Introduction
to
Engineering
Design
Montgomery
College
Engineering
Faculty
(Alphabetical
order)
Uche
Abanulo
Wendy
He
C.
Alex
Hou
Muhammad
Kehnemouyi
Charles
Kung
Craig
Mogren
GuangMing
Zhang
Editor:
C.
Alex
Hou
Part
III
–
Engineering
Design
Process
6.
Design
Procedures
6.1
Nature
of
Engineering
Design
6
‐
1
6.2
Problem
Identification
6
‐
1
6.3
Preliminary
Design
6
‐
2
6.4
Detailed
Design
6
‐
3
6.5
Implementation
and
Documentation
6
‐
3
Exercise
and
Activities
7.
Project
Management
7.1
Team
Development
7
‐
1
7.2
Project
Management
Tools
7
‐
1
7.3
Oral
Presentation
7
‐
4
7.4
Final
Report
7
‐
7
Exercise
and
Activities
7
‐
9
Part
IV
–
Case
Studies
(Design
Projects)
8.
Samples
of
Design
Project
8
‐
1
Appendix
A
–
Manufacturing
Process
A
‐
1
B
–
Basic
Machine
Shop
Practice
and
Tools
A
‐
4
C
‐
NSPE
Code
of
Ethics
for
Engineers
A
‐
15
Chapter 1
Engineering Professions
Preface
The main goal of this book, "Introduction to Engineering Design" is to introduce the basic concepts and computer tools in engineering design to freshmen in college for the ES100 course. Montgomery College engineering transfer program has grown from 700 to 1300 students in last 6 years and it offers more than 30 sections of ES100 (Introduction to Engineering Design) a year on three campuses as well as the College Institute in selected high schools. It requires a common textbook that can cover all topics that faculty teach in their classes and share their expertise in the areas. The objective of this course is to inspire students in the engineering disciplines, have them learning some engineering design tools, and finally practice what they have learned through a design project. This book has been divided into four parts: 1. What is engineering and engineering design? 2. Design tools - Engineering Graphics, 3D Computer Modeling and Engineering Analysis using EXCEL 3. Engineering Design Process - Procedures, Team Work, Presentation and Documentation 4. Final design project with samples The book would not have been possible without a great deal of supports. The work of this book started three years ago and has overcome many difficulties in putting all various types of faculty work together, since all materials are in different forms and it takes time to re-create manuscripts. I would like to thank the school for giving me a half year sabbatical leave and allowing me to work on this book. Special thanks go to Mr. Paul Bayhurst for his contributions to the Appendix in machine shop tools and practice. C. Alex Hou July 2014
Tables
of
Contents
Part
I
–
Engineering
and
Engineering
Design
1.
Engineering
Professions
1.1
What
is
Engineering
1
‐
1
1.2
Engineering
Disciplines
1
‐
2
1.3
Engineering
Functions
in
the
Industry
1
‐
5
1.4
Engineering
Experiences
1
‐
7
1.5
Engineering
Ethics
and
Social
Impact
1
‐
7
1.6
Engineering
Advising
1
‐
8
Exercises
and
Activities
1
‐
15
2.
Intro
to
Engineering
Design
2.1
What
is
Engineering
Design
2
‐
1
2.2
Characteristics
of
Engineering
Design
2
‐
1
Exercise
and
Activities
2
‐
3
Part
II
–
Engineering
Design
Tools
3.
Engineering
Graphics
3.1
Introduction
to
Engineering
Graphics
3
‐
1
3.2
Basics
of
Engineering
Graphics
3
‐
1
3.3
Orthographic
Projection
Views
3
‐
3
3.4
Pictorial
Views
3
‐
6
3.5
Dimensioning
3
‐
9
Exercise
and
Activities
3
‐
13
4.
Introduction
to
Solid
Modeling
‐
CREO
4.0
Computer
‐
Aided
Design
4
‐
1
4.1
Parametric
Modeling
Fundamentals
4
‐
2
4.2
Constructive
Solid
Geometry
Concepts
I
4
‐
22
4.3
Constructive
Solid
Geometry
Concepts
II
4
‐
35
4.4
Geometrical
Constraints
4
‐
48
4.5
Symmetrical
Features
4
‐
59
4.6
Datum
Features
4
‐
75
4.7
Axial
Symmetrical
Features
4
‐
94
4.8
Three
Dimensional
Construction
Tools
4
‐
112
4.9
Design
to
Manufacture
4
‐
132
Exercise
and
Activities
5.
Engineering
Analysis
5.1
EXCEL
Basics
5
‐
1
5.2
Construction
of
Tables
5
‐
3
5.3
Example
1
–
Beam
Analysis
5
‐
5
5.4
Example
2
–
Friction
Force
Analysis
5
‐
8
5.5
Example
3
–
Numerical
Integration
5
‐
12
Exercise
and
Activities
5
‐
16
Part
III
–
Engineering
Design
Process
6.
Design
Procedures
6.1
Nature
of
Engineering
Design
6
‐
1
6.2
Problem
Identification
6
‐
1
6.3
Preliminary
Design
6
‐
2
6.4
Detailed
Design
6
‐
3
6.5
Implementation
and
Documentation
6
‐
3
Exercise
and
Activities
7.
Project
Management
7.1
Team
Development
7
‐
1
7.2
Project
Management
Tools
7
‐
1
7.3
Oral
Presentation
7
‐
4
7.4
Final
Report
7
‐
7
Exercise
and
Activities
7
‐
9
Part
IV
–
Case
Studies
(Design
Projects)
8.
Samples
of
Design
Project
8
‐
1
Appendix
A
–
Manufacturing
Process
A
‐
1
B
–
Basic
Machine
Shop
Practice
and
Tools
A
‐
4
C
‐
NSPE
Code
of
Ethics
for
Engineers
A
‐
15
1
‐
1
Chapter
1
–
Engineering
Professions
1.1 What is the Engineering
What is the engineering? If you ask different people, you may get different answers. According to ABET (Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology) the definition of Engineering is: “Engineering is the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice, is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind. Engineering activities include all of the infrastructure of conception, design, construction, refinement and how it will be brought to the serviceable state for mass uses.” However, here are some surveys from some of the engineering freshman students. What they said may not be complete definition but have certain degrees of truth.
Engineering is the application of scientific knowledge to solve practical problems”
“Engineering is the bridge between pure science and practical application”
“Engineering is the study of how things work and how we can make them work better”
“Engineering is to use technology to perform tasks”
“Engineering uses math as foundation and the truth/results from science to develop something that will make the world better” Why are you studying the engineering? Everyone may have his/her own reasons. Here are some reasons that most of engineering students said: 1.
Varied opportunities 2.
Challenging work 3.
Social impact 4.
Creative thinking 5.
Prestige 6.
Understanding how things work 7.
Financial security
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1.2 Engineering Disciplines
There are five engineering disciplines in early 1900; they are civil engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, chemical engineering and industrial engineering. However, due to emerging technology and the need of interdisciplinary research work, there are many new disciplines in today’s engineering areas now. 1.2.1 Civil Engineering Civil engineers are concerned with the design of large and complex structures -- dams, bridges, transportation systems, and the like. They also deal with hydraulics, pollution control, and surveying. Subdivisions within the field include: construction management, environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, and water resources engineering. More information, see The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) website: www.asce.org 1.2.2 Mechanical Engineering Mechanical is the remaining member (with electrical and civil) of the traditional big three options. Mechanical engineers design mechanisms -- basically anything with lots of interconnected moving parts. They are also concerned with the engines and motors which power these mechanisms. Many mechanical engineers work in the areas of heating & air conditioning, automotive, industrial, or manufacturing engineering. More information, see The American Society for Mechanical Engineers (ASME) website: www.asme.org 1.2.3 Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering is by far the largest option in overall enrollment. It is probably also the discipline with the largest diversity of sub-specialties. Topics range from the microscopic devices connected with modern communications and computer design, to the gigantic components associated with power production and transmission. Many bioengineering fields also encompass the application of electrical engineering principles. More information, see Institute of Electrical, Electronics Engineers (IEEE) website: www.ieee.org 1.2.4 Chemical Engineering Chemical engineers work to improve the efficiency of chemical processes, and they design equipment for the chemical industry. Subdivisions of the field include process engineering, polymer science, biochemical engineering, petrochemical engineering,
1
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3
energy conversion, and environmental engineering, to name just a few. Many chemical engineers ultimately find career opportunities in areas which are quite interdisciplinary, and may be employed in industry, in an academic setting, or by many public and private institutes and agencies. More information, see American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) website: www.aiche.org 1.2.5 Industrial Engineering Industrial engineers design the systems that organizations use to produce goods and deliver services. Most of engineering disciplines are focused on technology and products, but the industrial engineers are more emphases on the human-human and human-product relations. The subfields include manufacturing systems, system engineering, quality control, engineering management, occupational safety, ergonomics, and engineering economics. More information, see Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE) website: www.iienet.org 1.2.6 Aerospace Engineering Aerospace engineering deals with the design of flight vehicles to operate both inside the earth's atmosphere and beyond. Subdivisions within this field include:
aerodynamics
-- the flow of air and the associated forces, pressures, etc;
flight dynamics --
trajectories, rotational dynamics, sensors and controls;
propulsion systems, --
the design of engines and motors;
structures --
issue of weight, stress, strain, vibration, etc. that constrain the selection of materials; and
design --
the most interdisciplinary field, connected with overview of the design of a specific vehicle to meet its performance goals. More information, see
The
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) website: www.aiaa.org 1.2.7 Bioengineering Bioengineering, also known as biomedical engineering, is a rapidly growing and developing profession. A Biomedical Engineer uses traditional engineering expertise to analyze and solve problems in biology and medicine, providing an overall enhancement of health care. Students choose the biomedical engineering field so that they may help develop devices that enable us to live more healthful and productive lives. These devices include pacemakers, orthopedic implants, and diagnostic instruments. Biomedical Engineers work with other health care professionals including physicians, nurses, therapists, and technicians. Biomedical Engineers also contribute to basic biological understanding, leading to new ways of preventing, diagnosing, and treating disease and helping to solve complex clinical problems. Some examples of current research and development areas are: formulation of synthetic biomaterials, the design of artificial tissues and organs, and the development of new drug delivery systems. More information, see Biomedical Engineering
Society (BMES) website: www.bmes.org
1
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1.2.8 Computer Engineering Computer engineering, sometimes mixed with systems engineering, is one of the newest disciplinary specializations to be found in engineering schools. It deals with all aspects, both hardware and software, of the computer industry. Many of the topics covered by this field were formerly spread out among a variety of departments, including electrical engineering and computer science. Indeed many computer engineering programs are still handled as subdivisions within an electrical engineering department. More information, see IEEE Computer Society, website: www.computer.org 1.2.9 Fire Protection Engineering Fire protection includes the design of systems and equipment for the detection and fighting of fire, as well as the development of fire retardant materials, and the fire safety of structures. Fire Protection is closely related to both Chemical and Mechanical engineering, but with a specific emphasis on applications to fire-related issues. More information, see Society of Fire
Protection Engineers (SFPE) website: www.sfpe.org 1.2.10 Material Engineering New technologies developed through engineering and science will continue to make startling changes in our lives in the 21st century, and workers in Materials Science and Engineering will continue to be a key in these changes and advances. These engineers deal with the science and technology of producing materials that have properties and shapes suitable for practical use. Materials include metals, ceramics, polymers (plastics), semiconductors, and their combinations called composites. The activities of these engineers range from primary materials production, including recycling, through the design and development of new materials to the reliable and economical processing/manufacturing for the final product. Such activities are found commonly in industries such as aerospace, transportation, electronics, energy conversion, and biomedical systems. Many applications are limited by the operating constraints imposed by the properties or behavior of the materials available. Higher quality products result from improved processing and more emphasis will be placed on reclaiming and recycling. For these many reasons, most surveys name the materials field as one of the careers with excellent future opportunities. More inform
ation, see ASM International Society (formerly American Society for Metals, ASM) website: www.asminternational.org 1.2.11 Nuclear Engineering Nuclear engineers work on design, maintenance and repair of nuclear power facilities. Fluid dynamics is a very fundamental component of this program, because the proper functioning of nuclear reactors is critically dependent upon the precise control of liquids (coolant, moderator,
1
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lubricants) and gasses (steam, coolant, etc.) -- often at extremes of temperature, pressure, and flow velocity. More information, see American Nuclear Society (ANS) website: www.new.ans.org 1.2.12 Others
Environmental Engineering,
Agricultural Engineering,
Automotive Engineering,
Structural Engineering,
Genetic Engineering,
Mining Engineering, Petroleum Engineering,
Manufacturing/Construction Engineering,
System Engineering, and
Marine and Ocean Engineering.
1.3 Engineering Functions in Industry
Even though a student needs to choose an engineering discipline in his/her study but when they work in an engineering firm they may have to work with engineers in different disciplines and involve in a wide variety of functions ranging from design to sales. The more common engineering functions are
Research and Development (R&D) engineers The role of R&D engineers is the one closest to that of a scientist. R&D engineers explore fundamental principles of science (physics, chemistry, and biology) and apply them to more specific products/applications. Comparing to the scientists, R&D engineers are more application orientated. They bridge the gap between pure research and full-scale production. Most often, a higher degree like Ph. D is required.
Design engineers Most of engineers are employed as design engineers. The design engineer is responsible for providing the detailed specifications of the products society uses. Since entire product design is getting more and more complicated, most design engineers is responsible for a component or part of the product. The individual parts are then assembled into a product such as a computer, airplane or automobile. Design engineers not only design a new product but also work with existing products. They work on re-design the product to make it function better, cost cheaper and manufacturing easier.
Analysis/Testing engineers Analysis/Test engineers provide verification of the product design. Analysis engineers typically are specialists in a technology area important to the product or service. They may work with computer models of products to make sure the design meets specification. Test engineers are responsible for
1
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6
implementing tests to verify the integrity, reliability and quality of products before mass production.
Manufacturing/Construction engineers Manufacturing engineers turn the design to reality. They are responsible to develop the processes for taking raw materials and changing them into the finished products in the most efficient ways to save time and cost. They are more concern about different manufacturing processes, introduction to new technology in manufacturing, control of manufacturing time, inventory of raw materials, and schedule of production, etc.
Production/Maintenance engineers Production and maintenance engineers must have a wide range of expertise dealing with the mechanical and electrical issues involved with maintaining production operations. Production engineers may also responsible for quality control of the product, inventory of raw materials and schedule of production. Maintenance engineers are more responsible for non-manufacturing issues such as safety inspections and equipment/tool repairs.
Sales engineers and Technical support Sales engineers or technical support must have interpersonal skills conducive to effective selling and answering customer's technical concerns. Today's engineering products are more supplicated and complicated than before; sales engineers have technical background to answer customers' concerns and questions. Good technical and customer supports are essential to the successful of the products.
Management In many cases, engineers work themselves into project leader and eventually into full-time management positions. Engineers in these positions need to have technical ability, problem-solving ability and leadership skills. Many engineers also take MBA degree before or after they are promoted to the management positions.
Education Some engineers are working in research and teaching in schools. The one students are more familiar with is engineering professors. College professors usually have their Ph. D
Consulting engineers Consulting engineers are either self-employed or they work project by project. They provide their technical expertise or services to the company or organization but not directly to the consumers.
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1.4 Engineering Experience
For many years, engineering graduates have received relatively high starting salaries and most have usually found interesting positions available upon graduation. Most of the engineering firms are looking for the students who have engineering experiences. As students, it is hard to gain such experiences while studying in the school. However, there are still something that a students can do to have some experiences: 1.4.1 Summer internship The Engineering Department at Rockville Campus offers a number of resources for students to enhance their education through work experience in their field of study. Students may apply for an internship or a research experiences for undergraduates (REU) to gain valuable experience. Montgomery College has established transfer programs for students planning to pursue a bachelor’s degree after graduation. Comments or questions about SEM Internship Resources can be directed to the internship Coordinator, Michael Mehalick, at
Michael.Mehalick@montgomerycollege.edu
. 1.4.2 School engineering clubs At Montgomery College, Rockville campus, engineering students have organized many clubs that related to engineering. It has wide range of interest and focus, leadership training, student chapters of professional engineering organizations, specialties/integration of engineering disciplines:
Aerospace Club (AIAA MC student Branch) - advisor: Dr. Charles Kung
ASME MC Student Branch - advisor: Dr. Wendy He
Engineering Without Borders (EWB) - advisor: Prof. Craig Mogren
IEEE MC Student Branch - advisor: Dr. Lan Xiang
MC Engineering Club - advisor: Dr. Nawal Benmouna
Robotics Club - advisor: Dr. Alex Hou
Woman in Engineering Science and Technology (WEST): advisor: Dr. Nawal Benmouna
1.5 Engineering Ethics and Social Impact
Engineering ethics is the study of moral decisions that must be made by engineers in the course of engineering practice. It is important for engineering students to study ethics so that they will be prepared to respond appropriately to ethical challenges during their careers. Often, the correct answer to an ethical problem will not be obvious and will require some analysis using ethical theories. The types of problems that engineers will encounter in studying engineering ethics are very similar to the design problems that engineers work on every day. As in design, there will not be a single correct answer. Rather, engineering ethics problems will have multiple correct solutions, with some solutions being better than others.
1
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So what are the engineer ethics theories or rules? The National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) has published the Code of Ethics for Engineers that provided the basic principles and practices for engineers to understand their duty and obligations to the society and have a guideline when making a decision involving professional ethics questions. This code of ethics is included in the Appendix of the book. There is no better way to study engineering ethics through case studies. NSPE has listed many real world ethics cases through the year 2016 for studying engineering ethics. If anyone is interested in this study, you can download the whole document (the NSPE Ethics Reference Guide) from https://www.nspe.org/sites/default/files/resources/pdfs/Ethics/EthicsReferenceGuide.pdf In addition to that, there are a few questions you should ask yourself when making an ethical decision: 1.
Is it legal? 2.
Is it safe to the society? 3.
Is it the right time to do? Will I do it again? 4.
Will this stand the test of public scrutiny? If this decision was published on newspaper, do I still feel comfortable? 5.
If something terrible happened, could I defend my actions? 6.
Would I do this in front of my family (or someone I respect)?
1.6 Program Advising
Since engineering transfer programs at Montgomery College offer only first two-year courses in a four-years BS degree program, most of students will transfer to a four-year engineering programs after they complete Associate of Science (AS) degree. Due to requirements of receiving schools may be different, discussing with engineering advisors to prepare individual academic plan will be vital for students’ success in their career. 1.6.1 Engineering advising Engineering students enroll in a variety of courses in several different disciplines such as engineering science, computer science, physics, chemistry, biology, English and general education. Finding an appropriate advisor often requires some effort on the part of the student. Try to talk to your advisor at least once a year to ask any questions regarding engineering profession and career plan. Listed below are names of current advisors along with a short description of their particular expertise and advising strengths. All campuses –
Dr. Don Day: Advising for any engineering curriculum, transfer programs, pre-requisite overrides, EL & RD students, new or returning students, physics courses, chemistry courses, math courses, engineering courses. Rockville campus –
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Dr. Alex Hou: Advising for all engineering students and transfer programs. Engineering Program Coordinator.
Professor Mogren Craig: Advising for all engineering students. Faculty Coordinator for Engineers Without Borders.
Dr. Lan Xiang: Advising for electrical/computer engineering students and ASE degree seeking students Germantown campus –
Dr. Charles Kung: Advising for all engineering majors.
Dr. Monica Mallini: Advising for all engineering majors. Takoma Park campus –
Dr. Hailu Gebremariam: Advising for physics and engineering majors.
Dr. Max Nam: Advising for physics and engineering majors. 1.6.2 Academic study plan All students who are taking ENES100 are required to create the academic study plan through MyMC and click the icon of “Student Academic Plan” (SAP). They also required to update it at least three times when they taking PHYS161 (General Physics I) and PHYS 262 (General Physics II) and the last semester before they plan to graduate. On the meantime, students can check their academic progress anytime through the icon of “Student Advisory Report” (SAR). Following is the instruction of creating an academic study plan (SAP):
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Creation of Student Academic Plan of Completion Assignment Due: One week before Priority Registration Begins
The goal of the Student Academic Plan Completion assignment is to promote undergraduate student progress toward a degree. Each student
must create
and
consistently review
an Academic Plan for their major.
To prepare you to create your Student Academic Plan follow the instructions below:
A.
Find and download the Program Advising Guide (in pdf format) for your major from this link:
http://cms.montgomerycollege.edu/EDU/plain.aspx?id=15000
Please note: Program Advisors (with their contact information) are listed in these guides.
B.
Log into MyMC and click on the Student Academic Plan icon. We will refer to this tool as SAPC in the instructions below. The acronym SAPC stands for “Student Academic Plan of Completion”.
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C.
First view your academic history under the “Academic History tab” and using the Program Advising Guide you downloaded for your major, identify the courses remaining for you to complete your degree.
1
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Now you are ready to follow the steps 1 through 3 in SAPC to create your Student Academic Plan:
D.
Click on the tab “Academic Plan (Step 1)”
as shown below. The proposed semesters are numbered after the total number of semesters you have been at the college, so the numbers will be different for each student. (The picture below shows a plan already completed. Your proposed semesters will be empty when you first start.) E.
Using the sample academic plan in your major’s Program Advising Guide which you downloaded, fill the proposed semesters with the courses you need to take in order to complete your degree. When your plan is completed, click the Save/Update button at the bottom of the page (still in step 1).
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F.
Print your plan using the print button at the bottom of the page or save as pdf. Your printed plan will look like the picture below and will include your past and current semesters as well. G.
Before
THE DEADLINE
: Meet with a Program Advisor to discuss and review your plan. Have your Program Advisor enter their name under the “
Advisor Information (Step 2)”
tab in the SAPC tool and have your advisor sign a printout of your finalized Academic Plan. H.
After you have met with a Program Advisor, log back into the SAPC tool and in the “
Complete (Step 3)
” tab enter any changes that you discussed about your academic plan.
Click on “Submit as Complete” (you WILL be able to modify and then resubmit your plan in the future, so don’t panic!) I.
Submit the signed copy of your Academic Plan to your course instructor by
THE DEADLINE
. (You can submit a photo using Blackboard Course Mail.) J.
You are all set! Now you are ready to registration when priority registration starts! Remember register EARLY to get the classes you need to complete your degree!
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Useful tools to help you create your academic plan:
1. STUDENT ADVISORY REPORT This tool provides details on your academic history. 2. COURSES IN YOUR MAJOR PROGRAM
http://catalog.montgomerycollege.edu/content.php?catoid=6&navoid=606
-
Change "Entire Catalog" to "Programs" (right-hand-side) to search for your major 3. PREREQUISITES (COURSE CATALOG)
http://catalog.montgomerycollege.edu/
-
Check that you will have completed the prerequisites for the next semester courses
-
Use the Catalog Search on the right-hand-side or click on the courses in your program 4. MATH COURSE SEQUENCE
https://cms.montgomerycollege.edu/EDU/Department2.aspx?id=34892
Mathematics Courses Updated Flowchart
-
Verify you are in the correct math sequence for your major 5. TRANSFER
a.
ENGINEERING:
https://cms.montgomerycollege.edu/EDU/Department2.aspx?id=11115
-
Check the Transfer Sheets, which outline required courses for transfer to nearby schools b. OTHER STEM:
-
Meet with your Program Advisor or a Transfer Counselor to discuss requirements for transferring to your preferred schools in your major program.
Student Advisory Report
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EXERCISE AND ACTIVITIES
1. Contact an engineer in a discipline that interests you. Set up an interview and talk to him/her on individual education experience, activities in schools and his/her job projects. Ask him/her to give an advice to engineering students today. After the interview, write a one-page report. 2. Pick an engineering discipline that interests you and make a list of technical courses that you think them are essential to the discipline. You can search your information through internet. 3. Visit two engineering professors during their office hours. Ask each for their engineering background and experiences. Ask for any advises to engineering freshman students and why it is important. 4. Visit the website of Montgomery College Clubs in Engineering page: http://www.montgomerycollege.edu/Departments/phengrv/clubs.html to find all clubs related to engineering. Pick one you are interested and join it. Participate the activities and learn more about the work of engineers doing. 5. Do you know how to calculate your GPA (general point average) at MC? Can you calculate this student’s GPA after first semester and 2nd semester?
courses credits grade Semester1 MATH181 5 B PHYS161 3 C Semester2 PHYS161 3 A ENES102 3 B
6.
As an engineering student, you may not face the professional ethical situation yet but you might encounter the following situation. Read it and discuss how you would respond. What are your ethical responsibilities?
You and your roommate are both enrolled in the same engineering class. Your roomate spent the weekend parting and did not do the homework that is due on Monday. You did the homework, and your roommate asks to see it. You ae afraid he or she will just copy it turn it in as his or her own work. What are you ethically obligated to do? a.
Show your roommate the homework. b.
Show the homework but ask your roommate not to copy it. c.
Show the homework and tell the roommate that if the homework is copied, you will tell the professor. d.
Refuse to show the homework. e.
Refuse to show the home work but offer to spend time tutoring the roommate. f.
Others. Explain it.
Chapter 2
Introduction to Engineering Design
2
‐
1
Chapter
2
–
Intro
to
Engineering
Design
2.1 What is Engineering Design
What is engineering design? If you ask ten engineers, you may get ten different answers. A formal definition of engineering design is found in the curriculum guidelines of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET). It says:
Engineering design is the process of devising a system, component, or process to meet design needs. It is decision-making process (often iterative), in which the basic sciences, mathematics, and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated objective. Among the fundamental elements of design process are the establishment of objectives and criteria, synthesis, analysis, construction, testing, and evaluation. The engineering design component of a curriculum must include most of following features: development of student creativity, use of open-ended problems, development of use of modern design theory and methodology, formulation of design problem statements and specifications, consideration of alternative solutions, feasibility considerations, production process, concurrent engineering design, and detailed system descriptions.
There are other definitions of the engineering design:
Design - the plan and arrangement of the form and structure of natural and man-made material to achieve a desired function. Engineering - the application of sciences to the construction of hardware or/and software. Engineering design - an iterative decision making process in which sciences are applied to devise a system to meet the needs of the client.
2.2 Characteristics of Engineering Design
According to this definition, there are a few characteristics of engineering design that can be found: 1. It fully integrates the knowledge of basic science, math and engineering science. Engineering design is strongly based on the knowledge of physics, chemistry, biology and math. In school students learn structured curriculum courses by courses for different disciplines. However, in real world, engineers need to integrate all knowledge what they learned in class and implement it in design from all different aspects. 2. It solves open-ended problems. In school, students are more familiar with analytical problem solving where there is one correct answer. However, most problems engineers have to solve are open-ended and have several solutions. For example, how to design an engine that uses renewable energy and makes it more efficient can have many different options. The challenge is to identify an optimal solution by careful and systematic analysis of multiple alternatives.
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3. It is an iterative learning process. Engineering design process is a complicated and messy process. For most of the homework problems, students may be able to find the answer using a logical approach such as need-know-how-solve method. However, for a design problem at any stage in the process new idea may pop up and requiring students to re-examine what they already done. It ends up that students may need to re-do it using different data, materials, sizes and approaches. It can be very frustrated but students learned from failure design. 4. It utilizes new technology and established methodology. The information, new technology, materials and process that are available at time will significantly impact the design solution. The best design of a product or process twenty years ago may not be the case anymore since the technology, material or process change. 5. It is a team work and con-current process. The engineering product design is getting more and more complicated in modern days. For example, to design a car, you not only need mechanical engineers to design frame, engine, cooling, transmission, you also need electrical engineers to design lighting, ignition systems. Therefore, a design team usually consists of engineers from all different major and they have to work together to accomplish the task. Concurrent design requires all team members involved think things simultaneously from different aspects to avoid mistakes later. Even during the design stage, market expectation, product safety, manufacturing cost, and assembly need to be considered at same time. 6. It uses limited resources to meet multiple goals. One of the biggest challenges designers face is how to use limited resources and design a product that successfully satisfies a number of criteria, many of which might seem to be conflicted. For example, when you design a consumer electronic product, say iPod, you need to consider the cost, design time, consumer’s needs, product life cycle, etc.
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EXERCISE AND ACTIVITIES
1. What is engineering design? Make a statement in your own words. 2. Take no more than 20 minutes to think about your dream car. Draw your dream car in a 3-D sketch and indicate the special features of your car. 3. Design problem: Computer cables cross the floor of CAD classroom. This causes a tripping hazard. Design the cross-section of a cable cover. The minimum numbers of wires that the cover must protect are two 3/8’’ network cables and one 1/2” extension cord. Requirement: 1) three different cross-sectional sketches with major dimensions; 2) three possible materials and 3) three methods of attachment of keep the cover in place on the floor.
Chapter 3
Engineering Graphics
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Chapter
3
–
Engineering
Graphics
3.1 Introduction to Engineering Graphics
Engineering graphics is a common language among engineers for exchanging their ideas. Through graphical presentation, engineers are finding it to be much easier presenting their design products rather than using words describing them. A good engineering designer not only needs to know how to present his product from a three-dimensional product to a two-dimensional medium following graphics standard but also by translating a 2-D drawing into a 3-D model as well. Traditionally, graphics skills have been taught in a separate 2-3 credit hour course; however, some disciplines no longer require drafting class. Instead, the computer 3-D modeling has been utilized to the full extent for design engineers in industry. No matter what, the engineering graphics standard still remains the same, whether or not you draw sketch by hand or model it using computer software.
3.2 Basics of Engineering Graphics
There are several types of engineering drawings in different engineering fields for different purposes. In this chapter, detailed drawing for mechanical engineer will be discussed in more detail. 3.2.1 Paper Size, and Title Block Depending on the printer, the paper sheet size is specified in ascending order: FPS (inch) system: A (8½ x11) , B, C, D, E and F (28x40) . SI (millimeter) system: A4 (210x297), A3, A2, A1 and A0 (841x1189).
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A title block provides a variety of information about a drawing, such as the title of the drawing, sheet size, part number and predominant scale and drafter information. 3.2.2 Types of Lines There are many types of lines used in the engineering graphics to represent different situations. A good design engineer should be able to see and interpret the product. Here are four types of lines that are used the most in engineering graphics: a) Visible Line – used to describe the visible surface boundary or edge of the object. It is drawn as a thick continuous line. b) Hidden Line – used to describe the invisible boundary of surface or edges of the object that is blocked by other surfaces. It is drawn as a medium and dashed line. c) Center Line – used to show and locate the centers of circles and arcs and to represent the center axes of circular or symmetrical form. It is drawn as thin and short-long line. When used to define the center of an arc and circle, two center lines are drawn and intersect on the short lines as shown in the figure. When used to present as axial symmetrical line, only one centerline used. d) Dimension Line, Leader and Extension Line – used to establish the extent of an object and label the size of it. It is drawn in a thin and continuous line. Besides these four major line types, there are many others. See any reference book in detail: e) Cutting-Plane Line – used to identify where a section is taken and the show the view direction. It is drawn in a thick line.
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f) Section Line – used to show the area where the cutting plane passes through and indicate the material used. Different line types on the area mean different materials. (The one in example is cast iron). g) Break Lines – used to shorten the length of a long object or part or to provide a partial view of a feature. Occasionally, two different line types may fall on the same location in the drawing. If that happens, the more important and thinker line will prevail and be drawn. For example, if a visible line and hidden line fall on the same location, then the visible line will be drawn. In general, it follows the order:
cutting-plane line -> visible line -> hidden line -> center line
In this drawing, how many line types can you identify?
3.3 Orthographic Projection Views (Multi-views)
3.3.1 The Theory of Projection In order to use a sheet of paper or the computer screen which only has two-dimensions to display a three-dimensional object in an accurate way, orthographic projection or multi-views is developed for this purpose. The theory of orthographic projection (also called glass box theory) can be considered by putting the three-
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dimensional product into a glass box and showing the projection views from each side of the box. There will be six views in general (front, top, right side, left side, back and bottom views), however, most of the time, we will use three views only; named FRONT view, TOP view and (right) SIDE view. The remaining three views usually don’t add any new information. Among these three views, the front view is the most important view and usually shows the most features or characteristic of the product. It usually contains the least amount of hidden lines. 3.3.2 Construction of Orthographic Views Since these orthographic views are two-dimensional, each view can only shows two dimensions of the product, but when we look at all three views, we will have a complete picture of the three dimensions of the product. The front view shows the width and height of the product and the depth dimension is suppressed. The top view shows the width and depth of the product and the height is not shown. Similarly, the side view shows the height and depth of the product only. In other words, each view only shows two dimensions of the product but combined three views together, all three dimensions (width, height and depth) are shown twice in these views.
The location of each view relative to the other views is extremely important in describing the product. Since the front view is the most important view; once the
top
viewright
side
view
back viewleft
side
viewbottom view
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front view is drawn, the top view must appear above the front view and the (right) side view must be displayed to the right side of the front view. There is no quick way to become a drawing expert. Practice, practice and practice is the only way to get better. Here is a general procedure to construct orthographic views: a) Choose a front view. This is the view that shows the most about the product. b) Draw the visible surfaces of the front view. c) Draw projections off of the front view horizontally and vertically in order to create the boundaries for the top and (right) side views. d) Draw the top view. Use the vertical projectors to fill in the visible and hidden features. e) Double check the front and top views. These two views share the same dimensions in width. Compare these two views and fill in all visible and hidden lines in width direction. e) Draw a 45
o
projector off of the right upper corner of the front view. f) From the top view, draw projectors over 45
o
line and down in order to create the boundaries of the (right) side view.
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g) Draw the (right) side view. Fill visible and hidden lines by using vertical projectors from top view and horizontal projectors from front view. h) Double check the front and side views. These two views share the same dimensions in height. Compare these two views and fill all visible and hidden lines. i) Draw center lines where necessary. After all steps, finally check and insure following: a) The front and top views are vertically aligned. b) The front and (right) side view are horizontally aligned. c) Every point or feature in one view is aligned on a projector in any adjacent view (front and top, or front and right side).
3.4 Pictorial View
Pictorial view is a sketch that shows all three orthographic views in one. Since it uses one view to show all three dimensions in a two dimensional view, all the angles and length may not be the true dimensions (i.e. the dimension and geometry may be distorted). In some cases, it may not be able to show detail features behind the visible surfaces. However, it is relatively easy to understand the general shape of the product for non-engineers, so it is used for commercial advertising and assembly procedure. There are generally two types of pictorial sketches that can be used. One is isometric view and the other is oblique view. The main differences of these two are the angles between three axes (width, height and depth) directions. 3.4.1 Isometric View In isometric view, three axes are composed of two receding axes (width and depth) that measured 30
o
from the horizontal reference plus a vertical axis (height).
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Here is a general procedure to convert orthographic views to an isometric view: a) Label all surfaces on the orthographic views. Ignore all hidden lines. All surfaces on each view should be bounded by visible lines. b) Draw an isometric box size of the overall dimensions of the product respectively to three axes. c) Choose the most front surface in front view and define the points of every corner on that surface. d) Transfer all corner points of the surface to isometric box. Then connect all these corner points by lines. e) Repeat the procedures of c) and d) for every surface till all surface are drawn on the isometric box. f) Double check the drawing and erase the lines that are hidden. Usually hidden lines are not shown in the pictorial view.
30°30°
depthwidthheigh
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3.4.2 Circular Feature on Isometric View In isometric view, circles will always appear as ellipses. The orientation of the ellipse depends on which surface (front, top or side) the circle appears. To construct an ellipse on the top isometric surface follw these steps: a) Draw a square circumscribed bythe circle on the top view. b) Transfer that square to the isometric top surface plane (it should looks like an dimond shape). Sketch in the center lines on the isometric top surface plane too. c) Draw a perpendicular bi-sector line from each side of the diamond shape. (i.e. draw a line from two interior obtuse angles to the mid points of opposite sides). Total four lines. d) Draw an arc that centered at the intersection point of any two perpendicular bi-sector lines with radius from center to the midpoint of the side of diamond. There will be four arcs to draw. 3.4.3 Oblique Pictorial Oblique view is similar to isometric view but there are some noticeable differences. Since the front view is the most important view of a product, the isometric view is not going to show any of the three orthographic views in true angles and areas. So engineering designers would like show the front view on the oblique drawing similar to the front view in orthographic views with distorted top view and right side view. In oblique view, three axes are composed tow perpendicular axes (width and height) and a receding axis (depth) in any angle needed. However, 45
o
is the most common.
The procedure to draw an oblique view is the same as compared to isometric view except directions of three axes are different.
width
depthheight
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3.5 Dimensioning
In addition to the shape description of a product given by orthographic views, a complete engineering drawing must also have detail size and location descriptions using numerical numbers. The dimensioning standards are based on the ASME Y14.5 established in 1994. Choosing dimensions involves many decisions based on how the product functions, how it relates to other parts and how it is manufactured. There may be several ways to place a dimension so the concept of “engineering intent” will often point to the most logical selection. Even there is no unique way to place dimensions but there are certain rules need to be followed. 3.5.1 Lines in Dimensions Dimension lines are always drawn in thin line so that they won’t be confused with visible lines. a) Extension lines – extension lines should start a little gap from the product it will be measured except if it starts from inside of the product view drawing. b) Dimension line with arrowhead and text – dimension line extend exactly between extension lines and the arrowhead always point to the extension lines. The text is always in the middle of the dimension line and without unit. (NOTE: unit should be indicated on title block) c) Leader lines – leader line is used for circular features. It points to the centers of arcs or circles and stops on the circle/arc.
3.5.2 Dimension Preferences and Rules a)
The spacing between dimension lines should be uniform throughout the drawing. b)
Do not draw a dimension line inside an object or have the dimension line touch the object unless clearness is gained. c)
Dimension number should be horizontal which means that it is read from the bottom of the drawing. d) Dimension lines should not cross extension lines or other dimension lines.(note: Extension lines can cross other extension lines or visible lines but try to avoid if possible). e)
Extension lines and centerlines should not connect between views but they can be connected in a same view. f)
Leader lines should point to the center of the arc/circle at angle between 30
o
– 60
o
. g) Dimensions should not be duplicated or the same information given in two different ways/views.
Leader
Line
Dimension
Text
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h) Begin with smallest dimension close to the object and place dimensions that progressively increase in size further away from the object. i) Dimension to the view that provide that best shape descriptions. j) Avoid to dimension on the hidden lines if possible. k) Dimensions should be grouped and placed between views whenever possible. Let’s practice it! There are some mistakes in the following dimension drawings. Can you correct them? Answers are next to them.
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3.5.3 Special Dimensioning A) A circle is dimensioned by its diameter and an arc by its radius using a leader line and a note. Use radius to define an arc. Use R as radius symbol. Use diameter to define a full circle. Use
Φ
as diameter symbol. B) Dimensions of a circle/arc are given to the location of the center and diameter/ radius.
C) For round corners, the leader should pass through the center or point to the center of the arc. D) Repetitive features or dimensions may be specified by using the symbol “X” along with the number of times the feature is repeated. E) Use any one of these method to dimension the angle: coordinate method, angular method and flat taper note. 3.5.4 Dimension Choices Dimension placement and dimension text influence the manufacturing process used to make the product. However, the choice of dimension should depend on the function of the product and the mating relationship to other parts and then on the manufacturing. Usually there are two concepts for the placement of dimensioning: A) Datum dimensioning: All Dimensioning features are based on a common surface, or axis. Use it to define/emphasize feature
location
.
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B) Chain dimensioning: Dimensioning one feature from previous dimensions. Use it to define/emphasize feature
size
. In general practice, both datum and chain dimensioning are used in a detail engineering drawing depending on the importance of location or size of the feature. Even there are many ways to dimension to product, but only one dimension on a single feature on any view. So don’t place the same dimension text of a feature on different views. Datum Dimensioning Chain Dimensioning Let’s practice it! There are some mistakes in the following dimension drawings. Can you correct them? Answers are next to them. 3.5.5 Tolerance All dimensions have a tolerance except the reference. Tolerance is the error range (for example, +0.01). Tolerance is smaller means the accuracy is better but the manufacturing cost may also increase too. For example, the dimension text “10.0” usually means “10.0 +0.1”, so the size between 9.9 and 10.1 is acceptable. If the dimension text “10.00”, it means “10.00 +0.01”, so the size between 9.99 and 10.01 is acceptable and it will be harder to manufacture and associated with higher cost.
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EXERCISE AND ACTIVITIES
1. Fill the missing lines (visible, hidden and center lines) on the following orthographic views.
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2. Draw the parts in orthographic views (front, top and side views) based on the following pictorial isometric views.
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3. Draw the pictorial isometric view of the parts based on the following orthographic views.
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4. Draw the pictorial oblique view of this product. 5. Dimension following parts based on the rules and standard discussed.
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Chapter 4
Introduction to Solid Modeling
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Chapter
4
–
Introduction
to
Solid
Modeling
‐
CREO
4.0 Computer Aided Design
The rapid changes in the field of Computer Aided Design (CAD) have brought exciting advances in the engineering design. Today in the industry, computers are not only used in the design phase but also used for analysis, simulation and manufacturing too. There are many advantages that engineers use CAD specially the 3-D modeling for the design: A creative and innovative method of representing a design conceived by design engineers Facilitate design modifications and redesign Execute long and complex engineering analyses Integrated design with other tasks, such as manufacturing An effective method of communicating design information There are a lot of software that can be used for this purpose such as AutoCAD Inventor, SolidWorks, CREO and others. Here, we are going to learn some basics for construction of a 3-D part from an idea or engineering drawing using CREO. Important Tips Before starting, there are three important ideas used in all computer applications: 1.
File Management: If you do not save your files to a safe location, then your work is lost. In CREO, the first step must be Set File Directory. This is where your files will go when you save. At Montgomery College, any files saved to the computer’s hard drive will be erased. You must set your flash drive as the Working Directory. 2.
File Names: Your file’s filename will need to be unique to you and the assignment. If you and everyone else in the class send your instructor a file called Chapter-1.PRT.1, for example, no one will get a grade for that work. Follow your instructor’s filename rules before submitting an assignment. In CREO, there are some additional restrictions on filenames, such as do not used spaces or non-alpha-numeric characters accept underscore _. 3.
The three buttons on the mouse have three general functions: Left button selects and executes actions that are under the cursor. Middle button (or pressing the wheel) is used to manipulate the graphics under the cursor. Right button brings up a menu based on where the cursor is on the screen. The position on the screen of the cursor will change what specific action happens. Additional actions can be done when holding down one of the special keys
Ctrl
,
Alt
, and/or
Shift
.
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4.1 Parametric Modeling Fundamentals
Before starting a model, insert your flash drive and start CREO. Click or select (move curser arrow and press the left mouse button) the
File
tab on the top-left of the CREO screen. Click Manage Session, then Select Working Directory. You can also just click on Select Working Directory under the Home tab. Click on your computer’s name near the top of the
Select Working Directory
window. Double-Click (select and execute) the Drive letter for your flash drive. Click
OK
near the bottom of the window. These steps must be done every time you start CREO. Task: Use CREO to create the adjuster shown in the figure. The default unit is in inch.
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Step 1: Create a new file for the 3D solid model. Select the icon of
New
from the toolbar. In the
New
window, select the
Part
module. Type
chapter_1
as the file name. Click the box of
OK
. This will bring up the design window. Step 2: Create the first feature, which is a block and the 3 dimensions are 3.5 x 3.0 x 2.5 inches. From the Model tab, click the icon of
Extrude.
Specify 2.5 as the height of the block feature. Select the red
Placement
tab, the click on
Define...
. From the Model Tree, select the
TOP
datum plane as the sketching plane, then
Sketch
. Click the icon of
Sketch
View
to orient the sketching plane parallel to the screen.
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Click the icon of
Centerline
and create a vertical centerline passing through the origin of the coordinate system. Make 2 left clicks along the vertical dashed-line, which serves as a reference. Click the icon of
Rectangle
to sketch a rectangle, which is symmetric about the vertical centerline. Start with picking a point on the left side of the horizontal reference (horizontal dashed-line), and picking the second point on the other side. Before making the second click, set the rectangle symmetric about the vertical axis. A pair of arrows is displayed, indicating the symmetry, as shown below. To modify the 2 dimensions, click the icon of
Select
or
One by One
. Afterwards, double click the displayed numbers and change the 2 dimensions to 3.5 and 3, respectively. Notice the color change from light blue to dark blue.
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Upon completing this sketch, click the icon of
OK
and click the icon of
Apply
and Save
to complete the creation of the block feature. Hold down the
Ctrl
button on the keyboard and press
D
(
Ctrl-D
) to see the 3-D shape.
Save
your file now and every time you finish a sketch. When you
Save
while in the sketcher, you are not saving the part. A file like SD0002.SEC will be in your working directory. To save your part, you must finish (Apply and Save) your sketch, then Save.
Save
your file now and every time you finish a sketch. When you
Save
while in the sketcher, you are not saving the part. A file like SD0002.SEC will be in your working directory. See Important Tips at the end of this section on how to use saved sketches. To save your part, you must finish (Apply and Save) your sketch, then
Save
. Step 3: Create the second feature, which is a slot and the 3 dimensions are 2 x 2.25 x 2.5 inch. Click the icon of
Extrude
. Select
Cut
because we are going to remove the material from the created block. Specify 2.5 as the depth of cut. Select the red
Placement
tab, the click on
Define...
. Select the top surface of the block feature as the sketching plane, and click the icon of
Sketch View
to orient the sketching plane parallel to the screen.
Apply
and
Save
Cut
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Click the icon of
Centerline
. Sketch a vertical centerline passing through the origin of the coordinate system. To do so, make 2 left clicks on the vertical dashed line, which is a reference. To create a rectangle, click the icon of
Rectangle
, and start the sketch by picking one point on the left side of the horizontal axis, and the second point on the right side. Before making the second click, set the rectangle symmetric about the vertical axis. A pair of arrows is displayed, indicating the symmetry, as shown below. Afterwards, double click the displayed numbers and change the 2 dimensions to 2.25 and 2, respectively. Upon completing this sketch, click the icon of
OK
and click the icon of
Apply
and Save
to complete the creation of the block cut feature.
Save
your part.
Apply
and
Save
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Step 4: Create a plate before creating the required hole feature. The plate size is 2.5 x 0.75 x 3 inch. Click the icon of
Extrude
displayed on the toolbar. Specify 3 as the depth of extrusion. Select the red
Placement
tab, the click on
Define...
. Select the front surface of the block feature as the sketching plane, and click the icon of
Sketch
View
to orient the sketching plane parallel to the screen. Click the icon of
References
. Click the surface on the right side of the block, as shown. After defining this new reference, click
Close
.
New
reference
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Click the icon of
Rectangle
, and sketch a rectangle as shown below. The 2 size dimensions are 2.5 and 0.75, respectively. Click the icon of
OK
.
.
Pay attention to the direction of extrusion. Users may click the arrow to reverse the direction of extrusion. Click the icon of
Apply and Save
. Step 5: Create the hole feature. The diameter is 1 inch and the 2 position dimensions are 1.5 and 1.25. Click the icon of
Hole
displayed on the toolbar. Specify 1 as the diameter value and use
Thru All
as the depth choice (a through hole). Specify Thru All, as shown below.
Type
1
as
the
diameter dimensionSelect
Thru
All
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Click
Placement
, click or activate the box under
Placement
, and select the top surface of the plate as the primary surface, and select
Linear
. To define the center location of the hole, click or activate the box under
Offset References
, and hold down the
Ctrl
key select the front surface of the block and the surface on the left side of the block. Specify the values of offsets to be 1.5 and 1.25, respectively. When you want to select more than one thing, hold down the
Ctrl
key. Click the icon of
Apply and Save
to complete the creation of the hole feature, as shown below:
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You have successfully completed the design of an object with a block feature, a slot feature, and a hole feature. Remember to save all of your work with the 3D solid model. Click
Save
from the main toolbar >
OK
. To prepare an engineering drawing based on the 3D solid model, we need to create a drawing file. First, we click the icon of
New
, or “Create a new model”. A
New
window appears, as illustrated below. This is the same step we used to open a new file when creating the 3D solid model of
chapter
_
1
. However, this time, “
Drawing
” mode, instead of “
Part
” mode, should be selected. Type
chapter
_
1
as the name of the file. Clear the box of
Use default template
because we do not want to use the default setting for the drawing work. Afterwards, click
OK
. In the window of
New Drawing
, make sure that the file of the 3D solid model called
chapter
_
1
is shown. Otherwise, use “
Browse
” to locate it. Select
Empty
under Specify Template, and select the paper size to be
A
. Afterwards, click
OK
.
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This brings up the drawing screen. Click the icon of
Layout
. Click the icon of
General.
In the
Select Combined
State
window, click OK to accept
No Combined State
. Select a location on the drawing screen as the center point for the
General
View
. A general view appears on the screen. In the pop-up Drawing View window, select
FRONT
>
Apply
>
Close
, the construction of the
Front View
is completed.
Look at the lower left of screen and you should see this message.
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To insert the right side view, pick the
FRONT
View just created so that the Front View is activated, click the icon of Projection and make a left click at the right side of the Front View. An alternative method to create a projection on the right side is to click the Front View for activation. Afterwards, make a right-click and hold, and then select
Insert
Projection View
>move the cursor to the right side and click the left button. The construction of the right side view is completed. Follow the same procedure to create the top view, as shown below. Click the icon of
General.
In the
Select Combined
State
window, click
OK
to accept
No Combined State
. Select a location on the drawing screen as the center point for the 3D View (click the left button of mouse). A general view appears on the screen. In the pop-up Drawing View window, select
Standard Orientation
>
Apply
>
Close
, the construction of the 3D View is completed.
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Sometimes, users may notice that the names of the datum planes, such as FRONT, RIGHT and TOP, appear on the drawing. The name of coordinate system, such as PRT_CSYS_DEF, also appears. To clean the drawing screen, click the icon of Datum Display Filter. Upon completing the layout, we start adding dimensions. Click the icon of
Annotation
. Select the icon of
Show Model Annotation.
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In the pop-up window, select the icon of
Dimensions.
To show the dimension of Extrude 1, click Extrude 1 listed in the model tree. Click Accept and OK. The 3 dimensions of 2.5, 3.5 and 3.0 are shown. Click the box of
Accept
All
>
OK
. To show the dimension of Extrude 2, click Extrude 2 listed in the model tree. Click Accept and OK. The 3 dimensions of 2.25, 2.0 and 2.5 are shown. Click the dimension 2.25 and dimension 2.0 and do not click dimension 2.5 because there is 2.5 on display. Click the box of
Apply
>
OK
.
Dimension
Accept
all
Dimensions
Accept
all
