For the Summer Games, athletes representing Mongolia first competed at the Games of the XVIII Olympiad Tokyo 1964, participating there in the sports or disciplines of artistic gymnastics, athletics, road cycling, shooting and wrestling. At the Games of the XIX Olympiad Mexico City 1968, the first athletes representing Mongolia to win Olympic medals of any colour did so on the same day, capturing silver in the men’s wrestling freestyle flyweight, lightweight and welterweight events and a silver in the men’s wrestling freestyle middleweight event. At the Games of the XXIX Olympiad Beijing, 2008, Naidan Tuvshinbayar became the first athlete representing Mongolia to win an Olympic gold medal, competing in the men’s judo half-heavyweight judo event. For the Winter Games, athletes representing Mongolia first competed at the IX Olympic Winter Games Innsbruck 1964, participating there in the sport or disciplines of biathlon, cross country skiing and speed skating. No athlete representing Mongolia has yet won an Olympic Winter Games medal of any colour.

At Beijing 2022, Mongolia was represented by two cross-country skiers. Achbadrakh Batmunkh, who also took part in PyeongChang 2018, contested the men's sprint and men's 15km classic events, posting a best finish of 65th in the 15km classic. He was joined in Beijing by Olympic debutant Enkhtuul Ariunsanaa, who contested the women's sprint and women's 10km classic events, posting a best finish of 78th in the sprint. The last time Mongolia competed in a discipline other than cross-country skiing at the Winter Games was the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City when two athletes representing Mongolia took part in short track speed skating.