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. 2023 Jan 18:9:1020327.
doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1020327. eCollection 2022.

Effects of magnesium supplementation on improving hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension in type 2 diabetes: A pooled analysis of 24 randomized controlled trials

Lianbin Xu  1 , Xiuli Li  2 , Xinhui Wang  3 , Mingqing Xu  4   5
Affiliations

Effects of magnesium supplementation on improving hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension in type 2 diabetes: A pooled analysis of 24 randomized controlled trials

Lianbin Xu et al. Front Nutr. .

Abstract

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated that diabetes is often accompanied with lower magnesium status. However, practical details regarding the influences of magnesium intervention on hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension in type 2 diabetes (T2D) need to be further investigated.

Methods: Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and PubMed were searched for relevant literatures published through April 30, 2022, and high-quality data were pooled to evaluate the effects of magnesium supplementation on glycemic, circulating lipids, and blood pressure control in T2D, and to explore the associated practical details.

Results: Pooled analyses of 24 randomized controlled trials with 1,325 T2D individuals revealed that subjects who received magnesium supplementation had statistically significant reductions in fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, with WMD values of -0.20 mM (95% CI: -0.30, -0.09), -0.22% (95% CI: -0.41, -0.03), -7.69 mmHg (95% CI: -11.71, -3.66) and -2.71 mmHg (95% CI: -4.02, -1.40), respectively. Detailed subgroup analyses demonstrated that health status of participants including age, body mass index, country, duration of disease, baseline magnesium level and baseline glycemic control condition as well as magnesium formulation, dosage and duration of intervention influenced the effects of magnesium addition. Dose-effect analysis showed that 279 mg/d for 116 d, 429 mg/d for 88 d and 300 mg/d for 120 d are the average optimal dosages and durations for improving glycemic, circulating lipids, and blood pressure controls, respectively.

Conclusion: Our findings provide clinically relevant information on the adjuvant therapy of magnesium for improving hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension in T2D.

Keywords: blood pressure; glycemic control; magnesium supplementation; optimal details; serum lipids; type 2 diabetes.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Flowchart of the study design.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Forest plots for the effects of magnesium supplementation on FPG (A), insulin (B), HbA1c (C), and HOMA-IR (D) compared to controls in pooled analysis. For each study, the solid black circles represent the point estimate of the intervention effect. The horizontal line joins the lower and upper limits of the 95% CI of this effect. The open diamonds represent the overall WMD determined with a random-effect model. FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; WMD, weighted mean difference.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Forest plots for the effects of magnesium supplementation on TC (A), HDL-C (B), LDL-C (C), and TG (D) compared to controls in pooled analysis. For each study, the solid black circles represent the point estimate of the intervention effect. The horizontal line joins the lower and upper limits of the 95% CI of this effect. The open diamonds represent the overall WMD determined with a random-effect model. HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, total triglyceride; WMD, weighted mean difference.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Forest plots for the effects of magnesium supplementation on SBP (A) and DBP (B) compared to controls in pooled analysis. For each study, the solid black circles represent the point estimate of the intervention effect. The horizontal line joins the lower and upper limits of the 95% CI of this effect. The open diamonds represent the overall WMD determined with a random-effect model. DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WMD, weighted mean difference.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
The effects of dosage or duration of magnesium intervention on glycemic control for FPG (A,E), insulin (B,F), HbA1c (C,G), and HOMA-IR (D,H), respectively. FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance.
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
The effects of dosage or duration of magnesium intervention on lipid metabolism for TC (A,E), TG (B,F), HDL-C (C,G), and LDL-C (D,H), respectively. HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, total triglyceride.
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
The effects of dosage or duration of magnesium intervention on blood pressure for SBP (A,C) and DBP (B,D), respectively. DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
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This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (32102553) and the National Key Basic Research Program of China (2020YFC2008002).