, were now enemies of Pakubuwana II. It seems that some, perhaps many, of the Chinese whom the King had now opted to join were also Muslims ...

 

 

Indonesia: Peoples and Histories - Page 181

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Jean Gelman Taylor · 2003

Found inside – Page 181

Six sons by various mothers fought with rebels against Pakubuwono I. Men claiming descent from Surapati joined Chinese bands in attacks on VOC forts in 1741. They joined Prince Cakraningrat IV of Madura when his troops ransacked the ...

 

 

Cakraningrat IV chinese circumcised

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Islamic States in Java 1500–1700: Eight Dutch Books and ...

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Theodore Gauthier Th. Pigeaud · 2013

The Summary contains references to the paragraphs of the Dutch books and articles. This makes it easy for those readers who have a know ledge of Dutch to consult the original texts.

 

 

Indonesia: Peoples and Histories

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Jean Gelman Taylor · 2003

Sociale geschiedenis van Indonesië.

 

 

Mystic Synthesis in Java: A History of Islamization from the ... - Page 258

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Merle Calvin Ricklefs · 2006 · ‎Snippet view

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Batavia, passim; foundation and sieges of, 36, 37 Batiniyya, 23 Bayat, Sunan, 33, 39, 4 1 , 49, 58-9, 1 86 Bendara, ... 129; Chinese- VOC War, 129^2, 152, 225 Christianity: as described in Cinthini, 200-2 circumcision, 15, 202, 215, ...

 

The Islamic Traditions of Cirebon: Ibadat and Adat Among ...

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A.G. Muhaimin · 2006

This work deals with the socio-religious traditions of the Javanese Muslims living in Cirebon, a region on the north coast in the eastern part of West Java.

 

 

The Power of Prophecy: Prince Dipanagara and the End of an ...

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P. B. R. Carey · 2007 · ‎Snippet view

National hero, Javanese mystic, pious Muslim, and leader of the "holy war" against the Dutch between 1825 and 1830, the Yogyakarta prince Dipanagara is pre-eminent in the pantheon of modern Indonesian historical figures.

 

Review - Fernand Braudel Center for the Study of Economies, ...

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Fernand Braudel Center for the Study of Economies, Historical Systems, and Civilizations · 1985 · ‎Snippet view

Found inside – Page 76

Pakubuwana II's troops took a Dutch garrison at Kartasura , whose defenders were either killed or circumcised to ... of his kingdom were being chipped away by opportunistic Cakraningrat IV , who opened his gambit by slaying Chinese ...

 

Karawitan: Source Readings in Javanese Gamelan and Vocal ...

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Judith Becker, ‎Alan H. Feinstein · 2020

The texts in her collection were written over a forty-five-year time period (ca 1930–1975) and include articles by Martopangrawit, Sumarsam, Sastrapustaka, Gitosaprodjo, Sindoesawarno, Poerbapangrawit, Probohardjono, Warsadiningrat, ...

 

 

A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200

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M.C. Ricklefs · 2008 · ‎No preview

New chapters at the end of the book bring the story up to the present day, including discussion of recent events such as the 2002 Bali terrorist bombings and the 2004 tsunami.

 

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Ecological Anthropology of Households in East Madura, Indonesia

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Wilson Glenn Smith · 2011 · ‎No preview

In evaluating the hypotheses initially enunciated at the beginning of the study in light of the data collection and analysis it is found that:.

Becoming – An Anthropological Approach to Understandings of ...

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Konstantinos Retsikas · 2014

Found inside – Page 208

... 130–35, 158–60 behaviour styles 44 Besuki Residency 6n5, 11, 23n13 bhabhad, defined 3–4 bhabhad alas 3–4, 9–11, ... Susanne 170–71 Buid in Philippines 122 Butler,Judith 184–5 Cakraningrat family 15, 59 camporan land 48 campuran, ...

Cakraningrat IV disunat  Cina

Cakraningrat IV - Wikipedia

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Cakraningrat IV was a ruling prince (1718-1745) from West Madura, and a member of the Cakraningrat dynasty which was the subordinate ruler of the Mataram ...

Missing: disunat ‎Cina

The Islamic Traditions of Cirebon: - OAPEN

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by J MUSLIMS · 1995 · Cited by 120 — (4) that the modernist Islamic movements such as Muhammadiyah and Sarekat ... Islam, worshipping Allah, praying at mosque; whilst the Chinese, their.

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THE PORTRAYAL OF THE BRITISH IN TRADITIONAL MALAY ...

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by B MURTAGH · 2005 · Cited by 5 — 4 Many traditional Malay texts are known to us today through manuscripts ... passing through on the way to China as for the founding of a trading port.

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NUSANTARA JAYATI - Facebook

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... kakek beliau sebagai hadiah setelah disunat dan menginjak masa akil baligh. ... yakni Raden Tumenggung Suraadiningrat (kelak Pangeran Cakraningrat IV) ...

Sunat sudah penting bagi warga Tionghoa"meski ada yang ...

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Jun 21, 2014 — Sekarang di Negara Tiongkok banyak orang Tionghoa non Islam yang melakukan sunat, mereka justru telah menyadari Arti sunat yang sebenarnya.

(PDF) Orang Cina, Bandar Tol, Candu dan Perang Jawa

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13 viii ix Peter Carey Orang Cina, Bandar Tol, Candu , & Perang Jawa Perang Jawa dan ... Pangeran Adipati Cakraningrat IV (bertakhta yang mengharapkan untuk ...

or07000.pdf - Islamic manuscripts

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Jul 30, 2007 — Malay, paper, 18 ff., Latin script, dated 4 September 1896, ... adipati Cakraningrat to the Kartasura grand-vizir Natakusuma to side with ...

·       

INVENTORY OF THE ORIENTAL MANUSCRIPTS OF THE ...

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·        Dec 15, 2019 — MS Leiden Or. 7059 (4) is a copy of this manuscript. ... of Mentok asking whether it is lawful to sell chickens to the Chinese and the.

The Islamic Traditions of Cirebon - ANU Press

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by J MUSLIMS · 1995 · Cited by 120 — (4) that the modernist Islamic movements such as Muhammadiyah and Sarekat ... Islam, worshipping Allah, praying at mosque; whilst the Chinese, their.

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PERANG CINA DAN RUNTUHNYA NEGARA JAWA BAB 4

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Jul 21, 2009 — Bab IV Perang Pertama Kejatuhan Arya Purbaya memperbesar harapan ... yang dalam teks-teks Kumpeni lama berati orang Cina yang disunat.

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P. B. R. Carey · 2007 · ‎Snippet view

National hero, Javanese mystic, pious Muslim, and leader of the "holy war" against the Dutch between 1825 and 1830, the Yogyakarta prince Dipanagara is pre-eminent in the pantheon of modern Indonesian historical figures.

 

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Fernand Braudel Center for the Study of Economies, Historical Systems, and Civilizations · 1985 · ‎Snippet view

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Pakubuwana II's troops took a Dutch garrison at Kartasura , whose defenders were either killed or circumcised to Islam ... while the eastern parts of his kingdom were being chipped away by opportunistic Cakraningrat IV , who opened his ...

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Panembahan Puger brings word to Mangkunagara that P. Cakraningrat of Sampang is willing to join forces with him; ... On these pages are notes recording the circumcision of Mangkunagara IV in AJ 1751 (1823/4); the birth of a child to ...

 

 

Political Power and Communications in Indonesia

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The Rise of Asia brings together recent scholarship analysing the process of economic, social and political development in East and Southeast Asia from the mid-nineteenth century to the present day.

 

 

A History of Malaysia

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Combining the authors' specialist knowledge of precolonial sources with the most recent contemporary research, this new edition reinforces the position of A History of Malaysia position as a standard reference for all those interested in ...

 

 

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Self-determination and Women's Rights in Muslim Societies - Page 136

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Chitra Raghavan, ‎James P. Levine · 2012

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Thus, animist Dayak women, stolen in raids or purchased from the interior of Borneo in the 1840s, were circumcised on conversion (Low 1848/1968, 119). As marrying a Muslim man entails the adoption of Islam, this has become the most ...

 

 

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Austronesian religion had understood the cosmos in terms of dualities in which both male and female elements were ... when all the men of Lombok submitted to a superior Javanese force and agreed to be circumcised, the women did not.

 

 

The Anthropological Romance of Bali 1597-1972: Dynamic ...

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Perhaps Hindu - Javanese originally did not circumcise , were early converted by protoreformists to circumcision ... The men and neighborhood dignitaries assembled in the courtyard ; women and children clustered inside ( I was invited ...

 

 

Verging on Extra-Vagance: Anthropology, History, Religion, ... - Page 49

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It marks off Muslim Indonesian from Hindu - Balinese Indonesian , but not from so - called Hindu Javanese ( or Tengger ) Indonesian ( see ... Contrasts separate neighboring groups who “ circumcise ” neither women nor men or just men .

 

 

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While abangan Javanese women seldom made conversion a condition of their union with a Chinese partner , at least some Chinese men consented to nominal conversion in old age to please their wives . So , in Java , too , a sizeable ...

 

 

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Sadrach ( the name he adopted only after his conversion to Christianity ) was born on the pasisir c . 1835. As a young man , he became a santri at several pěsantrens , then returned to live in the kauman , where pious Muslims lived ...

 

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Referring to Javanese historical resources , The Siauw Giap notes that in the 17th century , Islam still attracted ... who refused to convert to Islam , and to require an immediate circumcision for those who agreed to become Muslims .

 

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Women take an active role in food preparation and the exchange of food gifts that occurs at the rite's conclusion , but they do not join directly in prayer . Invited moments prior to the prayer meal , men drift in slowly , seating ...

 

 

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The complicated conversion of Madrais adherents to Catholicism Madrais is the shorter name of a member of the ... before the age of 28 for men or below 23 for women, no circumcision, and burial in coffins made of good quality jati-wood.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

"illicit sexual intercourse, certainly another feature of local social reality."

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Philipp Bruckmayr · 2019 · ‎History

Furthermore, it adds illicit sexual intercourse, certainly another feature of local social reality. This part of the istiftāʾ revolves around the case of a ...

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Mahmood Kooria, ‎Sanne Ravensbergen · 2021 · ‎Social Science

Furthermore, it raises the topic of illicit sexual intercourse, certainly another feature of local social reality. This part of the istiftā' revolves around ...

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Furthermore, it adds illicit sexual intercourse, certainly another feature of local social reality. This part of the istiftāʾ revolves around the case of a ...

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Zenaida T.Lim Sarang Bangun Foundation Zamboanga City , Philippines I came from a multi - cultural family background . My father was a Chinese - mestizo , or a Chinese half - breed , while my mother is of Arab descent .

 

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also to the history of Islam in Poland as well as to distinguished Muslims in the Polish social, political and cultural life. ... Anna Kajtochowa, Iza Melika Czechowska, Tamara Jabłońska, Józef Mucharski, Zenaida Półtórzycka.

 

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Philippines Zenaida S. Reyes. and institutions ; the conduct of researches and studies for the establishment and maintenance of haij towns , Islamic centers and Awgaf projects . SEC . 17. Bureau of Muslim Cooperatives Development .

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A Short History of Narcotic Drug Addiction in the Philippines ...

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di RM Zarco · 1995 · Citato da 13 — visit with Sultan Mohamed Damaliel. Kisand of Sooloo [Sulu] ...whose eyes were bloodshot and seemed to consume large quantities of opium...his son.

Early Filipino warriors used drugs to enhance their killing ...

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21 gen 2022 — Opium is a psychoactive drug as old as the Sumerian and Egyptian ... one visit with Sulu Sultan Mohamed Damaliel Kisand: “…whose eyes were ...

Abdullah Bin Abdul Kadir Munshi (In 2 Volumes)

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Hadijah Bte Rahmat · 2020 · ‎Biography & Autobiography

Wilkes met the Sultan of Sulu, Sultan Mohammad Damaliel Kisand, a Muslim king who ... cutlery and crockery, opium, and “arms of all kinds” (Wilkes, 1842).

1842 - Naval History and Heritage Command

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Sultan Mohamed Damaliel Kisand (Jamal ul-Kiram I) and Wilkes signed a trade ... was one of the most disgusting scenes of the entire voyage, an opium den.

Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition: During ...

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Charles Wilkes · 1852 · ‎Antarctic regions

... he was under the effects of opium , of which they all smoke large quantities . ... the Sultan Mohammed Damaliel Kisand , but said that he might feel ...

Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition During ...

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Charles Wilkes · 1845 · ‎Antarctica

... gratitude or obligation for the sight of His Majesty the Sultan Mohammed Damaliel Kisand , but said that he might feel grateful ... influence of opium .

Voyage round the World, etc - Pagina 620 - Risultati da Google Libri

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Charles Wilkes · 1851

... the Sultan Mohammed Damaliel Kisand , but said that he might feel grateful to me if he ... as though he was constantly under the influence of opium .

United States Exploring Expedition: During the Year 1838, ...

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1845 · ‎Antarctica

... Majesty the Sultan Mohammed Damaliel Kisand , but said that he might feel grateful to me if ... as though he was constantly under the influence of opium ...

Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition ... ...

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Charles Wilkes · 1851 · ‎United States Exploring Expedition

... of His Majesty the Sultan Mohammed Damaliel Kisand , but said that he might feel grateful ... as though he was constantly under the influence of opium .

Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States ...

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United States, ‎David Hunter Miller · 1931 · ‎International law

... was under the effects of opium , of which they all smoke large quantities . ... “ Wilkes ' Damaliel Kisand must be a writer's error for JamâlulKirâm .

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

one hundred thirty 1603 manila dasmarinas china

A Brief History of the Philippines - Page 97

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Leandro Heriberto Fernández · 1919

Found inside – Page 97

The fear of a Chinese revolt was not altogether groundless . In 1603 three Chinese mandarins arrived at Manila . ... To put down the revolt , one hundred and thirty Spaniards under Luis Dasmariñas marched against the rebels , but were ...

 

 

A Short History of the Philippines: For Use in Philippine ... - Page 144

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Prescott Ford Jernegan · 1905

Found inside – Page 144

Three Chinese mandarins , as the great men of China are called , arrived in Manila . ... Acuña showed them that this was an idle tale so they went away . ... A force of one hundred and fifty men attacked the Chinese .

 

 

China and Maritime Europe, 1500–1800: Trade, Settlement, ... - Page 56

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John E. Wills, Jr · 2010

Found inside – Page 56

Chinese converts had been expected to adopt Spanish clothing and to cut their long hair. ... 1570–1770,” in Felix, Chinese in the Philippines,,Vol. 1, pp. 30–31. 89 This account of the events of 1603 relies on 56 John E. Wills, Jr.

 

 

The Filipino Nation: The Philippines : lands and peoples, a ... - Page 98

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1982 · ‎Snippet view

Found inside – Page 98

1. The Galleon Trade proper linked Manila and Mexico . 2. The China junk trade linked Manila and South China ... The number of Chinese living in Manila increased from about one hundred fifty in 1571 to around twenty thousand in 1603 ...

 

Gold from the Gods: Traditional Small-scale Miners in the ... - Page 8

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Evelyn Caballero · 1996 · ‎Snippet view

Found inside – Page 8

( Laufer 1907 : 260 ) Thirty thousand Chinese settled in Manila . However , in 1603 twenty - five thousand of them were killed due to the folly of Chang - Yi , who headed the expedition from China to search for gold in Cavite .

The Dasmariñases, Early Governors of the Spanish Philippines

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John Newsome Crossley · 2016

Found inside

In the interim there was a fearsome battle against the Dutchman Oliver van Noordt in Manila Bay in 1600, ... looking for a mountain of gold near Cavite.37 Naturally this visit made the Spaniards even more nervous that the Chinese were ...

 

 

The Philippines: History, Geography, Customs, Agriculture, ... - Page 51

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Jean Mallat · 1983 · ‎Snippet view

Found inside – Page 51

The work on the fortifications of Manila was going on then ; a Chinese , named Eng - Cang , offered his services and ... A detachment of one hundred thirty Spaniards , commanded by the brave Luis Dasmariñas was cut to pieces by the ...

Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines - Page 345

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Linda A. Newson · 2009

Found inside – Page 345

1603. 92. AGI AF 35 Juan Núñez 24 June 1595; AF 6 and BR 10: 259 Francisco Tello 12 July 1599; AGI AF 329 libro 1 ... Schurz, Manila Galleon, 83, cites a report by Governor Anda that up to 1768 there were fourteen Chinese uprisings. 97.

 

 

Annual Report of the American Historical Association - Page 184

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American Historical Association · 1900

Found inside – Page 184

In 1603 the Emperor of China is absurdly said to have sent three mandarins “ to enquire if Cavite fort was built of gold ... 10n the Spanish expedition to Malacca in 1593 one hundred and fifty Chinese were forced to row the viceroy's ...

 

 

The Galleon Guide to Manila & the Philippines - Page 17

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Alphonso J. Aluit · 1970 · ‎Snippet view

Found inside – Page 17

At about 11 o'clock on the night of Friday , October 3 , 1603 , the eve of the feast of St. Francis , the Chinese ... A contingent of over 100 Spaniards led by Don Luis Dasmariñas , brother of Don Gomez Perez and himself a former ...

 

1593 250 80 galleys moluccas

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Chinese Migrations, with Special Reference to Labor Conditions

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Da Chen · 1923

Found inside – Page 100

In part the Ming Annals say : In the eighth moon of the twenty - first year of the reign of ] Wan Li ( 1593 ) , when the chieftain Lei Pi Li Mi Lao ( Don Pérez Gómez Dasmariñas ) undertook a raid on the Moluccas , he employed 250 ...

 

Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics

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1967

Found inside – Page 100

In part the Ming Annals say : In the eighth moon of the twenty - first year of ( the reign of ] Wan Li ( 1593 ) , when the chieftain Lei Pi Li Mi Lao [ Don Þérez Gómez Dasmariñas ) undertook a raid on the Moluccas , he employed 250 ...

 

 

The Discovery and Conquest of the Molucco and Philippine ...

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Bartolomé Leonardo de Argensola · 1708

 

 

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Imperial Spain, 1469-1716

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J. H. Elliott · 2002 · ‎No preview

 

America's History: For the AP Course

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James A. Henretta, ‎Eric Hinderaker, ‎Rebecca Edwards · 2018 · ‎No preview

Complete with a robust collectiom of supporting resources to help you succeed in your AP(R) U.S. History course, America's History: for the AP(R) Course presents relevant themes and content to prepare you for the exam.

 

A History of Christianity in Indonesia

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Jan Sihar Aritonang, ‎Karel Adriaan Steenbrink · 2008

This book sketches the growth of Christianity during the Portuguese period (1511-1605), it presents a fair account of developments under the Dutch colonial administration (1605-1942) and is more elaborate for the period of the Indonesian ...

 

 

A History of the Philippines

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David P. Barrows · 2021

First published in the year 1905, the present book 'A History of the Philippines' by David P. Barrows was written on the Philippinean government's recommendation with an aim to provide the history of their country to the students in schools ...

 

 

The True Travels, Adventures, and Observations of Captain ...

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John Bernhard Smith · 1704

Captain John Smith dmiral of New England, was an English soldier, explorer, and author.

 

 

Interrogations of Japanese Officials - Volume 1

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United States Strategic Bombing Survey · 1946 · ‎Snippet view

 

The Chinese in the Philippines: 1570-1770 - Page 17

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Alfonso Felix, ‎Historical Conservation Society · 1966 · ‎Snippet view

Found inside – Page 17

Eighteen years later ( 1593 ) , relations between the Spaniards and the Chinese were again strained when Governor Gomez ... of an expedition to the Moluccas when one night , after the 80 Spaniards were asleep , the Chinese mutinied .

 

koxinga moluccas Zamboanga

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A History of the Philippines ... - Page 208

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David P. Barrows · 1905

Found inside – Page 208

In 1646 a squadron attacked Zamboanga , and then came north to Luzon . ... In 1656 the administration of the Moluccas was united with that of Mindanao , and the governor of the former , Don Francisco ... Koxinga the Chinese Adventurer .

 

 

Philippine History and Civilization - Page 178

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Gregorio F. Zaide · 1939 · ‎Snippet view

Found inside – Page 178

That same year Don Francisco de Esteybar , Governor of the Moluccas , evacuated Ternate and established his headquarters at Zamboanga . Spain , however , continued to administer the Moluccas from Zamboanga until 1662 when Koxinga ...

A History of the Philippines

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David P. Barrows · 2020

Found inside

The Abandonment of Zamboanga and the Moluccas.—The threat of the Dutch made the maintenance of the presidio of Zamboanga very burdensome. In 1656 the administration of the Moluccas was united with that of Mindanao, and the governor of ...

 

 

A History of the Philippines

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David P. Barrows · 2021

First published in the year 1905, the present book 'A History of the Philippines' by David P. Barrows was written on the Philippinean government's recommendation with an aim to provide the history of their country to the students in schools ...

 

 

The Philippine Islands: A Political, Geographical, ... - Page 87

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John Foreman (F.R.G.S.) · 1899

Found inside – Page 87

The settlement surrendered to the invaders ' superior numbers , and Koxinga established himself as King of the Island . ... the demolition of the forts of Zamboanga , Yligan ( Mindanao Island ) , Calamianes and Ternate ' ( Moluccas ) .

 

 

The Representation of External Threats: From the Middle Ages ...

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2019

In The Representation of External Threats, Eberhard Crailsheim and María Dolores Elizalde present a collection of articles that trace the phenomenon of external threats over three continents and four oceans, offering new perspectives on ...

 

Fortress of Empire: Spanish Colonial Fortifications of the ... - Page 192

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René B. Javellana · 1997 · ‎Snippet view

Found inside – Page 192

In 1663 , because of Koxinga's threat , Spaniards abandoned the forts at the Moluccas and Zamboanga . “ For about fifty years there was relative peace between the Spaniards and the Muslims in the Philippines and the nearby Indonesian ...

 

Historical Bulletin - Volume 7 - Page 26

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1963 · ‎Snippet view

Found inside – Page 26

In 1662 , a Chinese mission arrived in Manila from Formosa bearing a message from Cogsen or Koxinga , as the Spaniards ... Governor de Lara also decided to abandon the military outposts in the Moluccas , Zamboanga and Calamianes and to.

 

Historical Bulletin - Volume 7, Issues 1-4 - Page 26

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Philippine Historical Association · 1963 · ‎Snippet view

Found inside – Page 26

In 1662 , a Chinese mission arrived in Manila from Formosa bearing a message from Cogsen or Koxinga , as the Spaniards ... Governor de Lara also decided to abandon the military outposts in the Moluccas , Zamboanga and Calamianes and to.

 

The History of the Judicial System of the Philippines: ... - Page 214

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Rufus Bautista Rodriguez · 1999 · ‎Snippet view

Found inside – Page 214

In 1662 , a Chinese mission arrived in Manila from Formosa bearing a message from Cogsen , or Koxinga , as the ... Governor de Lara also decided to abandon the military outposts in the Moluccas , Zamboanga and Calamianes and to bring ...