SOURCE:
La France et le grand schisme d’Occident by Noël Valois
EVENTS:
1378 After the death of Gregory XI, two different popes were elected: the first, Urban VI, in Rome by an Italian archbishop amidst popular uproar, and the second, Clement VII, in Fondi by dissending cardinals. The latter’s claims hinged upon the first election being considered null and void. It became necessary to judge whether the electors of Urban VI had elected him in clean conscience (b. 1, p. 3), or out of fear of reprisal from the angry Italians desperate for an Italian pope (b. 1, p. 10-11) who had locked up the city (b. 1, p. 12) and heavily stirred up the conclave itself (b. 1, p. 36-37), which had to give in to their violent demands (b. 1, p. 41), even though before that the Italian candidate, Prignano, had already had 9 or 10 votes out of 16 almost guaranteed in advance (11 were required) (b. 1, p. 29). In France, king Charles V (the most important king by far regarding the Papal recognition) almost immediately after the disputed election began getting messages from cardinals denouncing it (b. 1, p. 89); the one message he got in favor of Urban seemed to him to ‘give its pretense away’ (b. 1, p. 93). Within a couple months, five out of six cardinals left in Avignon by Gregory XI denied Urban’s election (b. 1, p. 102). In November, France declared Clement VII pope (b. 1, p. 114); the archbishopric of Toulouse remained Urbanite a bit longer (b. 1, p. 117). Louis of Anjou (Charles V’s brother, ruler of Provence and Naples) separated from Rome even sooner than Charles (b. 1, p. 149), but in Provence, due to a lot of transfers from one bishopric to another, many bishoprics remained Urbanite (Valence, Marseille, Grasse, and Saint-Paul-Trois-Chateaux, but the latter acceeded to Clementine provisions in November) (b. 1, p. 118-120). He tried to convert Florence and Milan, and though they were quite taken by him, were not quite convinced (b. 1, p. 155). The queen and court of Naples recognized Clement right after France did (b. 1, p. 160), followed by Montferrat, ruled by the fourth husband of the Neapolitan queen (b. 1, p. 161). The lands of the Roman Papacy itself were divided: Viterbo and Marino became Clementine strongholds (b. 1, p. 161-162) (Viterbo included Amelia, Todi, Narni, Civitavecchia, Rocca Respampani, and Terni (b. 2, p. 125)), and the bishops of Orvieto and Montefiascone also became Clementine (b. 2, p. 129-130). Castile officially declared itself neutral, that apostolic revenues would be collected until a pope was agreed upon and could be given the revenues in full (b. 1, p. 200); Navarre (b. 1, p. 211), Aragon (b. 1, p. 212-213), and Ancona (b. 2, p. 46) also followed such a neutrality. The dioceses of Bordeaux, Dax, and Aire in English Aquitaine fell under the Clementine side despite their king (b. 1, p. 245-246); Urban prevailed in Bayonne (b. 1, p. 250). The count of Foix was impartial, and so his independent land of Bearn was neutral (b. 2, p. 326-328). Brittany rapidly became Clementine despite its political allegiance to England (b. 1, p. 251-252). In the Low Countries, Clement added to his territories the Imperial city of Cambrai (b. 1, p. 253), but Flanders ended up remaining Urbanist (b. 1, p. 259). The Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV and his following Luxembourg successors staunchly defended Urban (b. 1, p. 266-268). Inside the Empire, Clement added to his domains the prince-bishoprics of Liege (b. 1, p. 273-274), Mainz (b. 1, p. 276-277), Basel (b. 1, p. 288-289), and Lausanne (b. 1, p. 289); Wenceslas, ruling over Brabant and Luxembourg (b. 1, p. 281); and the counties of Cleves and Mark, whose rulers were totally faithful to France (b. 1, p. 282). Albert of Bavaria, ruling over Straubing, Zeeland, Holland, and Hainaut, began to personally follow Clement (b. 1, p. 279-280), but his domains became neutral (b. 3, p. 85), and subtraction from Rome only occurred much later (b. 3, p. 286). The county of Geneva (and the bishopric, as its bishop was a good friend of Clement (b. 1, p. 174, 311)), Montbeliard, Besancon (b. 1, p. 283), Toul, and Verdun (b. 1, p. 284) became Clementine probably in this year. Murbach pledged neutrality (b. 1, p. 288-289). The Swiss confederacy, being a loose association of free republics, seemed to have been totally free/neutral in allegiance (b. 1, p. 289-290; b. 3, p. 387). Urban was blamed for the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller’s capture, and so he likely already then proclaimed Clementism (b. 1, p. 222).
1379 The archbishopric of Toulouse had waited until June of this year to pronounce in favor of Clement (b. 1, p. 117). The remaining bishoprics in Provence probably all in this year conceded (b. 1, p. 118-120). In the Roman Papacy, the Clementines of Marino were defeated (b. 1, p. 171-172). After a great Urbanist uprising in Naples, Queen Joanna publicly proclaimed Urban’s legitimacy (b. 1, p. 177), though she conspired in secret to return Clementine influence to her kingdom (b. 1, p. 179-180). Savoy began to follow the Clementine path (b. 1, p. 196), Scotland was as such converted too (b. 1, p. 197), and finally, after its own analysis of the best arguments on either side, Portugal (b. 1, p. 231). The Rhenish electors agreed with the Emperor to champion the Urbanist cause (b. 1, p. 271), followed by a similar declaration between the Emperor and the king of Hungary (b. 1, p. 272-273). A coalition against Liege forced Urbanism upon it (b. 1, p. 274-275). Clement added Speyer to the Prince-Bishopric of Mainz (b. 1, p. 278-279). Metz (b. 1, p. 285), Strasbourg (b. 1, p. 285-286), Constance (b. 1, p. 289), Ravenna (b. 2, p. 45), and Vercelli (b. 2, p. 139) became Clementine.
1380 Queen Joanna of Naples adopted the Duke of Anjou (ruler of Provence), fully uniting the lands of Provence and Naples, re-Clementizing Naples (b. 1, p. 189-190). Clement’s recognition in Cyprus began (b. 1, p. 196-197). Castilian ambassadors traveled to hear the best testimonies for both the Urbanist and Clementine causes (b. 1, p. 209). England replaced the bishop in Dax (part of Aquitaine) with an Urbanist (b. 1, p. 247). Julich (b. 1, p. 282), Bar, Lorraine (b. 1, p. 283), and Freiburg im Brisgau (b. 1, p. 289) became Clementine. The Duchy of Further Austria (holding all but Austria proper) sold its allegiance to Clement (b. 1, p. 286-288). The Emperor continued to build up the anti-Clementine cause - though he did not agree to the much more radical calls for crusade from some of his loyal princes (b. 1, p. 297-298) - bringing Metz and Mainz back to Pope Urban (b. 1, p. 299-300). The death of Charles V of France brought the country under the effective control of some of the most powerful nobles, including the Duke of Anjou, bringing an end to France’s softer attempts at reconciliation between the two sides (b. 1, p. 333). Orsini captured Orvieto, safeguarding its Clementine allegiance (b. 2, p. 127-130). The archbishopric of Tuam, minus the rebelling bishoprics of Killala and Elphin, along with the bishopric of Ardagh, gave themselves to Clement upon hearing of the events of the schism (b. 2, p. 317).
1381 The throne of Naples was captured by Durazzo, a fierce Urbanist, from Queen Joanna; for the third time, Naples fell into Urbanism (b. 2, p. 9-12), and the Duke of Anjou seemed to just be a spectator to the affair (b. 2, p. 14). After Castile’s long investigation and hearing the strongest arguments of direct witnesses of both sides, Castile pronounced Clement as its Pope (b. 2, p. 203-204). Portugal submitted to English law and declared Urban pope, countering Castile (b. 2, p. 207).
1382 England replaced the bishop in Aire (part of Aquitaine) with an Urbanist (b. 1, p. 247). Flanders was conquered by France and made to follow Clement (b. 1, p. 360-361), though a lot of the subject population remained Urbanist (b. 2, p. 233-234), and Ghent stood firmly Urbanist (b. 2, p. 266). The Duke of Anjou set off towards Italy in his quest to retake Naples as the heir, and avenge/rescue the former queen (b. 2, p. 19). His legion was unable to get the support of any of the Urbanist northern Italian republics, though the Visconti had some secret Clementine sympathies (b. 2, p. 30-32). Savoy offered great help, and Anjou ceded its remaining part of Piedmont to it, in return to being accompanied to Naples with more men (b. 2, p. 34). The army to cross the Alps had gathered together over 60,000 men, one of the most impressively large armies to yet do so (b. 2, p. 39), striding through northern Italy gracefully, committing neither violence nor plunder (b. 2, p. 42). The army passed through the very friendly Visconti domains (b. 2, p. 40), entered the Papal States through Bologna, which they placated (b. 2, p. 41), continued through Forli, where they had to commit the first bit of carnage (b. 2, p. 44), then the rare Clementine Ravenna, and the Rimini which gave no help, falling into a serious engagement at the Conca crossing (b. 2, p. 45). In the march of Ancona, it split in three: the first stayed behind temporarily, the second reached the northern part of the kingdom of Naples, and the third was heading towards Rome, putting Pope Urban in deep fright, however his fearwas spared from happening as the army entered Naples through Abruzzo (b. 2, p. 47-49). In Naples, the queen was sadly but mysteriously found to be proclaimed dead; the duke of Anjou denied this for a year before conceding that he was king (b. 2, p. 50-52). Abruzzo was occupied and Clementized (b. 2, p. 52). Right before his armies reached the city, the duke of Anjou got cold feet being surrounded by such a hostile Urbanist population (b. 2, p. 54). Charles of Durazzo proposed to settle this in a duel with Louis of Anjou, which he accepted (b. 2, p. 56). Portugal once again became Clementine (b. 2, p. 208).
1383 Louis of Anjou realized that the duel proposal was a trick; his provisions were in the cold and rain for months, “dying like dogs” (b. 2, p. 57). Amadeus of Savoy died in March while all the armies were slowly retreating; such a powerful army and alliance, all for nothing (b. 2, p. 59). However, the Clementine Angevins of Abruzzo fought back their siege and remained, and Anjou also strangely acquired the principality - becoming kingdom - of Taranto (b. 2, p. 61-62); it became a full civil war, with the Angevin part being listed as Aquila with its county, Terami, Andria, Lanzani, Vasto d’Ammone, Montereale, Citta Reale in Apruti, Capri island, Cosenza in Calabria, and the counties of Fundorum, Talhiacoci, Montorio, Caserta, S. Valentini, S. Angeli, Cerreti, S. Agatha, Licii, Copersani, and Tricarici (b. 2, p. 64-65). In Provence, civil war also started up between Anjou and Durazzo supporting lands, Clementine and Urbanist respectively: the former having Marseille and Arles, the latter Aix, Tarascon, Draguignan, Toulon, Frejus, and Nice (b. 2, p. 95). Orsini captured Spoleto for Clement (b. 2, p. 127). Sometime around here, Lindau became Clementine (b. 2, p. 290). Basel became contested between a Clementine and an Urbanist bishop (b. 2, p. 306). The bishops of Killala and Elphin within Tuam were replaced with Clementine ones (b. 2, p. 317). Wenceslas of Luxembourg died; his successors in Luxembourg was the staunchly Urbanist succeeding Holy Roman Emperor, but in Brabant, an independent line continued which had both Urbanist and Clementine elements (b. 2, p. 291), and was therefore neutral (b. 3, p. 85).
1384 Louis of Anjou was pressed upon by Pope Urban and Durazzo, and after some more campaigns throughout the kingdom of Naples, died (b. 2, p. 76-79). The Angevin army disintegrated and many parts left home on their own, and Durazzo considered it the end of the civil war (b. 2, p. 85). However, the Angevins still held their possessions in Naples, and wanted to continue fighting (b. 2, p. 91-92). England replaced the bishop in Bordeaux (the last part of Aquitaine) with an Urbanist (b. 2, p. 324-325).
1385 Portugal turned again to the Urbanist side (b. 2, p. 209). Baden converted to Pope Clement’s side (b. 2, p. 293). The Clementine bishop of Basel resigned; it fell to Urbanism (b. 2, p. 306). Constance was given to an Urbanist bishop (b. 2, p. 308).
1386 Orsini captured Corneto (Tarquinia) for Clement (b. 2, p. 127). Peter IV of Aragon sent out an investigation for arguments of the two popes like Castile’s, but died before he could pronounce his choice. He made sure that his sons would keep Aragon’s neutrality until a decision became clear (b. 2, p. 211). The Duke of Further Austria died, and the Habsburgs were reunited under the Duke of Austria, one of whose first acts was to promote Urban’s pontificate in all his domains (b. 2, p. 305). Strasbourg was lost to Urban (b. 2, p. 308-309). With the Polish-Lithuanian marriage, Lithuania was converted to Christianity (b. 2, p. 311).
1387 The civil war in Provence was concluded; the league of Aix was brought back to Pope Clement (b. 2, p. 110-111). In Naples, as Otto of Brunswick took power, and proclaimed Urban as Pope (b. 2, p. 123) (but the Angevin resistance was not wiped). All the Clementine areas around Viterbo were captured; only the more coastal area of Civitavecchia, Rocca Respampani, and Montefiascone remained (b. 2, p. 125-126), without Toscanella (Tuscania) (b. 2, p. 163). France and Milan allied, with Asti becoming French-aligned, making that province Clementine (b. 2, p. 137-138). Aragon’s inquiry was complete, and it gave itself to Pope Clement (b. 2, p. 213). Cyprus was pushed back to Urbanism by the Genoese in Famagusta (b. 2, p. 220).
1388 Pope Clement tried very hard to bring over Florence, but was unsuccessful (b. 2, p. 133-134).
1389 Montefiascone in Latium became Urbanite (b. 2, p. 127). Bologna along with Florence allied with France, but stubbornly refused to become Clementine (b. 2, p. 147-149). In this year, Pope Urban VI died (b. 2, p. 157). So many Christians were hoping for an end to the schism, but the Urbanite cardinals, disregarding the existence of the Clementine college, rushed to elect a new Pope of their own to continue their lineage, crowning Boniface IX (b. 2, p. 159).
1390 Rinaldo Orsini was murdered and Spoleto was recaptured by Pope Benedict (b. 2, p. 162). The Clementines recaptured Toscanella (Tuscania) and Montefiascone, which became the residence of Clementine legate da Prata, threatening Viterbo (b. 2, p. 163). With this base of power, it was likely when Bolsena and Soriano were captured (b. 3, p. 94). A new French Clementine legate embarked, and landed in Naples; San Elmo castle was captured (b. 2, p. 168-169). The marriage of the King of Aragon’s nephew with the Queen of Trinarcia brought Aragonese dominion and Clementine rule to Sicily (b. 2, p. 215). Navarra declared itself Clementine (b. 2, p. 216).
1391 The inhabitants of Viterbo revolted and made the city Clementine (b. 2, p. 164). Castelnuovo in Naples was captured by the Clementines (b. 2, p. 169). William II, a Clementine (b. 2, p. 240, 497), succeeded in Namur; his realm became Clementine (b. 3, p. 283).
1392 Amalfi in Naples was captured by the Clementines (b. 2, p. 169). After many attempts to convince the strongly Urbanist Flemish population of Pope Clement, the Duke of Burgundy conceded that the people of Flanders may follow whichever pope they pleased (b. 2, p. 239).
1393 Viterbo fell back to Pope Boniface (b. 2, p. 166). Ravello in Naples was captured by the Clementines, and a large number of Calabrian barons submitted (b. 2, p. 169). The rebellious Raymond in Les Baux, also owning Roquemartine, Meyrargues, and Chateauneuf-de-Mazenc, proclaimed Boniface as his only pope (b. 2, p. 355-357).
1394 In this year, Pope Clement VII died of sudden apoplexy (b. 2, p. 428-429). The University of Paris’s wishes and those of Charles VI of France aligned: a new election would be postponed longer (b. 3, p. 7). However, it was realized that an equal election between the Urbanists and Clementines - the ideal sought - could not happen if Avignon did not have a pope, as Rome currently did in Boniface IX. The cardinals, meanwhile, did not wish to continue the schism longer than necessary, just that there would be a pope bound by oath to effect the union; they all signed an oath to do only what would bring Catholicism closer to a union during the vote, and if they became the new pope (b. 3, p. 12-15). With the oath, they elected the new Avignon pope, Pope Benedict XIII (b. 3, p. 16). The new pope of esteemed character, famous from even before the start of the schism with all he’d accomplished during it so far, and his commitment to unity of Catholicism inspired great hope in the people, clergy, and royals of France (b. 3, p. 25). Savona became part of Orleans, but was allowed to keep its Urbanism (b. 3, p. 390).
1395 Now with the election, practically all leading voices in France continued with their claim that both rival popes resigning at the same time was the most likely path to reunification (b. 3, p. 34-35). Pope Boniface had no desire of this (b. 3, p. 38-39). Pope Benedict, meanwhile, greatly desired instead that when the two popes came together with their entourages, they should have an ultimate debate on their rights; he was sure that they would come out of that united, and that the path of agreement was superior to the path of mutual resignation. The clergy and nobles in France were not convinced (b. 3, p. 47-50). Long discussions and many meetings only ended in Pope Benedict saying he would rather be burned than accept cession (b. 3, p. 63). The expected - celebrated - religious victory giving way to this complete refusal of every proposal, no matter how respectful and reasonable it was all put, made the dukes of France never forgive Pope Benedict (b. 3, p. 66). Missions for support of the route of mutual resignation to England (b. 3, p. 78-79), Germany (b. 3, p. 82), Spain and Scotland similarly failed, while France was getting more and more irritated with Benedict’s attitude (b. 3, p. 84).
1396 Nevertheless, Benedict was a little bit more moderate, supporting cession after a mutual conference and agreement (b. 3, p. 88), unlike his rival Boniface, who joined Benedict in denying cession, council, and compromise, but also denied conference (b. 3, p. 92). One ambassador suggested that Boniface abdicate, and Benedict move his papacy to Rome; this proposal got fair approval, including from the Holy Roman Emperor and from the King of Hungary (b. 3, p. 90-91). Yet within Benedict, armed conquest also nourished his mind (b. 3, p. 95), while he thwarted French diplomacy, telling foreign kings that Charles VI was only seeking to replace him with a subservient Frenchman (b. 3, p. 97). Slowly though, radical ideas of opposing Benedict were rooted out from France by good argument; moderation began to step in: new hopes for convincing Benedict of concession, since now the kings of Castile and England were on France’s side in this plan (b. 3, p. 107-108). Castile came up with the combined plan that when Benedict and Boniface came together, they would have thirty days to come to an agreement, and if no agreement was reached by then, they would both have to mutually abdicate. This was supported, and so an embassy of England, France, and Castile’s would be formed and sent (b. 3, p. 110). Genoa became part of France, but was allowed to keep its Urbanism (b. 3, p. 390).
1397 Pope Benedict, strongly allied with Aragon (b. 3, p. 113-114), recieved the triple embassy in June (b. 3, p. 117). He delayed his response, and the three monarchies warned that he had until February 1398, otherwise he would stop recieving all revenues from the three countries (b. 3, p. 118). Then, the triple embassy went to Pope Boniface, who was similarly unreceptive (b. 3, 119-120). The movement mellowed and disintegrated after so much failure (b. 3, p. 136-137). Benedict dug in his heels, banning all speech about cession (b. 3, p. 142).
1398 Most devastatingly of all, Benedict ended the clergy contribution to French taxes (b. 3, p. 143-144). The French clergy were summoned again for an urgent proceeding to the union (b. 3, p. 148). The vote was concluded as around 123 out of 200 voting for complete subtraction of the Avignon papacy from France until Pope Benedict resigned (b. 3, p. 170-178). The king read out the result, and proclaimed the withdrawal of all of France from Benedict, and the illegality of supporting him (b. 3, p. 183-187). Brittany remained Clementine (b. 3, p. 234), along with the counties of Foix, Armagnac, and Comminges (b. 3, p. 276). The Comtat Venaissin went up in chaos; the remaining Avignon Papal holdings within the fortifications were besieged (b. 3, p. 194-197). After two months of fighting, Pope Benedict’s defenses remained strong (b. 3, p. 204-205). Provence (b. 3, p. 238), Castile (b. 3, p. 262), Metz, Verdun, Cambrai, Bar, Lorraine, and Besancon (b. 3, p. 282) followed France in becoming subtrationist.
1399 The Comtat Venaissin (besides the palace of Avignon) remained under the authority of the subtractionist Sacred College (b. 3, p. 214). Louis of Anjou’s regime in Naples collapsed, ending the civil war (b. 3, p. 272). Namur, Brabant, and Liege joined the party of subtraction (b. 3, p. 283). Albert of Bavaria, holding Hainaut and Holland, rejected subtraction from Avignon (b. 3, p. 284) - as did the king of Navarra (b. 3, p. 287), Savoy, Scotland, and Toul (b. 3, p. 288) - but he did, finally, subtract his domains from Rome completely (b. 3, p. 286). England returned to being totally severed from France (b. 3, p. 293).
1400 Pope Benedict, still blocked in the palace of Avignon, continued his delaying tactics of any attempts at advancement (b. 3, p. 230). The Clementines of Latium surrendered (b. 3, p. 320-321). The diocese of Dax, along with Bearn, were converted to Clementism (b. 3, p. 385).
1401 Many were beginning to grow weary and fearful of the Pope continuing to be stuck in the Avignon palace (b. 3, p. 236-237). Provence restored its allegiance to Pope Benedict (b. 3, p. 238-239).
1402 Sentiments towards the restitution of obedience in France were growing (b. 3, p. 256-257). France provided the captive pope in the Avignon palace more security, but it did not leave him with more freedom (b. 3, p. 259-260). The Duke of Burgundy remained strongly subtractionist (b. 3, p. 265-266). The Pope and Sacred College reconciled (b. 3, p. 277).
1403 Castile returned to the obedience of Pope Benedict (b. 3, p. 280-282). Pope Benedict, disguised, slipped out of the Palace of Avignon, removing a few stones to open up a doorway (b. 3, p. 326). The Comtat Venaissin submitted to him (b. 3, p. 329). The pope promptly declared that he would still not relinquish any of his authority, nor approve any withdrawal (b. 3, p. 330). Castile (b. 3, p. 334) and France (b. 3, p. 338) followed in submission - even the strongly subtractionist dukes of Burgundy and Berry conceded to follow (b. 3, p. 340). From France followed Cambrai (b. 3, p. 342), and presumably all the other adjoining formerly Clementine states of the Holy Roman Empire (b. 3, p. 386).
1404 The pope of Avignon made a further pronouncement that his promises while in captivity were null and void, but that he was prepared - on his own merit - to resign if it would ensure the unity of the Catholic world, not under any pressure by foreign rulers (b. 3, p. 356). In this year, Pope Boniface IX died (b. 3, p. 376). Emissaries of Benedict XIII tried to implore the Roman cardinals to not elect a new pope yet, that Benedict was willing to come to an agreement and that prolonging the schism was wrong; this was in vain (b. 3, p. 378-380). Then, Rome elected its new pope, Innocent VII (b. 3, p. 382-383), one even more stubborn than the last and also more loyal to political engagements and vies for power (b. 3, p. 384). The French-governed Genoa finally converted its lands to Clementism (b. 3, p. 390-391), followed by the lands of the Del Carretto and Fieschi (b. 3, p. 392-393), and presumably, because of Famagusta, by Cyprus in this year (b. 3, p. 389). Orleans acquired Pisa, but it did not agree to become Clementine (b. 3, p. 395-396).
1405 The diocese of Bayonne converted to Clementism (b. 3, p. 385). New attempts at agreements with the pope in Rome by Benedict failed; he announced that he would invoke the aid of Christians against Urbanism, sending it to the Holy Roman Emperor, to the republics of Florence and Siena, and more; it was a declaration of war (b. 3, p. 407). Benedict recieved the submission of the new Paleologo marquis of Montferrat and Ceva (b. 3, p. 411). He became very close to converting Pisa, but failed, though the French governor of Genoa was left with the ownership of Livorno and Porto Pisano (b. 3, p. 413-415). Liege, after continuing subtractionism, returned to Rome (b. 4, p. 64).
1406 The diocese of Aire converted to Clementism (b. 3, p. 385). Owain Glyndwyr’s independent Wales converted to the path of Benedict XIII (b. 3, p. 388). The ideas of a joined embassy to convince the popes of a double cession started gaining prominence again (b. 3, p. 427-429). The University of Paris became subtractionist again (b. 3, p. 430-431). Pope Benedict had now lied so many times in the eyes of France (b. 3, p. 446); subtraction of obedience was about to return to the country (b. 3, p. 447). The Duke of Berry attacked the Pope’s home and shot at him through the window, extorting him while holding a sword to his throat (b. 3, p. 448). Benedict moved to Nice (b. 3, p. 450), but he agreed to return to Marseille (b. 3, p. 451). He claimed he had never fully rejected cession, only the manner in which it had been presented (b. 3, p. 452). However, then a battle broke out, and the king invited the clergy to deliberate on the country’s stance (b. 3, p. 455). The supporters of subtraction and of the Pope both gave their arguments (b. 3, p. 462). The vast majority of the final vote ended up with a middle approach: the Pope would be deprived of providing for benefices and taxing the clergy, but would still have authority over the souls of the French (b. 3, p. 473). In this year, Pope Innocent VII died - and, new for Rome, Roman electors were finally postponing the new election until they corresponded with France. The Avignon and Roman cardinals would be combined and the new pope would make his residence in Rome (b. 3, p. 477). But England and France were too slow: Pope Gregory XII was elected the next month (b. 3, p. 478). Liege, so soon, returned to subtractionism (b. 4, p. 65).
1407 Yet miraculously, Gregory XII was immediately in favor of cession; trumphant joy rang through France (b. 3, p. 479). Benedict was prepared to go and follow through with the merging and mutual cession of his own will (b. 3, p. 493, 514). The envoys of both popes decided on Savona for their meeting-place (b. 3, p. 504-505). Gregory still spoke of going to Savona as late as June or July (b. 3, p. 520-521), yet fear began to grow in him more and more that he could be captured or killed in Savona, fear of the power of France (b. 3, p. 524). Gregory’s mind kept jumbling between different ways of how and if he would get to Savona (b. 3, p. 530). All his objections were countered well; he just had to get to Savona! (b. 3, p. 531). Yet Gregory’s pushing for the union was over; everyone’s hopes in him had failed (b. 3, p. 542-543). Benedict XIII, meanwhile, was pushing forward with every article of the Marseille treaty for the union (b. 3, p. 548). Continuing Liege’s crazy journey, it gave itself to Benedict (b. 3, p. 66-67).
1408 Benedict XIII continued towards Porto Venere, so that Gregory XII may come to Pietrasanta. Yet despite this being Gregory’s idea in the first place, he inexplainably didn’t follow up?? (b. 3, p. 564). Gregory stopped in Lucca (b. 3, p. 566). The more concessions Benedict made, the more demands Gregory followed up with (b. 3, p. 573). Meanwhile, Ladislaus was conquering the Papal State, and concluded an agreement that gave it influence within, using it to go against the union as much as he could (b. 3, p. 584-587). Neutrality began to be pushed for by Clementines and Urbanists alike (b. 3, p. 603, 604). France became subtractionist again, condemning both popes - they had utterly failed after so much effort of the whole Catholic world to come together; it would now try a path outside of the popes to effect unity (b. 3, p. 614-616). Bar, Brabant, and Wales (not Scotland (b. 4, p. 60)) followed in subtractionism (b. 3, p. 609); Cambrai (b. 4, p. 22-24), Foix, Armagnac, Castile, Aragon, Navarra, Lorraine (including the three bishoprics), Provence, and Savoy (b. 4, p. 47) remained Clementine. Urbanist and Clementine cardinals were planning a new council without Benedict (b. 4, p. 6-7). Both popes, meanwhile, were calling their own councils (b. 4, p. 16-17). France moved to fully support the coming council of Pisa of the united cardinals (b. 4, p. 37). Liege, for the seventh time in this schism changing sides, became subtractionist again (b. 4, p. 70).
1409 Florence withdrew its obedience of Gregory (b. 4, p. 55). Most of northern Italy soon was brought over to the support of the coming council of Pisa; Marche and Romagna (headed by Rimini), Venice, Rome, and Naples persisted with Pope Gregory (b. 4, p. 58). In Iberia, Navarra was won over to Pisa, but not Castile or Aragon (b. 4, p. 59). England, too, hearing of Gregory’s maddening conduct earlier, supported the coming Pisan council (b. 4, p. 62). Mainz supported Pisa (b. 4, p. 73-74). The rulers of France, Burgundy, Provence, England, the Holy Roman Empire (also ruler of Bohemia), Poland, Portugal, Cyprus, Savoy, Este, Lorraine, Holland, Austria, Liege, Cologne, Mainz, Brandenburg, Thuringia, and many more German states were represented ended up represented in the council of Pisa (b. 4, p. 76). Siena and Bologna came to the Pisan side (b. 4, p. 116); Baden too (b. 4, p. 228). After many proceedings gone remarkably without dispute, the council of Pisa unanimously elected Pope Alexander V (b. 4, p. 104). Instead of the unity the council strived for though, the Catholic world would be split in three (b. 4, p. 107). Venice’s ruling class held an election, and switched to the allegiance of Alexander; Pope Gregory fled to Gaeta (b. 4, p. 113-114). Louis of Anjou planned a new expedition into Naples with the help of Florence and Siena (b. 4, p. 118-119). The expedition’s troops cascaded through the lands of the Papal State, which all fell to the obedience of Alexander V; the Pisan papacy became based in Rome, except the fortified borgo, which still resisted (b. 4, p. 124). Genoa, including Livorno, shook off French domination and allied itself with Ladislaus, the Roman party (b. 4, p. 131-133). Scotland, Sicily, Aragon, and Castile remained of Benedict’s obedience (b. 4, p. 146). Southwestern France, including English Aquitaine, largely continued its old obediences (b. 4, p. 154-158), and the Comtat Venaissin with Avignon too was kept by Benedict (b. 4, p. 159).
1410 The Roman borgo fell to the forces of Alexander’s party (b. 4, p. 126). In this year, Pope Alexander V suddenly and unexpectedly died, throwing a wrench in Anjou’s plans to continue into Naples (b. 4, p. 129). Pope John XXIII was elected (b. 4, p. 130). Ladislaus’s fleet, with Genoese help, demolished Anjou’s (b. 4, p. 132-133). The palace in Avignon was sieged by the Pisan party, which captured the city of Avignon (b. 4, p. 162-163). The Roman-aligned Palatinate (whose ruler was also King of Germany), Hesse, and Brunswick allied themselves against the Pisan-aligned Mainz (b. 4, p. 228).
1411 Pope Benedict, from Barcelona, did everything he could to relieve the siege of the Avignon palace (b. 4, p. 166). Later in the year, the war was concluded; John’s men took control of the palace while Benedict’s men were given safe conduct out (b. 4, p. 169-170). Sigismund, becoming the sole head of the Holy Roman Empire (he was a supporter of Gregory), became the leading force for a new attempt at unification (b. 4, p. 229).
1412 Louis of Anjou’s dejected hopes led him to sue for peace with Ladislaus; within the peace, Ladislaus surprisingly proclaimed John XXIII as Pope; Gregory XII was forced to flee to Rimini, one of his last faithful supporters (b. 4, p. 144). Ladislaus, for his part, gained a ton of wealth and possessions within the Papal State (b. 4, p. 145). Navarre declared itself back for Pope Benedict (b. 4, p. 334).
1413 John XXIII had to put himself under Imperial protection, and they agreed on a new council in Constance the next year; the Roman-aligned Emperor was hoping the three denominations could all agree on a new pope (b. 4, p. 231-232). France softly refused, still fully committed to only Pope John (b. 4, p. 234-235), but didn’t try to stop anyone from coming to the council, and was coming around to it itself, hoping that the council would declare John as universal Pope (b. 4, p. 248).
1414 The alliance between France and the House of Luxembourg was renewed; plans for some French leaders to meet with Sigismund towards the future council were being deliberated (b. 4, p. 240-241), but they were fruitless (b. 4, p. 243). Ladislaus, who had conquered Rome and was advancing into Umbria, with dreams of conquering all of Italy, suddenly died, and his sister took the throne (b. 4, p. 251-252). Pope John set off to the Council of Constance (b. 4, p. 253). The French were taking quite a while to select their representiative clergy for the council; many had not arrived by the time it commenced (b. 4, p. 258).
1415 John was treated with respect in the Council of Constance, and the prevailing argument at the start was that the other two papal factions be brought to his obedience through peaceful, gentle means; that if the other two didn’t abdicate, they should simply not elect successors upon their deaths. Other voices wanted mutual abdication of all three again (b. 4, p. 266-269). This mutual cession path began to gain steam; all four nations in the council (English, French, German, and Italian) were convinced of it (b. 4, p. 270-271). Faced with this resolution of the council, Pope John XXIII agreed, that he would abdicate if his two rivals did; the Emperor and others attending were extremely grateful of this (b. 4, p. 275). However, then the late French delegates finally arrived, and John recieved a lot more direct support, his sentiments shifting (b. 4, p. 277-278). He fled from the council secretly, sending letters reassuring that he was not evading his promises, but that he had just stayed enough in Constance; he had done this because he did not like how Sigismund and the Holy Roman Empire were effectively running the council, thinking that they were trying to replace him with a German pawn (b. 4, p. 285-286). However, then the Pope fled further to another castle, and decrees of massive importance were adopted by the nations in the council and passed with universal authority that Pope John was legally obligated to follow the Council of Constance, and he could be punished if not (b. 4, p. 294-299). With the charges read out against him, the council removed his rights as pope, and he was imprisoned. The council itself was his successor (b. 4, p. 311-313). Pope Gregory followed this in submitting to the council too; only Pope Benedict remained (b. 4, p. 313). Benedict, meanwhile, was emboldened by being the last remaining pope to win the rest of Europe over finally to his obedience (b. 4, p. 341). Benedict’s refusal to comply prompted the remaining Clementine states (Aragon, Castile, Navarre, Foix, and maybe Armagnac) to go towards removing his rule on their own, just as the previous two popes had been made to resign (b. 4, p. 346-347).
1416 Aragon, Castile, Navarre, and Foix withdrew their obedience of Pope Benedict; only Armagnac and Scotland remained (b. 4, p. 348-349).
1417 Benedict’s sentencing was pronounced by the Council of Constance. There was no pope left; it remained for this newly united Catholic church to elect a new one (b. 4, p. 350-351). There was a long dispute about whether the English deserved to be one of the five nations in the council (English, German, French, Spanish, and Italian) but they were ultimately left in (b. 4, p. 374-377). The French, and most Italians and Spanish, were demanding an immediate election, while Sigismund (Holy Roman Emperor) was adamant that the council complete its ecclesiastical reform before electing a new pope (b. 4, p. 388). He was eventually convinced to proceed with the election (b. 4, p. 390-391). The Sacred College of cardinals, also under dispute for being elected from any of the three sides of popes from the times of the schism, eventually convinced the council that they could take part in the election (b. 4, p. 398-399). The way the vote would be counted was agreed to be a two-thirds requirement within the cardinals, then the same within each of the five nations separately, who would each get six delegates for this. This would ensure that the result would both follow the tradition of the cardinals and the agreement of all the nations, but it would be insanely hard for anybody to win the vote (b. 4, p. 401). The fifty-three electors (twenty-three cardinals and thirty delegates) entered the conclave (b. 4, p. 402), and they ended up surprisingly quickly electing the Italian cardinal Otto Colonna, becoming Pope Martin V (b. 4, p. 405).
1418 Scotland separated from Benedict XIII (b. 4, p. 441). Armagnac continued to vehemently remain, alone, on the side of Benedict (b. 4, p. 443).
1423 Benedict XIII had died last year, and after six months of his four cardinals pretending he was still alive, they elected “Pope Clement VIII” (b. 4, p. 456). Armagnac meanwhile believed Benedict III’s successor to be “Pope Benedict XIV”, sacristan of Rodez (b. 4, p. 475).
1429 A delegation invaded Clement’s fortress in Peniscola where he was forced to abdicate (b. 4, p. 472).
1433 The count of Armagnac, schismatic until the end, died: the last vestige of the schism gone (b. 4, p. 474).
1467 The last known family of Avignon allegiance was imprisoned (b. 4, p. 477).