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When Good Intentions Go Bad—False Positive Microplastic Detection Caused by Disposable Gloves
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    Contaminants in Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments

    When Good Intentions Go Bad—False Positive Microplastic Detection Caused by Disposable Gloves
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    • Cordula S. Witzig
      Cordula S. Witzig
      TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Strasse 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
      More by Cordula S. Witzig
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-1061-8176
    • Corinna Földi
      Corinna Földi
      Department G2, Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde (German Federal Institute of Hydrology), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
      More by Corinna Földi
    • Katharina Wörle
      Katharina Wörle
      Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt (Bavarian Environment Agency), Demollstrasse 31, 82407 Wielenbach, Germany
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    • Peter Habermehl
      Peter Habermehl
      TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Strasse 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
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    • Marco Pittroff
      Marco Pittroff
      TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Strasse 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
      More by Marco Pittroff
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-4427-5335
    • Yanina K. Müller
      Yanina K. Müller
      TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Strasse 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
      More by Yanina K. Müller
    • Tim Lauschke
      Tim Lauschke
      Department G2, Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde (German Federal Institute of Hydrology), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
      More by Tim Lauschke
    • Peter Fiener
      Peter Fiener
      Institute of Geography, Augsburg University, Alter Postweg 118, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
      More by Peter Fiener
    • Georg Dierkes
      Georg Dierkes
      Department G2, Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde (German Federal Institute of Hydrology), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
      More by Georg Dierkes
    • Korbinian P. Freier
      Korbinian P. Freier
      Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt (Bavarian Environment Agency), Demollstrasse 31, 82407 Wielenbach, Germany
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    • Nicole Zumbülte*
      Nicole Zumbülte
      TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Strasse 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
      *Email: nicole.zumbuelte@tzw.de
      More by Nicole Zumbülte
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-1298-5217
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    Environmental Science & Technology

    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 19, 12164–12172
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c03742
    Published September 3, 2020
    Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Apart from being considered a potential threat to ecosystems and human health, the ubiquity of microplastics presents analytical challenges. There is a high risk of sample contamination during sampling, sample preparation, and analysis. In this study, the potential of sample contamination or misinterpretation due to substances associated with disposable laboratory gloves or reagents used during sample preparation was investigated. Leachates of 10 different types of disposable gloves were analyzed using Raman microspectroscopy (μ-Raman), Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy (μ-FTIR), and pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (pyr–GC/MS). There appeared to be polyethylene (PE) in almost all investigated glove leachates and with all applied methods. Closer investigations revealed that the leachates contained long-chain compounds such as stearates or fatty acids, which were falsely identified as PE by the applied analytical methods. Sodium dodecyl sulfate, which is commonly applied in microplastic research during sample preparation, may also be mistaken for PE. Therefore, μ-Raman, μ-FTIR, and pyr–GC/MS were further tested for their capability to distinguish among PE, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and stearates. It became clear that stearates and sodium dodecyl sulfates can cause substantial overestimation of PE.

    Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society

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    Supporting Information

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.0c03742.

    • Specifications on the air-cleaning systems (Table S1) and ultrapure water systems (Table S2), details on the μ-Raman evaluation (pages S3–S4 and Figure S1), and characteristic pyrolysis products of PE (Table S3) (PDF)

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    Cited By

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    This article is cited by 107 publications.

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    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 19, 12164–12172
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