This paste is
https://justpaste.it/Tibetan_Buddhism_Kazakh_Oirat
Salar and Tibetan history in Qinghai. Salar ethnicity is a product of Turkmen Oghuz men marrying Tibetan women from Qinghai Amdo province.
https://justpaste.it/Tibetan_Salar
https://twitter.com/worldviews101/status/87775688098193408
TRIMONDI ONLINE MAGAZINE http://trimondi.de/EN/deba02.html I was a Tantric Sex Slave about June Campbell.
https://twitter.com/GlobExpressNews/status/1226577816470327297
For decades June Campbell ended up being the `consort’ of a Tibetan Buddhist that is senior monk. I happened to be a Tantric sex servant http://globalexpressnews.com/for-decades-june-campbell-ended-up-being-the-2/
https://twitter.com/MalMoncrief/status/1309019505566375940
This is one of the most gruesome murder descriptions I have come across. In 1905 the French Catholic missionary Jules Dubernard was tortured and killed by Tibetan lamas in Yunnan. The Scottish plant collector George Forrest was lucky to escape. https://bit.ly/3i2kTqi
https://twitter.com/AlysCorduroy/status/1031384950564515840
down to the idea that these “flesh pills” bridge the boundary between subject and object, serving as ritual tokens that embody the compassion of past Buddhas while also reminding the eater of the transient nature of his own mortal flesh. --excerpt from http://sapiens.org
https://twitter.com/vyomologist/status/1304097601038344193
Source : https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/12274200
https://twitter.com/mediyafiltr/status/1409769099702554625
Казахи Кашмира, 1953 год. Фото из журнала National Geographic.
these Kazakhs were survivors of a wave of Kazakhs that got massacred by Tibetans when fleeing the Soviet Union
they fled to India
Tibetan Buddhists attacked Kazakh Sunni Muslims.
https://www.academia.edu/4534001/STUDIES_IN_THE_POLITICS_HISTORY_AND_CULTURE_OF_TURKIC_PEOPLES
STUDIES IN THE POLITICS,HISTORY AND CULTURE OF TURKIC PEOPLES
PROF. DR. NADİR DEVLET
Yeditepe University Istanbul 2004
1
Thread on massacres between Kazakh Muslims, Hui Muslims & Tibetans during an invasion of Kazakh migrants in 1930s. Hui Muslims and Tibetan Buddhists fought against Kazakh Muslims during the migration. In the Soviet Union, a famine started in the Kazakh ASSR under Goloshchekin.
Kazakh nomads assaulted the Oirat Mongols, Tibetans and Hui of Gansu and Qinghai.
"Between 1938 and 1941, the migration of the Kazakh nomadic tribes posed one of the most problematic issues in western China, and Chongqing needed to rely on"
Tibet And Nationalist China's Frontier: Intrigues And Ethnopolitics ...
A Tibetan told a Japanese spy that the Kazakhs persecuted his people and that the Tibetans were powerless to stop them.
Title Japanese Agent in Tibet: My Ten Years of Travel in Disguise
Authors Hisao Kimura, Scott Berry
Editor Scott Berry
Contributor Scott Berry
Edition illustrated
Publisher Serindia Publications, Inc., 1990
ISBN 0906026245, 9780906026243
Length 232 pages
During World War II Tibetans said the Kazakhs were persecuting Tibetans.
"To the west the Kazakhs persecute our people, and we are powerless to stop them"
Some moved to Germany from Turkey.
"this hard reduction was caused by both decrease of migration potential of the community and by change"
Chaos, Complexity And Leadership 2012 [PDF] [6ai2hhncd8r0]
The Muslims involved here in the fighting and refugee crisis were Sunnis, the Kazakhs, Hui, Nizam of Hyderabad were all Sunnis. Only Jinnah was not a Sunni.
Kazakhs are not native to any part of modern China. They migrated into Xinjiang, Gansu & Qinghai over the past three centuries and were granted Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang and Aksay Kazakh Autonomous County in Gansu by the Communists. They are native to neither.
Tibetans fleeing ahead of Kazakhs gave accounts of Kazakh atrocities to authorities of the princely state of Jammu & Kashmir in British India. Kazakhs denied perpetrating atrocities & claimed they were victims of Hui & Tibetans as seen in the earlier post.
No. 1592. JUNE 1948 VOL. 263.
THE WANDERERS.
BY ZINDIE. I.
Blackwood's Magazine, Volume 236,
1948
pp. 401-409
The Kazakhs became peaceful after reaching British India and disarming under the authorities of Jammu and Kashmir unlike their violent clashes with the Hui and Tibetans. It seems they feared British power more than the Tibetans.
The Kazakhs were polite and hospitable to the British government agent after being totally disarmed of their weapons unlike their behaviour to the Tibetans and Hui.
Kazakhs accused a Hui (Dungan) called Fulušan of leading Mongolian & Tibetan soldiers to attack and plunder them in their account of the massacres.
Tibetans, Mongolians and a Dungan Hui Muslim named Fulušan attacked the Muslim Kazakhs.
I'm inclined to believe the Hui and Tibetans on who started the fighting because they weren't on the same side but agreed on this.
Title The Kazaks of China: Essays on an Ethnic Minority
Volume 5 of Studia Multiethnica Upsaliensia
Volume 5 of Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis: Studia multiethnica Upsaliensia
Volume 5 of Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis
Author Linda Benson
Editors Linda Benson, Ingvar Svanberg
Contributors Linda Benson, Ingvar Svanberg
Edition illustrated
Publisher Ubsaliensis S. Academiae, 1988
Original from the University of Michigan
Digitized Sep 9, 2008
ISBN 9155422551, 9789155422554
Length 250 pages
"Altinsoke"
https://books.google.com.my/books?id=Jt1wAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Altinsoke%22&dq=%22Altinsoke%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjihLrP0rLzAhWEWM0KHS3PCSUQ6AF6BAgCEAI
Казахи Китая: очерки по этническому меньшинству - Page 180
https://regnum.ru/news/polit/2321766.html
https://twitter.com/batchelorshow/status/908429786858504192
Retweeted Joshua Kucera ( @joshuakucera ):
Kazakhstan state media publishes a map of "Greater Kazakhstan," w/... http://fb.me/3NqyB0Asy
https://facebook.com/batchelorshow/posts/1581677461894455
https://twitter.com/sabena_siddiqi/status/916781189041704961
#Kazakhstan state media publishes a map of "Greater Kazakhstan," which includes parts of adjoining countries.
In the Marching wind, Office of Strategic Services (OSS) agent Leonard Clark mentions that Kazakhs who were fleeing from Soviet Central Asia, slaughtered Oirat Mongol Buddhists in Qinghai
the conflict between Tibetans and Mongols against the Kazakhs fleeing Soviet Kazakhstan in the late 1930s? They fled across Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai and Tibet to get to British India
the Tibetans referred to the Kazakhs as their enemies and killed them
The Hui and Salar Muslims in Qinghai claimed that 8,000 Mongols were slaughtered by Kazakhs and stealing their livestock over the past 8 years.
https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3024/page/316/mode/2up
https://archive.org/details/marchingwind00clar/page/316/mode/2up
https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3024/page/318/mode/2up
https://archive.org/details/marchingwind00clar/page/318/mode/2up
Tibetans, Oirat Mongols and Hui all fought against the Kazakhs (who fled the Soviet famine in Kazakhstan and passed through Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai and Tibet to reach British India for asylum)
Kazakhs who reached British India, claimed that Tibetan forces were slaughtering the Kazakhs, (and also accusing Hui and Oirat Mongols of attacking Kazakhs), while the Tibetans said the Kazakhs started the fighting and raiding, and Oirat Mongols said they were slaughtered by the Kazakh migrants
this happened in the late 1930s-1940s
The Tibetans told one Japanese spy that Kazakhs were their enemies, and later Tibetan soldiers killed American CIA agent Douglas MacKiernan because he was dressed in Kazakh clothing
the Mongols still wanted to strike a blow and kill some Kazakhs before the Kazakhs made it to the India-Afghan border
this makes the CIA look even more dumb, because this OSS agent knew about the conflicts between different ethnicities and how much Kazakhs and Mongols hated each other and how Mongols hated the local Xining (sining) Qinghai Muslims, yet the CIA agent MacKiernan still thought it was a good idea to wear Kazakh clothes and walk into Tibetan guards
he says that the Chinese KMT government did nothing to protect the Mongols from the Kazakh raids as the Kazakhs slaughtered Tsaidam (Qaidam) Mongols
https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3024/page/320/mode/2up
https://archive.org/details/marchingwind00clar/page/320/mode/2up
Mongols in Tsaidam, Qinghai were also engaging in agriculture
https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3024/page/312/mode/2up
https://archive.org/details/marchingwind00clar/page/312/mode/2up
he says that the Chinese KMT Nationalist government did nothing to protect the Mongols from the Kazakh raids as the Kazakhs slaughtered Tsaidam Mongols
https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3024/page/330/mode/2up
https://archive.org/details/marchingwind00clar/page/330/mode/2up
one of the Qinghai Oirat Mongols openly spoke about the Manchu genocide against the Dzungar Oirats in the mid 18th century to this OSS agent. he mentions the Kalmyk Oirat return to Dzungaria as well in 1771
https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3024/page/338/mode/2up
https://archive.org/details/marchingwind00clar/page/338/mode/2up
The term "genocide" was unknown in China at the time but this Oirat Prince mentioned the "ultimate extermination" against his people and the Manchu slaughter of 600,000 Dzungars.
This Oirat Prince asked this OSS agent to support the Kalmyks against the Soviet Union (Stalin deported the Kalmyks)
https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3024/page/340/mode/2up
https://archive.org/details/marchingwind00clar/page/340/mode/2up
the Oirat Mongols in Qinghai were also paranoid about the Hui (Tungans)
the Oirat Mongols in Qinghai were also paranoid against Hui people and thought they might go jihad on them
https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3024/page/346/mode/2up
https://archive.org/details/marchingwind00clar/page/346/mode/2up
https://twitter.com/BharadwajSpeaks/status/1385133110304542727
https://web.archive.org/web/20210422072739/https://twitter.com/BharadwajSpeaks/status/1385133110304542727
https://web.archive.org/web/20210520124028/https://twitter.com/BharadwajSpeaks/status/1385133110304542727
https://web.archive.org/web/20210522001439/https://twitter.com/BharadwajSpeaks/status/1385133110304542727
This practise of Human Sacrifice by Vajrayana cultists of Tibet continued well into the 20th century. Young children were sacrificed and buried under stupas
"bell wrote that he once visited a spot on the"
https://www.tibetwrites.in/reviews/acme-of-obscenity/
http://www.phayul.com/2008/08/17/22520/
https://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/2008/08/17/acme-of-obscenity/
https://www.reversespins.com/acme.html
http://www.moller.top/book/3596699/39af99
https://my.lk1lib.org/book/3596699/39af99?dsource=recommend
https://rs.b-ok.africa/book/3596699/39af99
https://af.b-ok2.org/book/3596699/39af99
https://af.b-ok2.org/book/3596699/39af99?dsource=recommend
https://ur.b-ok.asia/book/3596699/39af99?dsource=recommend
https://ur.zlibcdn2.com/book/3596699/39af99
https://el.b-ok.africa/book/3596699/39af99
https://pt.1lib.limited/book/3596699/39af99
https://in.3lib.net/book/3596699/39af99
https://ur.1lib.limited/book/3596699/39af99
https://bd.b-ok.africa/book/3596699/39af99
https://ur.pt1lib.org/book/3596699/39af99
https://te.1lib.pl/book/3596699/39af99
https://ur.booksc.xyz/book/3596699/39af99?dsource=recommend
https://twitter.com/phelanm/status/1342545522989682688
tIbEt'S cUlTuRe? "..skull implement is a ritual mask, which is worn only when the living is sacrificed ..How did the Chinese Communist Party destroy Tibet's culture..": https://quora.com/How-did-the-Chinese-Communist-Party-destroy-Tibets-culture-by-prohibiting-their-language-and-peoples-religion
https://twitter.com/MarsCheetah/status/1339732561619259392
Prior to 1951, 95% of Tibetans lived in a feudal society ruled by the 13th&14th Dalai Lamas. They were abused & cruelly treated which are inherent to the traditional Tibetan system, such as making drums out of human skins&cutting of girls’ tongues for rituals #Tibet #Feudal
Hirata Atsutane wrote about Han style Estoteric, Tantric Vajrayana Buddhistm (Shingon) which is still practiced by Japanese. Apparently they also did rituals with feces and using skulls filled with blood and a statue with a naked women showing her genitals, like the Tibetans.
Mongols practiced human sacrifices in the 1910s on various peoples, they did it to Qing soldiers, White Guard Tsarist monarchists, and skinned Kazakhs alive. The infamous Oirat leader Ja Lama skinned two Kazakhs alive and used their skins as a meditation mat
https://twitter.com/Nicholastrad/status/1095166137770233856
Then some people became mad at him because he skinned two Kazakh chiefs. The cossacks deported him back to Russia. He was sent to a prison in Irkutsk, but it was too warm for him (he was not human so the cold felt too warm).
http://tibetanbuddhistencyclopedia.com/en/index.php/Life_of_Ja_Lama
"In response to the complaint a detachment of eighty Cossack under the command of one Captain Bulatov was dispatched from the Russian border town of of Khöshöö Mod. On February 8, 1914, they suddenly appeared at Muunjaviin Ulaan and surrounded Dambijantsan’s ger. Apparently he was arrested without a struggle. Searching his ger, the Cossacks discovered two complete human skins of people who had been flayed alive by his orders. One of the skins reportedly was that of Khaisan, the Kazakh chieftain with whom Dambijantsan had been feuding with earlier. The human skins along with a chest of silver and other items in his ger were confiscated."
http://worldwidewanders1.blogspot.com/2008_05_13_archive.html
Ja Lama and the Siege of Khovd ... and that he even used the skin of a Kazakh man as a meditation mat.
Ja Lama skinned Kazakhs alive after sacrificing Qing soldiers and other Mongols human sacrificed White Guard Tsarist soldiers and former Qing China soldiers
https://www.scribd.com/document/195145542/Kuzmin-S-L-Hidden-Tibet-History-of-Independence-Occupation
https://www.scribd.com/document/160457526/Hidden-Tibet
https://dhomay.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Hidden-Tibet-in-English.pdf
Hidden Tibet: History of Independence and Occupation
Hidden Tibet: - History of Independence and Occupation
Nationalism and Revolution in Mongolia
Another Mongol, Magsarjav sacrificed the hearts of both Kazakhs and Qing soldiers (I do not have any idea of the ethnicity of these soldiers or whether they were a mix of Manchu or Han soldiers, they could be either)
Mongolia: A Political History of the Land and its People
Kazakhs were long time historical enemies of Oirats, the Dzungars fought long wars against the Kazakhs and the Kazakhs massacred tens of thousands of Oirats returning from Kalmykia to Dzungaria in 1777
The Caucasus: A History 0521872952, 9780521872959 - EBIN.PUB
https://ebin.pub/the-caucasus-a-history-0521872952-9780521872959.html
most Mongols remained Shamanists until the sixteenth century, when Altan Khan, after a campaign in Tibet, brought back Buddhist lamas of the Yellow Hat sect to eastern Mongolia. The Oirats adopted Buddhism somewhat later, after their Sanskrit scholar Namkhaizhamso returned from Tibet.29 Thereafter they maintained contact with Tibet, sending embassies to Lhasa
the Lamaists converted the Mongol population by brute force
only Altan Khan consented to the conversion and he authorized the Lamas to brutally burn alive, force convert, destroy Tengrist shrines
The Tibetan Buddhist Lamas utilized the same violent methods against Tengrist shamans in Mongolia itself, in Buryatia (Buryat Mongols) and Tannu Tuva (Tuvan Turkic Tengrists) from a period spanning the 16th-19th centuries in order to convert the population through brute strength.
Shamanism: Critical Concepts in Sociology
The Religions of Mongolia - Page 38 - Google Books Result
https://zerogate.tumblr.com/page/17
https://www.tumgir.com/tag/mongolia%20traditions%20and%20rituals
https://www.tumgir.com/tag/lamaism
https://books.google.com.my/books?id=qgYdycfeJyAC&pg=PA374&lpg=PA374&dq=%22generated+the+shamans%27+unforgiving+hatred,+as+can+be+seen+in+the+story+of+Suncig%22&source=bl&ots=6Do7LcOyJq&sig=ACfU3U0SrczneQXVWgB0m1mw5USmqPuyiA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwivuJnN06XzAhUDUzUKHQagBlwQ6AF6BAgCEAM
State and Court Ritual in China - Page 374 - Google Books Result
they did the same in Tuva
Tengrist Daurs remembered the brutal persecution by Tibetan Buddhist Lamas against Tengrist Shamans, so they harboured hatred against the Tibetan Lamas at court during the Qing dynasty. Daurs lived in Heilongjiang and are Mongolic speaking people, they had a tale called tale of Ny Dan the shamaness on how she is targeted by evil Tibetan lamas at court
"but she is at the mercy of the envious Tibetan monks"
"Orochi living on the Amur River cite the Manchu influence in shamanic"
The Last Emperors - EBIN.PUB
Manchus held Mongol princes in contempt for converting to Tibetan Buddhism, Manchu emperor Hongtaiji ridiculed the Mongols for it behind their backs
"Hung Taiji did not shy away from condemning Buddhist lamas as"
https://www.academia.edu/44170430/THE_CAMBRIDGE_HISTORY_OF_CHINA_vol_9
The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9: The Ch'ing Dynasty ...
"Privately Hung Taiji was contemptuous of the Mongols' belief in Buddhism, thinking that it vitiated their cultural identity"
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial ...
Full text of "GREAT ENTERPRISE" - Internet Archive
Qing emperor Hongtaiji said behind their backs that that the Mongol princes were abandoning Mongol names and customs and using Tibetan names and following the Tibetan Lamas who were liars
the Qing emperors only patronized Tibetan Buddhist at court for the same reason the Ming did before them, the Ming emperors had Tibetan lamas at court until the Jiajing emperor
to control the Mongols
Do you remember the "invasion" by the Anhui clique warlords of Outer Mongolia to remove the Bogd Khan? Firstly, the Anhui clique were pro-Japan (in contrast to the pro-western Zhili warlord clique) and Japan had urged them to immediately occupy Outer Mongolia to forstall Bolshevik intervention there.
Secondly, several Outer Mongolian princes, actually invited them, they sent some invitations to the Anhui clique which controlled the Republic of China capital at Beijing because the Outer Mongol princes were getting sick of the Bogd Khan and his Lamaist theocracy (which has somehow been misportrayed as the "natural state" of the Mongols to western esoterists)
once the Anhui clique were in control they started doing other things of course like general looting and misbehaviour but they were initially invited by Outer Mongol secular princes against Bogd Khan
Some people portrayed it wrongly as an entirely Chinese initiative to conquer Outer Mongolia and that Baron Ungern Sternberg was restoring Outer Mongolia to a natural state of "Lamaist theocracy" by driving out the "Chinese republicans" (when the Anhui clique were clients of Japan)
this article from nytimes on Outer Mongol princes who urged Beijing to intervene (the subtext was about the Bogd Khan)
James Palmer (anti-China) also wrote in his biography on Baron Ungern that some Outer Mongol princes invited the warlord government in Beijing to intervene to get rid of the theocratic government of the Bogd Khan
https://books.google.com.my/books?id=7grTjKNXOsoC&pg=PA180#v=onepage&q&f=false
https://rbth.com/travel/2015/14/10/datsans_lamas_and_shamans_7_facts_about_buddhism_in_siberia
https://rbth.com/travel/2015/14/10/datsans_lamas_and_shamans_7_facts_about_buddhism_in_siberia
https://mongolianstore.com/the-imposition-of-lamaism/
https://penguinrandomhouse.com/books/536655/tibetan-shamanism-by-larry-peters/
https://vajrabookshop.com/categories/shamanism/products/tibetan-shamanism-ecstasy-and-healing
https://asianart.com/mongolia/9.html
https://buddhistdoor.net/features/tuva-sacred-land-of-turkic-shamanism-and-tibetan-buddhism
https://jstor.org/stable/40463470
https://jstor.org/stable/43300033
https://books.google.com.my/books?id=wksyCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT57&lpg=PT57&dq=lama+buddhist+persecuted+shamans+burned&source=bl&ots=oznh7UjiPo&sig=ACfU3U2cTyo-VoviBJigw7Iqzbdg6w0eow&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwigk8iY78LyAhXqguAKHcE-AaUQ6AF6BAgREAM
https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28766/1/10672934.pdf
https://brill.com/downloadpdf/book/edcoll/9789004216358/B9789004216358-s029.xml
https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004216358/B9789004216358-s029.xml
https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:-Yj7uAqkz3gJ:cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.hdl_11089_3352/c/No_1_2012.90-106.pdf
http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.hdl_11089_3352/c/No_1_2012.90-106.pdf
https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1011&context=ealc
https://aryasamajvsbuddhism.wordpress.com/tag/shamanism/
https://tengerism.org/lamaism.html
https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/202646/7/Tashi%20REVISED%202020.pdf
https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/39891/Halfhill_washington_0250O_17404.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
https://harvest.usask.ca/bitstream/handle/10388/etd-01192005-154827/tezispdf.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/1325305.pdf
https://tricycle.org/beginners/decks/tibetan/
https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/202646/7/Tashi%20REVISED%202020.pdf
https://journals.openedition.org/emscat/3915
https://jstor.org/stable/2678275
https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:YKNTTCV_v3UJ:https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/wellness/1995/07/18/traditional-healing-returns-to-tuva/e9f55a79-6001-4595-9f63-6fd749fb50c3/
https://tuva.asia/journal/issue_13/4476-mongush-mv-2.html
https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:PAWTzM41LLAJ:https://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/29-1_023.pdf
https://cambridgescholars.com/news/item/book-in-focus-shamanic-dialogues-with-the-invisible-dark-in-tuva-siberia-the-cursed-lives
https://tuva.asia/journal/issue_13/4476-mongush-mv-2.html
https://cambridgescholars.com/news/item/book-in-focus-shamanic-dialogues-with-the-invisible-dark-in-tuva-siberia-the-cursed-lives
http://tibetanbuddhistencyclopedia.com/en/index.php/Shamanism_in_Mongolia_and_Tibet
https://jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h10n
https://jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h10n.9?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
https://jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h10n.13?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
https://jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h10n.1?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
https://jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h10n.14?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
https://jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h10n.8?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
https://jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h10n.15?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
https://jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h10n.17?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
https://jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h10n.12?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
https://jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h10n.16?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
https://archive.org/details/IbnTaymiyyasTheodicyOfPerpetualOptimismByJonHoover/mode/2up
https://archive.org/details/hoover-taymiyya/mode/2up
more accounts of the Lamas forced conversion of Tengrists under Altan Khan's decree
"Its most important functionaries, the shamans, were the natural enemies of the Lamas, who hardly had any chance to win the hearts of the people as long as these shamans and their shamanistic family idols"
The Spread of Buddhism - Page 403 - Google Books Result
2 KAKLY MONGOLIAN BUDDHISM (1246-1691) lit order to pinpoint ...
"This disparity we see between rhetoric and reality when it comes to the Gelugpa and the other Buddhist sects"
Divine Knowledge: Buddhist Mathematics According to the ...
Mahmud=馬哈木
Pir Muhammad = ⽪兒⾺⿊麻等
Its unknown why they had these names or how widespread Islam was among Oirats when they were Tengrist before they converted to Tibetan Buddhism
命⾺收其良者，青銀鼠⽪各收⼀萬，惟貂鼠⽪全收之，餘悉令其使
its from the Ming veritable records
another Oirat was called Haji Ni'ma = ⽕只你阿麻
瓦剌使臣⽕只你阿麻回回，進⽟⽯五千九百餘⽄，詔免進令其⾃賣
Christians in Syria were in open uprising against the Sunni Mamluks in 1260 due to the Mongols and were welcoming the Mongol attack against the Sunnis.
"The infamous Shaykh Khadir, Baybars' Rasputin"
Mamlulks persecuted Christians severely, even more than Saladin and his Ayyubid family did.
this is about the pre-Mamluk era
and this is about the Mamluks
and Sunni accusations of Twelvers opening the gates of Baghdad for Hulagu are probably true because the Twelvers were spared along with Christians while Sunnis experienced a week of hell as they were butchered and raped. A Twelver cleric met with Hulagu and said Imam Ali prophesied his coming to destroy the Sunni Abbasids and Hulagu spared the Twelver center of Al-Hilla
when the Mongols massacred the citizens of Baghdad, the Shias were spared
The Spirit of Creativity: Basic Mechanisms of Creative ... - Page 400
The Mongols in Iran: Qutb Al-Din Shirazi's Akhbar-i Moghulan
Lost Islamic History: Reclaiming Muslim Civilisation from ...
"The larger community remained fragmented and scattered across the region, the availability of key"
The Mongols of the Ilkhanate massacred and enslaved Sunnis but spared Twelvers and their cities from destruction.
https://twitter.com/SReports2/status/1317246755881308160
#Shia cleric Ali Raza Rizvi: Allama Hilli said that Imam Ali had predicted Mongol attack on Baghdad and asked Shias not to resist the attackers. Hence Sheikh Tusi met Hulagu Khan and sought permission to take Shia books from Baghdad to Najaf.
The majority of Iranians were Sunnis before the Safavids with minorities of Zaydis and Twelvers so the Mongols sacked and massacred the majority of Iranian cities and castles they came across due to the Persians in them being Sunni.
This talks about the Mongol taking of the Persian city of Isfahan.
https://twitter.com/Ballandalus/status/606606898490712064
Interesting excerpt from Ibn Abi al-Hadid's "Sharh Nahj al-Balagha" (ca. 1255) on the Mongol conquest of Isfahan.
it says there was a conflict between the Hanafis and Shafi'is in the city. Hanafi and Shafi'i are two Sunni Madhhabs (schools). It says the Shafi'is agreed to open the gates for the Mongols in exchange for them killing the Hanafis, but when they opened the gates, the Mongols then massacred the Shafi'is and then massacred the Hanafis, the Mongols slaughtered all the Sunnis in the city.
English version here
https://twitter.com/FikrAlJabarti/status/1204595733845950464
The rivalry was so bad, that the Shafi'is even helped the Mongols take Isfahan in the hopes that the Hanafis would be weakened.
http://web.archive.org/web/20190910214746/https://twitter.com/bdaiwi_historia/status/1167886310641586176
A contemporary witness & historian, Ibn Abi al-Hadid (d. 1258) tells us that in 1235 AD the Shafi’is (Sunni legal school) of Isfahan surrendered the city & helped the Mongols invade, in the hope that the Mongol armies would wipe out their rivals, the Hanafis (Sunni legal school)
Hui Chinese Muslims in Myanmar call Indian Muslims and Bengali Muslims kala or kalar.
http://eastbysoutheast.com/in-chinas-hinterlands-a-new-life-for-myanmars-rohingya/
"no intermarriages with Kala either"
Islamic Transnationalism - Yunnanese Muslims - jstor
Beyond Borders: Stories of Yunnanese Chinese Migrants of ... - Oapen
